Psychology: Consciousness Chapter 4

Meditation benefits

-Relaxation -Coping -Lower blood pressure -Chronic pain

REM Sleep is...

-"Paradoxical" sleep (high level of brain activity). -If wakened during R E M sleep, sleepers almost always report a dream. -Eyes moving under eyelids, rest of body is still -90% of dreaming occurs -Person is asleep but EEG is similar to that of an awake person

Hypnosis Can:

-Create amnesia for whatever happens during session -Relieve pain by allowing a person to remove conscious attention from the pain - Alter Sensory Perceptions (smell, hearing, vision, time sense and the ability to see visual illusions) -Help people relax in situations that normally would cause them stress, such as flying on an airplane

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

-Deep within the Hypothalamus -The Internal Clock that dells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep (Hypothalamus tells pineal Gland to secrete melatonin.)

Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)

-Episode of moving around or walking around in one's sleep -Occurs in deep sleep -More common among children than among adults

Hypnosis Cannot:

-Give people superhuman strength -Reliably enhance memory -Regress people back to childhood -Regress people to some "past life"

Activation-information-mode

-Revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams -Information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams.

REM Behavior Disorder

-The mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails. -Allows the person to thrash around, or even get up and act out nightmares

Nights Terror

-The person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during Non-rem deep sleep. -Doesn't wake fully -Relatively rare disorder

4 Elements of Hypnosis

1. The hypnotist tells the subject to focus on what is being said. 2. The subject is told to relax and feel tired. 3. The hypnotist tells the subject to "let go" and accept suggestions easily. 4. The subject is told to use vivid imagination.

About ___ percent of people are good hypnotic subjects

40

Nearly ____ percent of a baby's sleep is REM, compared to about ____ percent for a normal, healthy adult.

50; 20

Consciousness

A Person's awareness of what is going on around him or her at any given moment

Circadian Rhythm

A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24 hour period "Circa"=about "Diem"=Day

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Allows scientists to see the brainwave activity as a person passes through the various stages of sleep and to determine what type of sleep the person has entered

Calvin told his therapist that he wanted to stop smoking. During the next visit, Calvin's therapist directed Calvin to focus deeply on the sound of his voice. He then told Calvin to relax and that he would soon begin to feel tired. As Calvin's eyes began to close, he was told to do a number of other things to which Calvin complied. By the end of the session, Calvin no longer craved cigarettes. What happened?

Calvin allowed himself to be hypnotized

Non-REM 3 (N3) (R&K Stages 3&4)

Deep non-REM (DELTA & THETA WAVES) Deepest stage of sleep: -50 percent or more of waves are delta waves -Body at lowest level of functioning -Time at which growth occurs

Circadian Rhythm Disorders

Disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle such as jet lag and shift work

Frued

Dreams as wish fulfillment -Dreams revealed problems from conflict and events buried in unconscious

Stimulants:

Drugs that increase the functioning of nervous system

Hypersomnia

Excessive daytime sleepiness

________ cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations.

Hallucinogens

________ is made by scraping the resin from the leaves of the cannabis sativa plant.

Hashish

Hypnic Jerk

Knees, legs, to whole body jerks

Non-REM 1 (N1) (R&K Stage 1)

Light Sleep, THETA WAVES May Experience: -Hypnagogic Images & Hypnic Jerk

Tolerance (Physical Dependence)

More and more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effect

So-called supernatural visitations can be explained by hypnogogic hallucinations common during:

NREM Stage 1 sleep.

Nocturnal Leg Cramps

Painful cramps in calf or foot muscles

Withdrawal (Physical Dependence)

Physical symptoms resulting from lack of an addictive drug in the body systems -Can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure

Janice is dreaming about walking her dog. However, in her dream, her dog is flying, the sidewalk is moving, and she has no awareness that this activity is odd. Janice is probably in ______ sleep.

REM

The idea that people deprived of REM sleep will become paranoid and seem to be mentally ill is known as the:

REM myth

Meditation

Series of mental exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness

Some instances of automobile accidents may have been caused by the driver falling asleep at the wheel, even though (s)he was certain that they had not slept. Which of the following may explain why this happens?

She was in the N1 stage of sleep.

Non-REM 2 (N2) (R&K Stage 2)

Sleep Spindles, SPINDLES

Altered State of Consciousness

State in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness

Waking Consciousness

State in which thoughts, feelings and sensations are clear and organized, and the person feels alert

Which statement about sleep apnea is TRUE?

The person experiencing sleep apnea may stop breathing for 10 seconds or more.

Restless Leg Syndrome

Uncomfortable sensations in legs causing movement and loss of sleep

Enuresis

Urinating while asleep in bed

Freud believed that dreams were a kind of ________ for his patients.

