Psychology Exam 2 Practice Chapter 5-8
Harriet recently took the WAIS-IV intelligence test. She was 20 years old at the time, and the result indicated that she had a mental age of 16. Harriet's intelligence quotient (IQ) is ______.
80
Which of the following is an example of a schema?
A dog can bark and has four legs, a tail, and a snout.
Which of the following is true about representations?
A mental map relies on both analogical and symbolic representations.
Which of the following examples illustrates the gate control theory of pain?
After stubbing his toe, Ronald rubs the toe and finds that it eases the pain a little.
Which one of the following statement about Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) is correct? All of the answer options are correct. LTP produces more synapses between neurons. LTP leads to an increase in the number of glutamate receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
All of the answer options are correct
Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes prediction error between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) . Which of the following statement is correct about the connection between CS and US? All of the answer options are correct. Positive prediction error strengthens the CS-US connection. Negative prediction error weakens the CS-US connection. The CS-US connection is strengthened when the US is unexpected.
All the answer options are correct
Several months of studying is recommended prior to taking the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). Based on what you know about memory and recall, which is the best preparation strategy for the MCAT?
Assuming that one has learned the material and just needs to recall it, take as many practice MCATs as possible.
The text describes a study in which women drank either water or carrot juice during their pregnancy and while nursing. The first group of women drank carrot juice while pregnant and nursing; the second drank carrot juice while pregnant and water while nursing; the third drank water while pregnant and carrot juice while nursing; and the fourth drank only water during both periods. What do the findings of this study illustrate?
Babies preferred carrot juice if their mothers drank it during pregnancy or after pregnancy, while nursing.
How is blocking different from retrograde amnesia?
Blocking is the inability to recall information from long-term memory. Retrograde amnesia is damage to one's long-term memory.
The text describes an innovative study in which two groups of participants were asked to memorize lists of words, with half the participants on land and the other half underwater. This study demonstrated the context-dependent memory effect. What was the conclusion of this study?
Both groups recalled words better when they were tested in the same environment where they had learned them.
Shawna is deciding whether to breastfeed her baby. In light of the known relation between breastfeeding and cognitive development, what would you advise her to do?
Breastfeeding is associated with enhanced cognitive development, so Shawna should strongly consider breastfeeding her baby.
Speech is produced in which of the following areas of the brain?
Broca's area
After a large balloon burst loudly and suddenly at her birthday party, Cindyshowed a fear of balloons. In terms of the acquisition phase of classicalconditioning, balloons are the ______________ and her fear is the______________.
CS;CR
What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning requires learning that two events are related, whereas operant conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence.
What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning trains the learner to do something without thinking about it. Operant conditioning trains the learner to do something in order to receive a reward.
Japhet knows that while rods are spread throughout the retina, cones are concentrated around the fovea. Based on this knowledge, what might Japhet infer about visual perception?
Color is easier to see in the center of the visual field.
Corbin wants to know which strategy is best for encoding information in his long-term memory. If he is trying to remember a long list of dates for a history test, which strategy would you recommend?
Corbin should attribute some meaning to each date, so that he can take advantage of semantic encoding.
Which of the following is an example of availability heuristic?
Danny tips a waiter more than he normally would because last night Danny saw a character on his favorite TV show tip very generously.
Kaitlyn has three favorite perfumes. One perfume has a floral scent, one has a citrus scent, and one is musky. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for how the receptors in her olfactory epithelium transduce these three smells for interpretation by the brain?
Each perfume stimulates a unique pattern of several types of receptors, and each pattern is interpreted by the brain.
What does the occurrence of spontaneous recovery tell you about the functional properties of extinction?
Extinction is a form of new learning, but it only inhibits rather than deletes the learned association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.
Genet takes a test that she believes men typically score higher on than women. Lupita takes the same test, but she does not hold such a belief. All else being equal, which of the following is the most likely outcome and explanation?
Genet will score lower than Lupita because of stereotype threat.
Which of the following is the correct pathway for processing the sensation of picking up a snowball with your bare hand?
Haptic receptors in the skin's outer layer receive the cold input. Then axons carry the information to spinal or cranial nerves, into the thalamus, and finally to the primary somatosensory cortex.
Instead of worrying about finding his future dream job, Dan breaks this big problem down into smaller, more manageable parts by doing which of the following?
He forms subgoals of visiting the career center, researching occupational salaries, and talking to people in professions he is considering.
The text describes a study by Loftus et al. in which one group of participants watched a video of a red car approaching a stop sign, while a second group watched a video of a red car approaching a yield sign. Each group was then asked, "Did another car pass the red [car] while it was stopped at the stop sign?" Some participants in the second group claimed they saw the red car at a stop sign. What are the implications of this study?
How questions are phrased can influence people's answers. Police officers, attorneys, and researchers must ask questions carefully to avoid suggestibility bias.
Which one of the following findings is the best evidence that genetics plays an important role in determining intelligence?
Identical twins raised apart have more similar IQs than fraternal twins raised together.
How does operant conditioning differ from vicarious learning?
In vicarious learning, a learner learns a behavior from watching others. In operant conditioning, a learner receives a reward for performing a desired behavior.
Which of the following questions best summarizes the modern version of the nature/nurture question about intelligence?
In what way do genes and the environment interact with each other to influence intelligence?
How does prospective memory limit the cognitive resources available for other tasks?
It reduces the available capacity of working memory.
Which of the following is true about working memory?
Items can be maintained in working memory as long as the person continues to pay attention to them.
