Psychology Development 2

According to Kohlberg, a person who believes that Heinz should steal the drug so his wife can live and cook him dinner is reasoning at the ____ level of moral development. a. preconventional b. conventional c. concrete d. postconventional

A

According to Piaget's theory, children first show or develop object permanence during the a. sensorimotor stage b. concrete operational stage c. preoperational stage d. formal operational stage

A

Individuals at the ____ level of moral development tend to use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning and behavior. a. postconventional b. concrete c. conventional d. preconventional

A

If an infant is temperamentally easy, what would be the best prediction to make about the child's temperament at age 10? a. The child is fairly likely to retain the easy temperament. b. The child is likely to overcompensate by becoming "difficult" later on. c. No reasonable prediction can be made. d. By the age of 10, the child is likely to develop whatever temperament the primary caregiver has.

A. The child is fairly likely to retain the easy temperament.

Jade is a graduate student who is studying the way in which selective attention develops during the preadolescent years. She selects a group of 10-year-olds, and she assesses their selective attention every six months over a two-year period. In this example, Jade is using a. a longitudinal research design b. a cross-sectional research design c. a multi-factorial research design d. a nested condition research design

A. a longitudinal research design

According to Kagan and colleagues, infants who approach unfamiliar people, objects and events with little hesitation are said to exhibit a. an uninhibited temperament b. a slow-to-warm-up temperament c. mixed temperaments d. inhibited temperament

A. an uninhibited temperament

Trying to deal with new situations in terms of existing mental structures is called a. assimilation b. rigidity c. accommodation d. adaptation

A. assimilation

The term "conservation" refers to a child's a. awareness that changing the shape of something doesn't alter the amount of that something b. ability to understand that simply because something isn't visible doesn't mean it no longer exists c. ability to solve moral dilemmas in the most economical manner possible d. assimilating new experiences into an existing memory structure in order to conserve memory space

A. awareness that changing the shape of something doesn't alter the amount of that something

Gretchen watches as her preschool teacher forms two identical balls of modeling clay. The teacher gives one of the balls of modeling clay to Gretchen, and then squashes the remaining ball into a flat pancake. She asks Gretchen if they both have the same amount of clay, and Gretchen confidently states that the teacher has more because the pancake is bigger than the ball. Gretchen's answer illustrates the flaw in thinking that Piaget labeled a. centration b. conservation c. egocentrism d. assimilation

A. centration

Lawrence Kohlberg believed that moral development is determined by a. cognitive development b. physical development c. emotional development d. social development

A. cognitive development

Research into Kohlberg's theory of moral development has suggested all of the following EXCEPT: a. compared to girls, boys generally show lower levels of moral reasoning b. most people show several levels of moral reasoning at one time c. there are sizable cultural disparities in progression through the stages d. children generally do progress through the stages in the order he outlined

A. compared to girls, boys generally show lower levels of moral reasoning

Elderly individuals are most likely to experience memory problems associated with a. episodic memory and working memory b. procedural memory and semantic memory c. episodic memory and sensory memory d. procedural memory and working memory

A. episodic memory and working memory

John approaches problems systematically, considering various solutions and the consequences of each, before he decides on the implementation of any one solution. John is probably at which level of cognitive development? a. formal operations b. concrete operations c. preoperations d. postoperations

A. formal operations

In Erikson's theory, the psychosocial crisis during adolescence is a. identity versus confusion b. generativity versus self-absorption c. industry versus inferiority d. intimacy versus isolation

A. identity versus confusion

Stage theories of development assume that a. individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous stage b. environmental circumstances can sometimes cause individuals to skip stages early on and return to them later c. progress through the sequence of stages is not related to age d. there are few, if any, discontinuities in development

A. individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous stage

Dr. Wilmark prescribes "medical marijuana" for her chemotherapy patients, even though it is in violation of federal law. She believes it is morally wrong to cause unnecessary human suffering and, if necessary, she is willing to serve time in jail rather than watch others suffer needlessly. Dr. Wilmark's reasons for her actions reflect a. postconventional moral reasoning b. conventional moral reasoning c. preconventional moral reasoning d. authoritarian moral reasoning

A. postconventional moral reasoning

Suggesting that a poor man who stole food to feed his family was right, because human life takes precedence over rules, is an example of a. postconventional moral reasoning b. preconventional moral reasoning c. concrete operational thought d. conventional moral reasoning

A. postconventional moral reasoning

In Mrs. Tovar's first grade class she has fifth grade students come in and read with her students to allow them to increase their reading competence. In the beginning of the year the fifth graders read to the younger children, but as the first graders improve in their reading skills, the fifth graders encourage them to read more. Mrs. Tovar is making use of a. scaffolding b. conservation c. accommodation d. assimilation