Wish fulfillment

Clay told his therapist about a dream in which he had an argument with his boss, but he was unaware of his what it was about. Clay's therapist explained the dream stemmed from a conflict from his past. The therapist was using ________ to explain Clay's dream.

a Freudian psychoanalytic interpretation

A hallucination that happens just as a person is in the between-state of being in REM sleep and not-yet-fully-awake is:

a hypnopompic hallucination

Jamie screamed as she awakened to what she believed was a shadow standing over her. While Jamie believed she had just witnessed a ghost, your text suggests that Jamie may have been experiencing _______.

a hypnopompic hallucination

According to the ________, a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep.

activation-synthesis hypothesis

As a person relaxes and becomes drowsy, _______ waves appear.

alpha

Antwon can't seem to focus in class today. Though he's not asleep, his mind appears to be drifting off, leading to thoughts of his girlfriend, his job, and upcoming events of the day. Antwon appears to be in which of the following states of consciousness?

altered

non-REM Sleep

any of the stages of sleep which do not include REM

Sleep Deprivation:

any significant sleep loss -results in irritability and problems with concentration

Theta Waves

brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep

Alpha Waves

brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep

Micro-sleeps

brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds

People under hypnosis

can be made to forget what happens during the hypnotic session.

For which of the following would hypnosis probably be most effective?

controlling pain

Hypnotic susceptibility

degree to which a person is a good hypnotic subject

Sleep Apnea

disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more -Continuous positive airway pressure device (C P A P)

Driving and talking on a cell phone at the same time is an example of a state of:

divided consciousness

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the brain stem's activation of cortical cells during REM sleep periods

Every night, Pricilla increases her dose of pain medication, noting that the initial dose no longer works. Pricilla seems to have developed:

drug tolerance.

Amphetamines (Stimulant)

drugs that are synthesized (made in labs) rather than found in nature; meth, speed, Ritalin, dexedrine

Night terrors are experienced:

during deep non-REM sleep

Insomnia can be helped by:

going to bed only when sleepy

Hypnagogic images

hallucinations or vivid visual events

As Jason was watching television late one night, he was startled by the vivid image of his dead grandmother walking toward him. While Jason may believe that he actually saw his deceased grandmother, researchers today are more likely to explain Jason's experience as being _______.

hypnogogic

Hypnosis as Dissociation

hypnosis works only in a person's immediate consciousness, while a hidden "observer remains aware of all that was going on

When under the influence of a stimulant, you are likely to be in a state of:

increased alertness.

REM Rebound

increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights

If your psychoanalyst tells you that your emergence from a bathtub in your dream is symbolic of being born, she is talking about your dream's:

latent content.

Delta Waves

long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep

Students who stay up all night to study will ____ more information than they _____.

lose; gain

Just before every test, Juan closes his eyes, relaxes, and visualizes himself passing all of his exams with high scores. Juan appears to be engaging in the practice of ________.

meditation

As the sun goes down, Ebony begins to feel sleepy. It is likely that Ebony's sleepiness is the result of an increase in her level of ________.

melatonin

While in the middle of a conversation with his co-worker, Jackson unexpectedly slipped into a state of sleep, falling to the floor as he lost control of all the muscles in his body. Jackson appears to have a condition called _______.

narcolepsy

Cocaine (Stimulant)

natural drug; produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure

The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis assumes that people who are hypnotized are:

only playing a role.

Social-Cognitive Theory of Hypnosis

people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation

Evelyn smoked cigarettes when she was younger but had no problem quitting. Though ten years have passed since Evelyn has touched a cigarette, every now and then she gets a strong craving to smoke again. Evelyn's craving is most likely the result of ________.

psychological dependence

The "hidden observer":

remains aware of what is going on during hypnosis

Paul is a snorer who sometimes gasps for air while sleeping. Paul mostly likely suffers from:

sleep apnea.

Melatonin supplements were purchased several years ago by individuals who wanted to:

sleep better

Carmen stayed up all night studying, getting only about two hours of sleep total. While she was able to finish her exam, she was unable to focus, and much of what she had studied the night before seemed to be forgotten. Carmen's inability to remember and to stay focused during her exam is most likely due to _______.

sleep deprivation

Narcolepsy

sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning

The ___________ of hypnosis suggests that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are playing the role expected of them in that situation.

social-cognitive theory

REM (rapid-eye-movement) (R&K Stage REM)

stage of sleep where the eyes more rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream

Ecstasy is classified as a:

stimulatory hallucinogenic

Cataplexy

sudden loss of muscle tone

The sleep-wake cycle is controlled by _______

the brain

Psychological Dependence

the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological wellbeing

Insomnia

the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep

When meditation is done properly, brain waves change to include more ______ waves.

theta

Hypothalamus

tiny section in the brain that influences the glandular system

Psychoactive Drugs

Drugs that alter thinking, perception and memory

Hypnosis

State of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion

Beta Waves

Awake, Alert

Nightmares

Bad dreams occurring during REM; common in youth