Jack's parents caught him returning home late from a date and grounded himfor a month. Robert was also caught arriving home late from a date, but hisparents told him that as long as he gets home on time on subsequent dates, theywill give him a higher allowance (though they will remove this increase if theycatch him coming home late again). Neither set of parents catches every timetheir teenager gets home late. Why would we expect Robert to be home on timemore often than Jack on future dates?
Jack is receiving intermittent reinforcement, while Robert is receiving continuous reinforcement.
Jess is skating in a Roller Derby bout. The referee blows her whistle to signal the end of the jam. In a process called perception,
Jess's brain processes the signals and knows that they mean "stop skating."
______________ is the strengthening of a synaptic connection, making postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neurons.
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Why is it difficult to expunge memories, even unpleasant ones?
Memories are stored in multiple areas of the brain.
What is the difference between negative reinforcement and negativepunishment?
Negative punishment involves taking away something the learner wants, to discourage him from repeating the behavior. Negative reinforcement entails removing an undesired condition after the learner demonstrates the desired behavior.
Why does a blind spot exist in our visual field?
No rods or cones exist on the spot where the optic nerve attaches to the retina.
Which of the following best illustrates the affect-as-information theory?
Ronald is in a bad mood today, so he rates his quality of life as relatively low.
The text describes research on how many more women have joined orchestras since the introduction of the blind audition process, where candidates audition behind a curtain and their names are withheld from judges. What role didschemas play in limiting the number of women in orchestras before the blind audition process was introduced?
Schemas are used to assign social roles in various social situations. The blind audition process prevented women from being overlooked, as they previously had been due to cultural assumptions that their social role is that of caregiving.
Patient L.P. has anterograde amnesia following a boating accident. Through a series of tests, doctors have confirmed that her implicit memory is unimpaired, although both types of explicit memory are damaged. Which of the following is L.P. still capable of doing after her injury?
She can still learn new skills, such as riding a bike.
While Terri cannot remember what she ate for lunch, she is able to recall such a wide number of facts that you always try to team up with her for trivia games. Which of these statements about Terri's memory is true?
She has good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.
Sadie the dog salivates when she hears her owner's alarm clock go off because her owner always feeds her shortly thereafter. What type of memory is Sadie using?
She is using implicit memory, because Sadie's salivation is an unconscious reaction to the alarm clock.
Doris works in a factory where she is paid $10 for every toy she assembles.Given that she is on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement, which pattern ofbehavior can we generally expect from her? Group of answer choices
She would likely be more productive than someone paid by the hour.
Cici is very good at math. According to the notion of general intelligence, how would you expect her to perform in other subjects, such as writing?
She would perform about as well in writing as she does in math.
Scientists have revised their model of memory, to replace short-term memory with working memory. What is the difference between short-term memory and working memory?
Short-term memory was defined as a temporary storage unit for verbal information. Rehearsed information was remembered and the rest forgotten. Working memory is defined as including active information processing for all kinds of information.
Why are repressed memories controversial?
Some therapeutic methods, such as hypnosis, involve a high level of suggestibility. Suggestibility can create false memories.
Merlin is growing older and losing his ability to hear. Luckily, his pet owl not only hears well, but also can use cues to locate where a sound comes from. How is Merlin's owl capable of locating the source of a sound?
Sounds reach the closer ear first, and this small timing difference gives away the source's location.
As Stacie drives on a main road, she approaches a traffic light that turns from red to green. In a process called transduction,
Stacie's sensory receptors translate the light into signals for the brain.
Steve is 21. He has ambitious plans and is eager to start his career. He likes being around other people, enjoys parties, and usually likes to be in charge of the conversation. He is very competitive, plays on a sports team, and enjoys "playing to win." Which of the statements about Steven is most likely to be true?
Steve is a student at Green Acres College.
Jameisia has always loved numbers. When she starts first grade, she grasps basic math immediately. Her teacher is so impressed that she gives Jameisia increasingly complicated work in math. Jameisia goes on to become a superb math student all the way through school. Based on the above information, what is the most reasonable conclusion about the source of Jameisia's success in math?
The environment acted as a social multiplier for her innate ability.
Erica is driving to work when she hears a loud police siren. She automaticallyturns off her car radio and looks for the siren so she can pull over if needed. Howis this an example of nonassociative learning?
The key is that Erica is responding to the siren after only hearing it one time
Why might middle ear infections impact hearing?
The middle ear's main job is to amplify sound vibrations. Infected fluid may muddles this process.
The start gun goes off to signal the beginning of the race. How do the runners sense the noise and interpret its meaning?
The sound wave travels through the air to the outer ear. Vibrations in the ossicles of the middle ear stimulate membranes in the inner ear. Receptors in the inner ear then transduce the sound into neural signals sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.
Which of the following is true about sex differences in intelligence?
There are some measures on which men tend to perform better and some on which women tend to perform better.
A sudden puff of air in his left eye caused Bill to blink. In terms of classicalconditioning, the air puff was a(n) ______________ and the blink was a(n)______________.
US; UR
Carlos accidentally added an extra tablespoon of sugar to his cake batter. This will probably not change the cake's flavor in a significant way, although the same tablespoon of sugar, would be noticeable if he put it in his cup of tea. What explains this difference?
Weber's law
Advocates of whole language instruction assert that humans should learn to read the way they learn to talk, and that breaking down words into phonemes is unnatural. Given this and everything else you know about whole language instruction, which of the following is a possible critique of the whole languageapproach?
When children learn to talk, they learn phonemes before they learn words. If learning to read should be modeled on how children learn to speak, then breaking words down into phonemes is, indeed, natural.