A. scaffolding

According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do children come to realize that an object continues to exist even when they cannot see it or touch it? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational

A. sensorimotor

To Piaget, cognitive development involves a. stages that are characterized by fundamentally different thought processes b. increases in the quantity, but not the quality, of knowledge with age c. passive reception of environmental stimuli d. age-related changes in attention and memory

A. stages that are characterized by fundamentally different thought processes

Research suggests that a child's "temperamental individuality" is well established around a. two to three months of age b. six to seven months of age c. one year of age d. two years of age

A. two to three months of age

Revising a mental structure to incorporate new information is referred to as?

Accomodation

Four year old Anna is exploring one day and finds a bottle of vitamins in a cupboard. They look just like some of the candy she got for halloween so he eats them all. Her error illustrates which process of Piaget's.

Assimilation

Display rules are cultural norms that relate to the ____ component of emotion. a. physiological b. behavioral c. cognitive d. perceptual

B

Psychologists who support ____ theories suggest that certain basic cognitive abilities are biologically built into, or prewired into, the neural make-up of humans. a. nativist and behavioral b. nativist and evolutionary c. humanistic and evolutionary d. behavioral and humanistic

B

The period of cognitive development that lasts from approximately age 11 onward is the ____ stage. a. sensorimotor b. formal operational c. preoperational d. concrete operational

B

The preoperational stage of cognitive development lasts from approximately a. birth to age 2 b. ages 2 to 7 c. ages 7 to 11 d. age 11 onward

B

Unlike Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Vygotsky emphasizes that a. cognitive development is a universal process that unfolds in largely the same way for most individuals b. social interactions and culture strongly influence the cognitive development of a child c. language does not play a crucial role in cognitive development d. a child's active exploration of the world strongly influences cognitive development

B

Tucker is a graduate student who is studying identity formation. He selects a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds, and interviews each group, asking them what they plan to be when they finish school. In this example, Tucker is using a. a longitudinal research design b. a cross-sectional research design c. a multi-factorial research design d. a nested condition research design

B. a cross-sectional research design

A quiet infant who doesn't seem to smile a lot, who also seldom cries and seems to be cautious and wary of changes in their surroundings, but eventually adapts to the change would be considered to have which of the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess? a. a difficult temperament b. a slow-to-warm-up temperament c. an easy temperament d. an uninhibited temperament

B. a slow-to-warm-up temperament

Revising a mental structure to incorporate new information is referred to as a. schematizing b. accommodation c. prototyping d. elaboration

B. accommodation

Sixteen-year-old Krystal thought that all she needed to do to earn an "A" was show up for class and pay attention, like she had in junior high. In her first year of high school she got Cs in all her classes because she didn't study enough. The change in Krystal's understanding of what is necessary to succeed in school illustrates the process that Piaget referred to as a. reversibility b. accommodation c. assimilation d. egocentrism

B. accommodation

At the preconventional level, the child decides if things are good or bad (moral) on the basis of whether they a. are against the law b. bring punishment or reward c. are in accord with social rules d. fit the child's own sense of "rightness"

B. bring punishment or reward

If you join your friends in a protest against nuclear power primarily because you want their approval, rather than because of any strong conviction you have about nuclear power, you would be said to be at which of the following levels of moral development? a. unconventional b. conventional c. preconventional d. postconventional

B. conventional

Sarah is four month old, she actively resists change, has failed to develop a regular sleeping and eating schedule, and is generally irritable and unhappy, Sarah is best described as temperamentally a. easy b. difficult c. slow to warm up d. mixed

B. difficult

Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development. Which of the following is NOT one of his stages? a. sensorimotor b. postoperational c. preoperational d. formal operational

B. postoperational

Bob is asked, "Do you have a brother?" He replies, "Yes." "What's his name?" "Joe." "Does Joe have a brother?" Bob answers, "No." Bob is most likely in which stage of cognitive development? a. formal b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. sensorimotor

B. preoperational

Children's thought processes are particularly egocentric during which Piagetian stage? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operations d. formal operations

B. preoperational

Which of the following sequences describes the correct order of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development? a. sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational b. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational c. preoperational, concrete operational, sensorimotor, formal operational d. formal operational, preoperational, concrete operational, sensorimotor

B. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Conventional thinking in moral development bases morality (right or wrong) on a. the risk of punishment b. society's laws c. personal principles d. the potential rewards

B. society's laws

Which of the following factors tends to be accompanied by a drop of ratings of marital satisfaction:

