Psychology Exam 4

Humans show a free running rhythm with a cycle of about _____ hours

25

A Drive or Motivation

A behavior that motivates an individual to achieve a specific set of goals Change over time (hours, days, weeks, months, etc.), motivating what we think, feel and do

Circadian rhythm

A bodily process that varies about a 24 hr cycle Can be altered by sensory input (environmental) stimuli The single most important factor contributing to the length of our sleep/wake cycles is light

Inner Ear: Cochlea

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves tigger neural impulses

Work: Flow

A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills Being 'in the zone'

Instinct

A complex behavior that i rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Achievement Motivation

A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people or ideas; for attaining a high standard

Leptin

A hormone produced by fat tissue Its concentration is sensed by the hypothalamus, helping to control body weight over the long term

Increase Leptin

A hormone that is released by fat cells (adipose tissue) in the body When increased, food intake decreases In our bloodstream is directly related to the amount of fat tissue we have in our body

Incentive

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Biological Rhythms

A regular fluctuation in a body process Influence many aspects of behavior in both animals and humans over a year= migration patterns, hibernation, mating, mood over a month= menstrual cycle Many body functions cycle over a day

Prosopagnosia

A specific deficit in the ability to recognize faces

Organizational Psychology

A subfield of (I/O) psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change Concerned with: employee satisfaction and engagement Management techniques The 'bottom line'

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state The tendency of the body to maintain certain physiological parameters within a range of values

LaunchPad: Approximately _____ percent of people experience chronic insomnia with symptoms at least three nights each week lasting a month or longer. A) 10 B) 66 C) 33 D) 85

A) 10

LaunchPad: What causes nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism? A) Incoming light signals are not properly focused on the retina. B) The iris and cornea do not function properly. C) Accommodation does not take place. D) The blind spot is abnormally large or small.

A) Incoming light signals are not properly focused on the retina.

LaunchPad: The phenomenon of induced motion was first studied by Gestalt psychologist: A) Karl Duncker. B) Roger Shepard. C) Johann Müller-Lyer. D) Max Wertheimer.

A) Karl Duncker

LaunchPad: Mandy is 8 months old, her mother Jennie is 40 years old, and her grandmother Matilda is 70 years old. During a typical 24-hour period, who experiences the highest proportion of REM to NREM sleep? A) Mandy B) Matilda C) Mandy, Jennie, and Matilda all experience the same approximate proportion of REM to NREM sleep during a typical 24-hour period. D) Jennie

A) Mandy

LaunchPad: For several nights in a row, a sleep researcher wakes you up whenever you show signs of entering REM sleep. On the first night that you are allowed to sleep uninterrupted, you will most likely experience: A) REM rebound. B) very little REM sleep. C) micro sleeps. D) a dramatic increase in stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep.

A) REM rebound.

LaunchPad: Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) The skin is the largest and heaviest sense organ. B) Skin receptors, unlike receptors for other senses, do not adapt to a constant stimulus. C) The skin has only one type of sensory receptor. D) The receptors in the skin are sensitive only to pressure.

A) The skin is the largest and heaviest sense organ

Laterm-247unchPad: REM sleep is also called _____ sleep. A) active B) quiet C) hypnagogic D) NREM

A) active

LaunchPad: Your friend Caitlin asks you why she experienced significant pain relief after undergoing several acupuncture treatments for a bad back injury. After reading this chapter, you are able to tell her that: A) acupuncture stimulates the release of endorphins, and it seems to somehow interrupt the transmission of pain signals. B) acupuncture has been shown to decrease the responsiveness of the Pacinian corpuscles in the skin, and thus relieves pain. C) she has experienced an illusory correlation—the acupuncture treatments had nothing to do with her decrease in pain. D) any relief she experienced was probably due to the power of suggestion, as acupuncture has been proven to be nothing more than a pseudoscience.

A) acupuncture stimulates the release of endorphins, and it seems to somehow interrupt the transmission of pain signals.