Which of the following is true about differences in intelligence between identical twins?
Whether raised together or apart, identical twins score much more similarly on IQ tests than any other pairs of siblings.
According to signal detection theory, which of the following statement is correct?
While examining CT-scan images, radiologists who are "yes-sayers" tend to produce more hits and false alarms of detecting cancer cells than those who are "nay-sayers".
Based on Weber's law, which of the following pairs would it be the easiest to discern a difference in weight?
a 1-pound bag of sugar and a 2-pound bag of sugar
The Premack principle explains why
a favored activity can be used to reinforce a less favored activity.
Ming's computer crashed suddenly the other day. Ming kept trying the solution that worked last few times it had crashed, even though it is clear that it won't fix his computer now. Ming's failure to solve this problem is most likely due to ______________.
a mental set
Florian could never remember his locker combination until he realized that the three numbers perfectly matched his favorite singer's birth date. Now he has no problem remembering his combination, thanks to which of the following?
a mnemonic
Mario must memorize the planets in the Solar System: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. He uses the first letter of each word (MVEMJSUN) to make the sentence "My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nachos." To remember the planets, Mario is using _____.
a mnemonic
Which of the following is an example of habituation?
a smoker who does not react to the smell of smoke in his home
Cyra likes listening to music before going to sleep, but she gets in trouble if her parents catch her playing music after 10:00 pm. Cyra knows that she can get away with it so long as her parents can't hear the music. But even when the music is playing very softly, her parents can detect the music 75 percent of the time. The point at which Cyra has the volume set is __________.
above her parents' absolute threshold
Jack is camping with a friend in the woods. While stargazing, Jack notices a very faint light in the distance. The light is so faint that he can barely see it, and his friend has not noticed it at all. The light is right at Jack's ______________ threshold.
absolute
Lewis took a test that assesses his current skills and knowledge. Alice took a test that assesses her ability to learn in the future. Lewis has most likely taken an______________ test, and Alice has most likely taken an ______________ test.
achievement; aptitude
Research has shown that people do not necessarily believe that "time heals all wounds" when something bad is about to happen to them. Instead, people tend to use ________ and anticipate the worst.
affective forecasting
Which of the following is true about dyslexia and those who suffer from the condition? Those with dyslexia struggle to interpret words. Dyslexia results from poor sound and visual processing. Those with dyslexia have normal levels of intelligence. all options are true
all options are true
With respect to facial recognition, which of the following statements is incorrect? Most people recognize happiness more quickly on a woman's face than a man's. All statements are correct. Most people recognize anger more quickly on a man's face than on a woman's. People recognize angry facial expressions more quickly and accurately than happy facial expressions.
all statements are correct
To figure out the attendance of her Introductory Psychology class on any given day, your professor could simply count the number of students in the room. Or she could break the class into four equal groups, estimate the number of students in one group, and then multiply that number by four. In the first case, your professor would be using ______________ to calculate attendance, and ______________ in the second case.
an algorithm; a heuristic
Vernon is most likely to agree to pay extra to upgrade his hotel room if he has just booked ________, because of the phenomenon known as ________.
an expensive vacation; anchoring
Patient J.B. suffered an injury and now has memory problems. He remembers his childhood, past events, and knowledge he had previously learned, but since the injury, he has not formed any new explicit memories. Luckily, he can still learn new implicit tasks. What disorder does J.B. have?
anterograde amnesia
Clive Wearing can only remember about 7 seconds at a time. He can't remember new information and feels as though he is constantly "awakening for the first time." These symptoms can be explained by his dense _____, caused by damage to his _____.
anterograde amnesia; hippocampus
The Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) is designed to measure someone's ability to think logically. This ability is predictive of success in law school and as a practicing attorney in the future. The LSAT is a(n) ________ test.
aptitude
Maquinna takes the SAT, a test designed to assess his potential to do well in college. Sayen takes the Advanced Placement English Literature exam, which is designed to assess how much she has learned in that subject. Maquinna is taking an ______________ test, whereas Sayen is taking an ______________ test.
aptitude; achievement
After a frustrating day encountering blank stares from her students, Katie reminds them that listening requires not just hearing but also ______________.
attention
Marina has struggled on her exams all semester. She started to worry that she has memory problems, but her roommate points out that Marina checks her email, sends texts, and listens to music while studying. In other words, Marina's real problem is not memory but which of the following?
attention
Research on memory reconsolidation reveals that memories
can be distorted.
Vikranth takes pride in being able to memorize long strings of letters very quickly. His trick is to see each group of letters as the initials of people he knows. This way, instead of remembering 20 letters, he only has to memorize a group of seven friends. What is the name for Vikranth's technique?
chunking
A candidate for governor of New York State once mailed trash-scented campaign flyers to discourage people from backing Democrats. He was most likely trying to use ___________ to influence voting.
classical conditioning
A candidate, Carl Paladino, for governor of New York State once mailed trash-scented campaign flyers to discourage people from backing his opponents. He was most likely trying to use ___________ to influence voting.
classical conditioning
When she was little, Melanie ate corn nuts right before riding a roller coaster. The ride made her motion sick, and she threw up. Since then, Melanie has had an aversion to corn nuts, even though the corn nuts did not cause her to be sick. Which type of implicit memory is at play?
classical conditioning
What is the proper order of events that need to take place in order for classical conditioning to occur?
conditioned stimulus presentation → unconditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned response → after many trials, the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response
Generally, being able to learn what stimuli predict pleasure or pain isconsistent with Pavlov's belief that
conditioning is how we adapt to our environments.