Birth of first child

According to Piaget, assimilation involves a. the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects b. the gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what the learner can achieve with guidance from more skilled partners c. interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them d. changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences

C

Children can first perform operations on images of tangible objects and actual events during the ____ stage of cognitive development. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational

C

If a child says that the sun shines to keep him warm, the child is exhibiting a. animism b. centration c. egocentrism d. conservation

C

Piaget believed that children first become capable of hypothetical thinking during the a. concrete operational stage b. sensorimotor stage c. formal operational stage d. preoperational stage

C

The concrete operational stage of cognitive development lasts from approximately a. birth to age 2 b. age 2 to 7 c. age 7 to 11 d. age 11 onward

C

When Kohlberg presented moral dilemmas to individuals in order to evaluate their level of moral development, he placed the most emphasis on a. whether the individual gave a "yes" or "no" response b. the level of confidence the individual had in his or her response c. the explanation the individual gave concerning the reason for his or her response d. the overt behaviors the individual showed when presented with a similar dilemma in real life

C

In women, menopause typically occurs around age a. 12 b. 40 c. 50 d. 65

C. 50

The course of progressive deterioration that results in death associated with Alzheimer's disease is typically ____ years in length. a. 1 - 2 b. 3 - 6 c. 8 - 10 d. 10 - 15

C. 8-10

In Mrs. Zalinsky's first grade class she has fifth grade students come in and read with her students to allow them to gradually increase their reading competence. Which theorist has most likely influenced Mrs. Zalinsly's teaching practices? a. Jean Piaget b. Erik Erikson c. Lev Vygotsky d. Lawrence Kolhberg

C. Lev Vygotsky

Who was the prominent Russian developmental theorist whose research ended abruptly in 1934 when he died of tuberculoisis? a. Jean Piaget b. Erik Erikson c. Lev Vygotsky d. Lawrence Kolhberg

C. Lev Vygotsky

Your psychology professor tells you that he believes that children's cognitive development is fueled by social interactions with adults and older children who provide guidance to allow the child to gradually increase competence on the task. Which theorist does your professor's view most resemble? a. Jean Piaget b. Erik Erikson c. Lev Vygotsky d. Lawrence Kolhberg

C. Lev Vygotsky

Patricia is upset because she is convinced that her brother has a bigger piece of cake than she does. Her dad quickly slices Patricia's piece of cake in two and tells her that she now has "more" cake. If Patricia calms down and is convinced that she does have more cake than her brother, it would suggest that she a. has not yet mastered object permanence b. does not understand the process of assimilation c. does not yet understand conservation d. is displaying egocentric reasoning

C. does not yet understand conservation

You ask a three-year-old why the sky is blue; she says it is because blue is her favorite color. This answer reflects the ____ thinking that is typical of preschoolers. a. irreversible b. animistic c. egocentric d. operational

C. egocentric

Preschool children who had secure attachments during infancy tend to display all of the following characteristics EXCEPT a. greater curiosity b. better peer relationships c. higher levels of moral reasoning d. more self-reliance

C. higher levels of moral reasoning

Which of the following statements is false? a. males tend to score higher on measures of visual-spatial ability than females b. males tend to exhibit slightly better mathematical abilities than females c. males tend to exhibit slightly better verbal skills than females d. males tend to be more aggressive than females

C. males tend to exhibit slightly better verbal skills than females

Lane is currently attending preschool. According to the stages outlined by Piaget, Lane would most likely be in the a. sensorimotor period of cognitive development b. formal period of cognitive development c. preoperational period of cognitive development d. concrete period of cognitive development

C. preoperational period of cognitive development

Assumptions of stage theorists of development include all of the following EXCEPT a. individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order b. each stage builds on the previous stage c. progress through stages is strongly related to physical maturation d. development is marked by discontinuities that guide in dramatic changes in behavior

C. progress through stages is strongly related to physical maturation

Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development. Which of the following is not one of his stages:

Correct: Postoperational Incorrect: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Formal Operational

According to Piaget, accommodation involves a. the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects b. the gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what the learner can achieve with guidance from more skilled partners c. interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them d. changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences

D

Ashley finds a wallet on the floor at the store. She decides to turn in the wallet at the lost-and-found because she believes her parents will be proud of her for being honest. Ashley's reasoning reflects the ____ level of moral development. a. postconventional b. preconventional c. concrete d. conventional

D

The principle of ____ suggests that physical properties of substances, such as volume, number, and mass, remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance. a. object permanence b. centration c. egocentrism d. conservation

