Psychology Exam 2

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. A. associational B. reflexive C. processual D. instinctive

A. Associational

Specific normative events are also called ________. A. developmental milestones B. age-related standards C. benchmarks D. averages

A. Developmental milestones

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________ A. increases B. decreases C. is not affected D. depends on the CS-UCS relationship

A. Increases

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons? A. instincts B. reflexes C. conditions D. operants

A. Instincts

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A. musical B. logical-mathematical C. spatial D. linguistic

A. Musical

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. negative punishment D. positive punishment

A. Negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus B. neutral response and a conditioned response C. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response D. neutral stimulus and a neutral response

A. Neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________. A. representational bias B. confirmation bias C. stereotype bias D. availability heuristic

A. Representational bias

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. semantic B. acoustic C. visual D. sensory

A. Semantic

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages? A. Sigmund Freud B. Erik Erikson C. Lawrence Kohlberg D. Jean Piaget

A. Sigmund Freud

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________. A. spontaneous recovery B. higher order conditioning C. neutral stimulus D. classical conditioning

A. Spontaneous recovery

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. trust vs. mistrust B. identity vs. confusion C. industry vs. inferiority D. autonomy vs. shame/doub

A. Trust vs. mistrust

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________. A. assimilation B. attainment C. accommodation D. acquisition

A. assimilation

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________. A. hindsight bias B. availability heuristic C. representational bias D. anchoring bias

A. hindsight bias

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. A. thinking B. processing C. determining D. understanding

A. thinking

________ encoding is the encoding of images. A. visual B. acoustic C. semantic D. effortful

A. visual

Encoding information occurs through ________. A. processing and storing B. automatic processing and effortful processing C. automatic storing and effortful retrieving D. storing and retrieving

B. Automatic processing and effortful processing

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? A. implicit memories B. explicit memories C. short-term memories D. sensory memories

B. Explicit memories

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. A. primary B. higher order C. secondary D. initial

B. Higher order

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. A. explicit B. implicit C. sensory D. semantic

B. Implicit

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A. spatial B. logical-mathematical C. interpersonal D. bodily kinesthetic

B. Logical- mathematical

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. A. cognitive B. physical C. psychosocial D. learning

B. Physical

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. A. encoding B. retrieval C. hyperthymesia D. storage

B. Retrieval

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? A. misinformation effect paradigm B. suggestibility C. reconstruction D. anterograde amnesia

B. Suggestibility

What is procedural memory? A. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts B. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things C. information about events we have personally experienced D. storage of facts and events we personally experienced

B. Type of implicit memory that stores inforamtion about how to do things

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. variable interval C. fixed ratio D. variable ratio

B. Variable interval

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working. A. functional fixedness B. mental set C. anchoring bias D. trial and error

B. mental set

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? A. prefrontal cortex B. cerebellum C. amygdala D. hippocampus

C. Amygdala

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? A. teacher demonstrating algebra to students B. believing that nudity is wrong C. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling D. toddler who is toilet training

C. Baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? A. intrapersonal B. logical-mathematical C. bodily kinesthetic D. spatial

C. Bodily Kinesthetic

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development? A. Jean Piaget B. Lawrence Kohlberg C.Erik Erikson D. Abraham Maslow

C. Erik Erikson

What is confirmation bias? A. believing the event you just experienced was predictable B. focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision C. focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs D. stereotyping someone or something unintentionally

C. Focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? A. linguistic B. intrapersonal C. interpersonal D. naturalist

C. Interpersonal

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another? A. concept B. schemata C. language D. prototype

C. Language

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. A. vicarious B. latent C. observational D. Pavlovian

C. Observational

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? A. authoritarian B. Freudian C. permissive D. authoritative

C. Permissive

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. A. physical B. psychological C. psychosocial D. mental

C. Psychosocial

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? A. extinction B. recovery C. punishment D. acquisition

C. Punishment

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. A. storage B. the Stroop effect C. recognition D. encoding

C. Recognition

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel? A. moderate B. mild C. severe D. profound

C. Severe

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? A. learning B. acquisition C. shaping D. reinforcement

C. Shaping

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________. A. assimilation B. inclusion C. accommodation D. exclusion

C. accommodation

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. A. visual B. encoded C. long-term D. sensory

C. long-term

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events? A. physiological conditioning B. psychic conditioning C. controlled conditioning D. classical conditioning

Classical conditioning

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. A. preoperational B. formal operational C. sensorimotor D. concrete operational

Concrete operational

The concept conservation refers to ________. A. knowing that symbols represent words, images, and ideas B. thinking logically about real (concrete) events C. understanding that objects can be changed and then returned to their original form D. A knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

D. A knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added.

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________. A. functional fixedness B. algorithm C. hindsight bias D. availability heuristic

D. Availability Heuristic

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. A. psychosocial B. emotional C. artistic D. cognitive

D. Cognitive

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. A. continuous B. regressive C. progressive D. discontinuous

D. Discontinuous

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? A. dysgraphia B. dysthymia C. dysfunction D. dyslexia

D. Dyslexia

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? A. conditioning B. reflexes C. instincts D. learning

D. Learning

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? A. automatic processing B. effortful processing C. sensory encoding D. memory

D. Memory

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. A. morpheme B. audio C. syntax D. phoneme

D. Phoneme

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. A. secondary B. operant C. classical D. primary

D. Primary

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? A. procedural B. effortful C. recall D. sensory

D. Sensory

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan? A. Who decided what constituted normal development? B. What do people think about development? C. What is biological about development? D. What is normal development?

D. What is normal development

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? A. hindsight bias B. representative bias C. anchoring bias D. functional fixedness

D. functional fixedness

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. A. antero-retro; flashbulb B. retrograde; anterograde C. anterograde; retrograde D. flashbulb; retro-antero

Retrograde; anterograde

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. formal operational D. concrete operational

Sensorimotor

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. A. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. your first day of school C. what the word January means D. how to use the microwave

Your first day of school