Brad damaged some of the sensory receptors in his visual system. Which of the following was damaged?
cones
Georgia must memorize a speech to give in class. She knows that practicing the speech in the same room where she will ultimately deliver it will help her remember the material. Georgia is going to use ______ to help her remember the speech.
context-dependent memory
This semester, Kofi is studying in a new way. After dinner, he brings his books to an empty lecture hall and studies there instead of in the dorm. He is hoping to get a boost from the ______________.
context-dependent memory effect
If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied somewhere else. This outcome occurs because of ________ memory, which is a form of ________.
context-dependent; encoding specificity
The Stanford-Binet test provides an inaccurate measure of intelligence in adults because chronological age ________ mental age.
continues to increase without an increase in
Courtney is a highly intelligent person and also a successful attorney. She is thankful that both of her parents not only had very high IQs but also gave her educationally rich childhood full of diverse experiences. Generally speaking, Courtney's high intelligence can be attributed to the ____________________________.
contributions of nature and nurture
Joaquin worked really hard on writing his first history paper. He went to the library to research possible sources and took thorough notes about everything he read. But when he sat down to write his paper, he mistakenly thought that some of his notes represented his own original ideas rather than those of other scholars. Without realizing it, Joaquin plagiarized the work of others by making a source attribution error called ______________.
cryptomnesia
Mrs. Nieto always takes the time to make lessons meaningful for her students. She does not ask them to memorize lists of information without giving her students background and context for each item. She is hoping that ______________ encoding based on semantics will allow her students to remember the information better in the future.
deep
Katie notices there is a new barista at her favorite coffee shop. She also notices that her vanilla latte tastes just slightly sweeter than usual. The taste difference is right at the ______________ threshold.
difference
The Flynn effect suggests that which of the following factors are involved in the increase in IQ scores over the last century?
education, nutrition, and technology
Porsha is wondering how to remember her new password, 628fbi. She realizes that 6/28 is her sister's birthday and FBI is the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Porsha is likely to store the password in long-term memory because she is using ______.
elaborative rehearsal
Yesterday you taught your dog a new trick. In order for your dog to perform this trick tomorrow, which of the following sequences will have to occur?
encode, store, retrieve
Short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory via a process called
encoding
Carol seems to remember every detail about every conversation she has ever had. She also remembers what everyone has given her for her birthday over the last several years. Which type of long-term memory is Carol known for?
episodic
Dr. Ramos is a radiologist who looks at dozens of scans each day to diagnose everything from broken bones to tumors. Every once in a while, she sees something on the scan that turns out to be nothing. This situation is called a ______________.
false alarm
Leroy throws a party while his parents are out of town. During the party, Monica runs up to Leroy and exclaims, "Your mom just pulled up to the house in her Jeep!" When he looks out the window, he is able to quickly determine that the Jeep is not his parents' because it is not the right color. In signal detection terminology, Monica's response is a ______________, while Leroy's response is a ______________.
false alarm; correct rejection
As a research participant, you read a list of names of unknown individuals. On another day, you read a list that includes some of those names, and you are asked if anyone on the list is famous. According to the ________, you will remember the individuals from the first list as famous.
false fame effect
Terri fell and sprained her wrist. She immediately felt a sharp pain, thanks to nerve fibers that carried pain information to her brain. Which nerve fibers are these?
fast fibers
While getting out of his car, Maulik bangs his head on the car door. The pain of the initial collision is carried to his brain by ______________ fibers, and the lingering aching of his forehead is carried by ______________ fibers.
fast; slow
Prolonged exposure to movement in one direction ________ the motion detectors responsive to that direction. When the movement stops, the baseline firing rate of detectors for the opposite direction of motion will be ________ than the firing rate for the detectors that responded to the prolonged movement, leading to motion aftereffects.
fatigues; higher
When our assignment of ______________ to an image is ambiguous, we can switch back and forth between seeing two different images in one picture--what we thought was part of the background can also shift to look like the most important part of the picture.
figure and ground
Taavi is making a multilayered wedding cake for the first time and looking for ways to prevent the cake from collapsing. He then remembers a bridge he once saw that had an interesting support system, which gives him the idea to reinforce the cake in a similar way. Taavi solved this dilemma by ______________.
finding an appropriate analogy
John wants to teach his pet to do a trick. Based on the partial-reinforcement extinction effect, what type(s) of reinforcement should he use if he wants to ensure enduring, stable behavior?
first continuous, then partial
After the 15th of the month, Alicia looks at her bank account and is always excited to see her paycheck deposited. Alicia receives her paycheck on a __________ schedule.
fixed interval
Corinne performs well at the word game Scrabble because she is good at problem solving and rearranging letters to form many words, which demonstrates her ______________ intelligence. Another reason she is good at Scrabble is her large vocabulary, which demonstrates her ______________ intelligence.
fluid; crystallized
Someone who is very good at learning new things but does not have a lot of general knowledge is high in ________ intelligence. However, someone who knows lots of things but is not very good at learning to do new things is higher in ________ intelligence.
fluid; crystallized
Erika is building a Lego structure of two towers. She finds that she can only build them so high before they collapse. She then remembers a cartoon she watched about how archways don't fall because of the keystone at the top of the arch, and so she rebuilds her towers that way. This time her towers stay upright. Erika has solved her problem by ____________________.
forming an appropriate analogy
You use a paper clip as a temporary replacement for the screw that fell out of your glasses. Which barrier to problem solving have you overcome?
functional fixedness
Annie is moving from one apartment to another. She has three cats and only one cat carrier. She puts one cat in the carrier, the second inside her large crock pot, and the third under a laundry basket on the passenger seat of her car. Annie clearly does not have a problem with
functional fixedness.