D

Which of the following is not a secondary sex characteristic? a. breast growth in females b. facial hair in males c. wider hips in females d. increased growth of the penis

D

Thomas and Chess refer to a child who tends to be glum, erratic in sleep and eating, and resistant to change as a. an easy child b. a slow-to-warm-up child c. a mixed temperament child d. a difficult child

D. a difficult child

Gary is an active infant who always seems to be happy. He has a regular schedule, and his parents know that he will sleep through the night without waking, even when he stays overnight with his grandparents. Using the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess, Gary would most likely be considered to have a. a difficult temperament b. a slow-to-warm-up temperament c. an uninhibited temperament d. an easy temperament

D. an easy temperament

The stage of concrete operations is said to be "concrete" because a. the child attributes human qualities to concrete objects b. facts are taken to be set in stone, not to be given up easily c. an object must be present for the child to recognize its existence d. children can perform operations only on tangible objects and actual events

D. children can perform operations only on tangible objects and actual events

According to Erik Erickson when people have achieved true intimacy they a. are able to make life-long commitments to another b. experience feelings of despair and bitterness c. become self-indulgent and self-absorbed d. endorse empathy and openness, rather than shrewdness and manipulativeness

D. endorse empathy and openness, rather than shrewdness and manipulativeness

Gerard watched as a researcher placed five toy station wagons and three toy convertibles on a table. The researcher asked him if there were more station wagons or more cars, and Gerard correctly answered that there were more cars. Gerard's answer indicates that he has mastered a. conservation of number b. object permanence c. preaccommodation d. hierarchical classification problems

D. hierarchical classification problems

In recent decades, the age at which individuals marry for the first time has a. increased for men and remained stable for women b. increased for women and remained stable for men c. decreased for both men and women d. increased for both men and women

D. increased for both men and women

According to Kagan and colleagues, infants who are shy, timid, and wary of unfamiliar persons are said to exhibit a. an uninhibited temperament b. a slow-to-warm-up temperament c. mixed temperaments d. inhibited temperament

D. inhibited temperament

The inability of a child to mentally "undo" something is referred to as a. assimilation b. object permanence c. egocentrism d. irreversibility

D. irreversibility

Which of the following is not one of the three key processes involved in the development of gender roles? a. self-socialization b. operant conditioning c. observational learning d. natural selection

D. natural selection

Midlife crises a. are very common among men, but not women b. are very common among women, but not men c. are nearly universal for both sexes d. occur in only a small minority of subjects

D. occur in only a small minority of subjects

According to Piaget, during the formal operational period of cognitive development, children begin to a. acquire the concept of conservation b. understand the nature of hierarchical classification c. think primarily in terms of concrete objects or situations d. think in terms of abstract principles and hypothetical possibilities

D. think in terms of abstract principles and hypothetical possibilities

If Lawrence Kohlberg were to present you with a moral dilemma, in which of the following would he be most interested? a. your judgment of right and wrong in this situation b. what you would do in this situation c. whether your intended behavior in this situation is consistent with your moral judgment about it d. your reasons for whatever moral judgment you had about the situation

D. your reasons for whatever moral judgment you had about the situation

The psychologist who contributed significantly to our understanding of the cognitive development of children is a. Erik Erikson b. Sigmund Freud c. Lawrence Kohlberg d. Jean Piaget

D`

who's ideas were fixation, latency, Alextra and Oedipus, ..?

Freud

Who developed a stage theory of moral development?:

Kohlberg

In which stage would you identify electra complexes?

Phallic

Which of the following sequences describes the correct order of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development:

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

A newborn who sucks reflectively at her mothers breast, is demonstrating which piagain process?

Stimulation

A child who knows how to tie shoelaces would probably find it relatively easy to tie a bow. Piaget would call this thinking process:

assimilation

Trying to deal with new situations in terms of existing mental structures is called:

assimilation

Research into Kohlberg's theory of moral development has suggested all of the following except:

compared to girls, boys generally show lower levels of moral reasoning

Water is poured from a short wide beaker into a tall thin beaker. A child answers that the water is the same amount, only taller. The child is in which stage of psychosocial development:

concrete operational

According to Erik Erikson, when people have achieved true intimacy, they:

endorse empathy and openness, rather than shrewdness and manipulativeness

Timmy believes he can stop getting older by not having birthday parties. Timmy is probably in which stage of cognitive development?:

preoperational

According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do children come to realize that an object continues to exist even when they cannot see it:

sensorimotor

To Piaget, cognitive development involves:

stages that are characterized by fundamentaly different thought processes

Research into Kohlberg's theory of moral development has suggested that: t

there are sizable cultural disparities in progression through the stages