According to classical-conditioning theory, phobias develop as the result of
generalization of a fear experience.
Avalon spends a minute staring directly at a light that activates her L cones. According to opponent-process theory, what color should she see at the center of her vision when she turns away from the light and looks at a blank white wall?
green
Libby is drawing. She places her red pencil behind her ear to use another colored pencil. After a minute Libby doesn't feel the pencil behind her ear anymore and she forgets it is there. Libby is most likely experiencing
habituation
What part of your body is responsible for transducing pressure waves into signals that can eventually be perceived as a high-pitched tone?
hair cells
Marysol listens to high-pitched rock music with earbuds at loud volumes for extended periods of time. If she continues this, she is likely to cause damage to her _____ at the base of the basilar membrane by the oval window, which means that she may no longer be able to hear _____.
hair cells; high-frequency sounds
In a parent-and-infant swimming class, parents blow air on their infant's faceand then blow bubbles in the water. Subsequently, the infant blows bubbles inthe water. The infant is engaging in ______________.
imitation
Attitude formation most likely falls under which memory category?
implicit memory
Maria witnesses a crime and is asked to identify the suspect in a lineup of five people. She is not sure she recognizes any of them, but when she sees the last person in the lineup, her heart starts racing and she starts sweating. Maria must have a(n) ______________ memory of the suspect, but no ______________ memory of the suspect.
implicit; explicit
Han takes a shower in his family's new apartment. He gets the water perfect—not too hot, because that hurts! Then Han hears his son flush the toilet. The water gets very hot, which makes Han feel a lot of pain. After this happens a few times, Han feels afraid when he hears a toilet flush while he is in the shower. When Han is subject to classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is _____; the unconditioned stimulus (CS) is _______; the unconditioned response (UR) is _____; and the conditioned response (CR) is _____.
hot water; the toilet flushing; feeling pain; feeling afraid
Kristina wants to paint the living room bright red, but her roommate, Maya, prefers dark blue. In other words, they disagree about the ______________ of the light reflecting from the two colors.
hue
After the room went dark, John had a mental image of what everything looked like. But as soon as he tried to recall one specific detail, everything else faded. What type of memory store was John experiencing?
iconic
Dale is worried about the security in the building where his company is housed. He wants the security force to increase its screening of people who are potential "threats." To put this in terms of signal detection theory, Dale thinks that security should ______ their response criterion, which will reduce the number of ______ of security threats.
increase; misses
After struggling with a complex math problem, Stacey takes a short break.While making herself a cup of tea, she suddenly comes up with the solution."Aha!" moments such as this are a form of ______________ learning that occursin the apparent absence of reinforcement.
insight
Negative reinforcement and negative punishment are similar in that both
involve the removal of a stimulus.
In a memory experiment, participants in Group A are asked to just listen to a list of words. Group B is asked to count the number of words that begin with the letter e. Group C is asked to repeat each word as they hear it. Group D is asked to use each word in a sentence. According to the ________ model of memory, ________ would later remember the most words from the list.
level of processing; Group D
Lana and Seth have a vocabulary test tomorrow. Lana reads her list of words over and over. Seth uses the words in the list to tell a story about his own life. According to the _____ model of memory, the student who is more likely to place more words in long-term storage is ______.
levels of processing; Seth
Harry was reading the textbook for his psychology class and was trying to relate the material to his own experiences. According to the ________ model of memory, this would be considered ________.
levels of processing; deep processing
Studies of the role of dopamine have shown that which of the following pairs are distinct processes?
liking and wanting
The link between working memory and attention is most likely due to
maintaining attention.
Porsha just got a new password to access her bank account: 628fbi. She repeats the code over and over, using _____ to remember it.
maintenance rehearsal
In 1910, Guiseppe was 8 years old. He was given Binet's original test of mental abilities. When the test was scored, it was found that he functioned mentally at the level of a 6-year-old. This result reflects Giuseppe's _______.
mental age
Mark has never been to the local video store, but his smartphone says the address is 510 East Main Street. He knows that address must be five blocks east of University Street. And he can visualize the florist's shop next door to it. Mark is using a(n) _______ to think about the video store.
mental map
You continue to push on a door when, according to a sign on that door, you should try pulling open the door instead. Which barrier to problem solving are you failing to overcome?
mental set
During the winter Olympics, a skier had a terrible fall. The spectators allcringed. It was as if they had fallen themselves and were able to feel the pain ofthe fallen athlete. According to the biological basis of observational learning, theaction of ______________ might underpin the spectators' behavior.
mirror neurons
When an artist creates the illusion of depth in a painting, she does so by using
monocular depth cues.
As Fatima gazes out onto the mountain landscape, she is able to tell which objects are near to her and which are far away by using both ______________ cues, like occlusion, relative size, and linear perspective, and ______________ cues, like disparity.
monocular; binocular
In a study on the biological bases of learning, a lab rat is given a drug thatblocks dopamine activity in its brain. The rat is then placed in an operantchamber where a lever-pressing task is shaped through positive reinforcement.We should expect that the rat will have
more difficulty learning the task than a normal rat.
Although she and her roommate have the same ringtone, Lakisa can always tell whose phone is ringing based on whose side of the room it's coming from. She can do this not only because of the difference in time the sound takes to reach her left versus her right ear, but also because the sound is ______________ for the ear that is closer to the phone.
more intense
A study finds that women do as well as men in math courses at all levels. If Heather reads this study before taking her calculus final, she will be ________ likely to do well, because of ________.
more; reduced stereotype threat
Fred racked up a $200 cell phone bill from his texting last month, and his parents are furious. They take away his phone for two weeks to teach him that he must reduce his texting. Fred's parents are using
negative punishment.
After getting badly sunburned, Stanley heads out for another day at thebeach, this time slathering on sunscreen to avoid getting the same painfulreaction. In this case, Stanley's use of sunscreen has likely been acquired byway of ______________.
negative reinforcement
Giovanni's dog Luna won't heel. To teach him to heel, Giovanni puts a choke chain and a leash on the dog somewhat tightly and goes for a walk. When Giovanni says "Heel" and Luna walks next to him, Giovanni loosens the choke chain. Now Luna heels much more often than before, due to
negative reinforcement
Hailey is practicing kicking a soccer ball into the goal. Sometimes she kicks the ball to the left of the goal, sometimes to the right, and sometimes even over the goal. She never kicks the ball into the goal. Hailey's kicks are best described as ________.
neither valid nor reliable
Your younger daughter watches your older daughter mow the lawn. Later,your younger daughter attempts to mow the lawn. According to the principles of______________, your older daughter has acted as a ______________.
observational learning; model
The Gestalt psychologists identified several principles that explain how visual grouping works. Which of the following was not one of the Gestalt principles?
opponent-process
Your little cousin Athena wants to know why she has crayons with colors called blue green and orange-yellow but not blue-yellow or orange-green. You explain that cells in your eye help create the perception that some colors are opposites. Good thing you learned about the ______________ theory!
opponent-process
When Shane was born, his parents realized that he could not hear. They took Shane to the doctor and were told that there was no conduction of sound waves by the bones of Shane's middle ear. In other words, Shaun's _____ were not functioning.
ossicles
When Mrs. Rodriguez has trouble hearing a student's question, she uses her hand to bend her ear toward the student in order to better funnel sound waves into her auditory canal. Mrs. Rodriguez is able to hear better by doing this because she is bending her _____.
outer ear
Both Tolman's operant conditioning research of three groups of rat running mazes (no food reward group, regularly reward group, and no food until day 11 group) and Bandura's vicarious learning research of three groups of children watching a model hitting a doll (control group, reward group, and punishment group) demonstrated that reward affects ___________. Group of answer choices
performance more than learning
Children learn language in which order?
phonemes, basic words, telegraphic speech, overgeneralizations
The mechanism for encoding frequency is called ______________.
place coding
Jill gets mad when her roommate, Brenda, uses Jill's stuff. Lately, when Jill catches Brenda using her stuff, Jill will play very loudly a song that Brenda hates. Now, Brenda is using Jill's stuff much less, due to the effect of
positive punishment
Lisa is a kindergarten teacher who wants her students to cooperate with each other. So, when the students help each other, Lisa praises them. The students soon help each other more, as a result of
positive reinforcement.
Dion was hiking in the woods when he spotted a snake. Without thinking aboutit, he abruptly turned around and returned to the parking area. Biological______________ can partially explain Dion's behavior.
preparedness
Meredith has a Spanish exam this week. She studied Latin for many years before deciding to learn Spanish, and is afraid that her old memories of Latin will interfere with her ability to remember Spanish vocabulary and grammar. Which of the following is Meredith concerned about?
proactive interference
The process of overcoming obstacles to move from our current position to a desired goal is called ______________.
problem solving
Federico's son is 2 years old and is trying to learn how to tie his shoelaces. Federico knows how to tie shoelaces but is having a hard time explaining the steps to his son. Federico is struggling with describing his _____ memory of how to tie shoelaces.
procedural
Luisa loves to swim. While swimming, she sometimes thinks about what the temperature must be in Fahrenheit and how to convert it to Celsius. Luisa's memory of how to swim is ______________, and her memory of how to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius is ______________.
procedural; semantic
A problem with schemas is that they can easily
promote stereotypes
Julie does not know what a "clunker" is. Her friend Bob says, "You know that old car Fred has? That is a great example of a clunker." Bob is describing the "clunker" concept in terms of the ______________.
prototype model
Yuri asks his father, Vadim, what a triangle looks like. Vadim gets out a piece of paper and draws a triangle that has three identical angles and sides, rather than drawing one that is oblong and asymmetrical. Vadim has shown his son a triangle using the ____________________.
prototype model
You are watching Dancing with the Stars. A short, heavy female contestant and her professional dance partner—a tall, thin male—are holding each other close and waltzing together. Which of the following grouping principles is likely to help you perceptually group the two dancers together?
proximity
Jonah has a run-in with a wild moose while camping, and tells his friend about it right afterward. When he calls his mom about it the next day, he remembers the story a little differently. The memory probably changed slightly when it was ______________.
reconsolidated
A likely way in which suggestibility might cause new information to change an old memory is through
reconsolidation
Piotr loves to tell a good story. His friends have noticed that some of his stories seem to change a little with each telling. Every time Piotr accesses a memory to tell a story, the memory it can be affected by new circumstances. This can be explained by the theory of ______________.
reconsolidation
Recently, researchers have shown that during this process, old memories are susceptible to being changed or even erased. What process is this?
reconsolidation
Maurice is taking a class in which he is tested every two weeks. He decides tocram for the first test and receives a poor grade. According to the law of effect,the probability of Maurice cramming before the second test has likely been______________. Group of answer choices
reduced
According to gate control theory, pain
reflects an interaction among biological, psychological, and cultural influences.
Dan is trying to throw paper balls into a trash can. Every paper ball that he throws hits the left edge of the trash can and falls to the floor beside the can. Dan's paper ball-throwing is best described as _________.
reliable
Jaden has a horrible pain on his right side, a symptom that is prototypical of appendicitis. Even though he does not have any of the other symptoms of appendicitis, he is convinced he has it and goes to the emergency room. He is mortified to learn that all he had was a bad case of gas. Because Jaden's error was based on the prototype of the symptom he had, he relied on the ______________ heuristic.
representativeness
When Mandy and Joe meet, Joe tells her that he loves math and computers and his favorite hobbies have always involved building things. Mandy concludes that Joe must be an engineering student rather than a liberal arts student, even though there are many more liberal arts than engineering students at their school. Mandy is using the ________ heuristic and ignoring ________.
representativeness; base rates
Brian doesn't mind if he misses a call from his parents. But when he is expecting a call from his date, he is sure to check his phone if there is even the slightest feeling of it vibrating. Signal detection theory can explain this based on Brian having a different ______ for calls from his date than for calls from his parents.
response bias
Objects, words, images, or other stimuli that remind us of something we had forgotten about are called ______________.
retrieval cues
In the fall, Professor Cole memorized the names of his 44 students. Now, in the spring, he has learned the names of his 42 new students. When Professor Cole runs into one of the students from the fall class, he finds that he cannot remember the student's name. He could only think of the names of students in his spring class. This is most likely due to ______.
retroactive interference
Pete taught Introductory Psychology last term and is teaching it again this term. When he runs into one of his students from last term, he does not remember her name. He finds that he can only remember the names of his current students. Pete's inability to remember the names of last term's students is most likely due to ______________.
retroactive interference
Phyllis hardly remembers any Italian now that she is studying French. This is a case of ______________.
retroactive interference
Shaping is
rewarding behaviors that increasingly resemble the desired behavior.
Encharta is sitting outside, looking at her beautiful garden. As the sun goes down, the colors become less bright and finally all become shades of gray. This change happens because the
rods are taking over for the cones.
Tiffany says, "Cheerleading is a sport. It is competitive and takes a lot of athletic ability!" Hugh replies, "You're crazy! Cheerleading is not a sport. All cheerleaders do is shake pom-poms and yell out the spelling of words." Tiffany and Hugh clearly disagree about the _______ of "sport."
schema
Your niece loves fairy tales. Even though she hasn't learned to read yet, she has memorized word-for-word all her books of fairy tales. When you give her a new fairy tale book, she is able to memorize it quickly, probably because she has developed a ______________ for fairy tales.
schema
Kendra is studying abroad and realizes that, compared with the local students she has befriended, she sometimes remembers events differently than they do. Perhaps Kendra's preexisting ______________ are affecting the way she encodes experiences.
schemas
"First, you need to drive to your date's house, bring her flowers, and talk to her parents. Then, ask her where she would like to go to eat. Afterward, take her to the movies. Then, be sure to drive her back to her house, walk her to the door, and be back home by midnight." This advice is an example of which of the following?
script
Veronica is in fifth grade and needs to learn the names of the Great Lakes. Her teacher teaches her the acronym HOMES, which stands for Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior. Veronica's teacher is suggesting that she remember the names of the Great Lakes primarily by using ______ encoding.
semantic
Mrs. Gutierrez asked her preschool class to name a bird. Tillie called out, "Robin!" Suddenly, several children said, "Blue jay!," "Eagle!," and "Sparrow!" According to spreading activation models of memory, the children retrieved many bird names from long-term store because the bird names were ______.
semantic memories, which are are stored in a network of association
The detection of physical stimuli, such as odors, lights, and sounds, is called ______________.
sensation
The tag on the back of Michael's shirt is very itchy. He keeps scratching his back and pulling at the tag, but it continues to bother him. Michael is most likely experiencing
sensitization.
When Marla first moved to New York City, she could hardly sleep because of all the noise from the street. After a month or two, she stopped noticing these noises, and now she feels she would have a hard time sleeping in a quiet country village. What explains this change?
sensory adaptation
Jed works for an animation studio where movies are drawn frame by frame. Audiences will experience his movies as continuous streams of animated movement, rather than simply series of still drawings, thanks to which ability of the human memory system?
sensory memory
As a research participant, you study this list of words: curtain, book, anger, dirt, plant, hunger, paper, sadness, sunshine, music, disease, surprise, fired, love, test, pizza, electricity. When you are later asked to recall the list, the ________ effect would suggest that you are most likely to have trouble remembering ________.
serial position; music
Olga didn't have a pen handy when her boss gave her the phone number of an important client, so she mentally rehearsed the number until their call. While ______________ memory provided storage for the phone number, ______________ memory allowed her to rehearse it for longer maintenance.
short-term; working
Research has demonstrated that infants
show a preference for sounds from their own language by the time they are 1 week old.
After suffering a large bruise from a somewhat wild game of Twister, Rachel feels a throbbing pain in her leg. This dull pain was most likely carried by ______.
slow fibers
Professor Atlas has a dull ache in his lower back, probably from hunching over his philosophy books for the past several weeks. Which nerve fibers are carrying the pain information to his brain?
slow fibers
Doug was born with a malfunctioning thalamus. Most of his sensory experiences, sadly, will be impaired, but not his sense of ______.
smell
Gary was in a motorcycle accident and damaged his thalamus. Gary will have no difficulty carrying out which of the following actions?
smelling roses in his garden
According to this type of theory, seeing a hammer might also partially activate memories for related items, such as nails, screwdrivers, and wrenches. Which type of memory theory is this?
spreading activation models
Victor and Stanislaus are two elderly gentlemen in line at the Division of Motor Vehicles. They are both waiting to take a written test on driving laws to renew their licenses. Stanislaus overhears a DMV employee commenting that elderly men usually perform worst on the exam, but Victor does not hear the comment. Victor scores higher than Stanislaus on the exam, even though their performances are usually quite similar. Stanislaus's lower score may have been due to the effect of ____________________.
stereotype threat
When Ibrahim was six years old, he became terrified when the family's parrotflew at him and bit him on the nose. Since then, he has been afraid of all birds.Ibrahim's bird phobia illustrates the classical conditioning process of______________.
stimulus generalization
Recall the story about Han's being classically conditioned. Soon, Han notices that when he is in the shower and hears water running through the pipes, he feels afraid. Han is now most likely experiencing learning through
stimulus generalization.
Han takes a shower in his family's new apartment. He gets the water perfect—not too hot, because that hurts! Then Han hears his son flush the toilet. The water gets very hot, which makes Han feel a lot of pain. After this happens a few times, Han feels afraid when he hears a toilet flush while he is in the shower. Soon, Han notices that when he is in the shower and hears water running through the pipes, he feels afraid. Han is now most likely experiencing learning through _______. After a few months, Han has had enough! He asks his son to flush the toilet many times when Han is showering with very cold water so that Han no longer feels afraid of the toilet flushing. Han is attempting to perform on himself a learning procedure called ________.
stimulus generalization; extinction
Howard loves everything about movies, including movie history. He knows that many of the tricks used in special effects have their origins in the Gestalt phenomenon called ______________.
stroboscopic motion
Shaun's parents decorate their home each winter with a long string of white lights. When turned on, it appears as though one point of light is moving down the string, constantly circling the house. This apparent perception of movement is due to the motion illusion known as ______.
stroboscopic motion
When using shaping to train a crow to pick up trash, it is important to reinforce ________.
successive approximations of the desired behavior
Alex sees a girl stealing a candy bar in a convenience store. When the police question him, Alex says the thief was wearing a red shirt. Later in the interrogation, the officer asks what candy the girl in the blue shirt stole. Months later, when Alex testifies in court, he describes the girl as having worn a blue shirt. Alex's testimony at the trial shows the influence of
suggestibility.
Consider two representations. Representation A is abstract and bears no systematic relationship to what it represents, whereas Representation B shares some features of what it represents. Representation A is a(n) ________ and Representation B is a(n) ________.
symbolic representation; analogical representation
The sound of the word cow is a(n) ______________ for a cow, while the sound of the word moo is a(n) ______________ for the sound a cow makes.
symbolic representation; analogical representation
When Beatrice was a baby, her first word was mama. When she was 10 years old and capable of more complex thinking, Beatrice was able to solve a puzzle by picturing the solution in her mind. In this example, the word mama is a(n) ______________ representation, and the visualized solution is a(n) ______________ representation.
symbolic; analogical
When Gretchen eats her favorite brand of pickle, the molecules stimulate taste receptors located in her` ______________ that are grouped within ______________.
taste buds; papillae
When Lydia eats her favorite ice cream, taste receptors in the ________ convert the chemical molecules into signals which are then transmitted to the brain by process of______________.
taste buds; transduction
Pum is lying awake and listening to the sounds of the city. He hears a very low pitched sound in the distance. How does his auditory system code this type of pitch?
temporal coding
After seeing the movie Shark Attack 3D, Joaquin refused a friend's invitation to go swimming at the beach. If Joaquin refused because he remembered the bloody shark attacks in the movie, his decision is best explained by _________.
the availability heuristic
Jenny's best friend, Doris, got a bad case of food poisoning after eating at a Greek restaurant. For weeks afterward, whenever they would hang out, Doris would go on and on about how awful it was. Now Jenny refuses to touch Greek food herself, because she thinks she may get sick too. It appears Jenny has fallen prey to the bias in decision making called ____________________.
the availability heuristic
The main difference between the exemplar model and the prototype model is that the prototype model is defined by ________ of the category and the exemplar model is defined by ________ of the category.
the best example; all the examples
Sarah and Imani strike up a conversation while sitting next to each other on an airplane. Imani thinks Sarah is very intelligent and knowledgeable. When Sarah tells Imani that she works at an elementary school, Imani assumes that Sarah is a teacher, but Sarah is actually a secretary. Imani used which of the following to form her incorrect conclusion?
the representativeness heuristic
Hunter and Marissa went out on their patio late at night to look at the stars. Hunter had been reading about constellations, and sure enough, he saw that several clusters of stars seemed to be organized into identifiable shapes. Hunter's interest in constellations may have led to ______________.
top-down processing
Read the following paragraph: Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrodare, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a total mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. The fact that you could read this paragraph is most likely due to ______.
top-down processing
Which of the following taste sensations results from detecting glutamate?
umami
Timmy is trying to get a toy that comes in some boxes of breakfast cereal. He keeps opening boxes of cereal, knowing that if he opens enough boxes, he will eventually find a toy. Timmy is being reinforced on a __________ schedule.
variable ratio
When one learns the consequences of an action by watching another person perform the action, this type of learning is called ________ learning.
vicarious
If the ventral stream of your visual cortex were not working temporarily, you would be unable to understand ________ an object is; but if your dorsal stream was still functioning, you could understand ________ an object is.
what;where
Which memory system is most closely related to intelligence test scores?
working