LaunchPad: Which of the following phenomena can be explained by the opponent-process theory of color vision? A) afterimages B) red-green color blindness C) how we hear high frequency sounds D) how we hear low frequency sounds

A) afterimages

LaunchPad: Glucose is: A) also called blood sugar and is the primary source of energy in your body. B) the hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus to regulate hunger and eating behavior. C) also called the "hunger hormone" because its presence in the lining of the stomach strongly stimulates appetite. D) the neurotransmitter that promotes satiation and produces feelings of fullness as you eat.

A) also called blood sugar and is the primary source of energy in your body.

LaunchPad: Learning to exert conscious voluntary control over automatic body functions such as respiration, heartbeat, and skin temperature is called: A) biofeedback. B) acupuncture. C) gate control. D) counterirritation.

A) biofeedback

LaunchPad: Smell and taste receptors respond to what type of stimuli? A) chemical molecules B) vibrating air molecules C) airborne nociceptors D) electromagnetic waves

A) chemical molecules

LaunchPad: Identify the sequence that correctly represents the path taken by light signals through the eye. A) cornea, pupil, lens, retina B) lens, iris, retina, pupil C) cornea, lens, iris, retina D) lens, pupil, optic nerve, retina

A) cornea, pupil, lens, retina

LaunchPad: The ability to perceive the three dimensions of an object, along with its distance from you, is called: A) depth perception. B) relative perception. C) texture gradient. D) linear parallax.

A) depth perception

LaunchPad: Sleep restriction studies have shown that: A) immune system functioning, concentration, vigilance, reaction time, memory skills, and ability to gauge risk were all diminished. B) research participants adapted to the four-hour-per-night sleep schedule by the end of the first week and showed no cognitive or physical impairments over the course of the experiments. C) there were some beneficial effects in terms of memory consolidation, reaction time, and immune system functioning. D) there is no evidence to support the notion that REM and NREM sleep deprivation result in REM and NREM rebound

A) immune system functioning, concentration, vigilance, reaction time, memory skills, and ability to gauge risk were all diminished.

LaunchPad: Which of the following is an example of a parasomnia? A) sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) B) insomnia C) obstructive sleep apnea D) narcolepsy

A) sleep-related eating disorder (SRED)

LaunchPad: When we draw on our knowledge, experiences, expectations, and other cognitive processes to arrive at meaningful perceptions, we are using: A) top-down processing. B) bottom-up processing. C) proprioception. D) accommodation.

A) top-down processing

LaunchPad: The taste category that is associated with meat and other protein-rich foods, Parmesan and other aged cheeses, mushrooms, seaweed, and the distinctive taste of monosodium glutamate is called: A) umami. B) sweet and sour. C) bitter. D) salty.

A) umami

Self-stimulation in Rats

AN electrode has been placed in the lateral hypothalamus of this rat's brain. By accident, the animal presses the lever at the far end of the cage, which stimulates the electrode and the animals reward system. He presses the lever at a constant rate, neglecting to eat and drink

Clicker Question: You are given an eye exam and the eye doctor asks you to read the letter on an eye chart. The smallest letter you can see determines your visual acuity. Since this test measures your minimum visual resolution, it is an example of a test that measures: Absolute Threshold or Difference Threshold

Absolute Threshold

What is the purpose of 'belonging?'

Aiding survival Wanting to belong Acting to increase social acceptance Maintaining relationship Ostracism hurts Fortifying health

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, and continues to starve

Promoting behaviors that increase _________. These range from simple curiosity to thrill-seeking

Arousal

Awake and Relaxed: Alpha Waves

As measured by an EEG, brain activity consists of relatively slow brain waves

Clicker Question: Which is the most associated with Homeostasis? A) Instinct Theory B) Drive-Motivation Theory C) Arousal Theory

B) Drive-Motivation Theory

LaunchPad: According to the In Focus box on pheromones, which of the following statements best summarizes the effects of pheromones on humans? A) Human pheromones exist but do not have any measurable effects on human behavior. B) Human pheromones exist and affect mood, emotional states, and social interactions. C) There is no evidence for the existence of human chemosignals or pheromones. D) Human pheromones play an important role in regulating sexual attractiveness.

B) Human pheromones exist and affect mood, emotional states, and social interactions

LaunchPad: _____ is the most common sleep complaint among adults. A) Sleepsex B) Insomnia C) Central sleep apnea D) Obstructive sleep apnea

B) Insomnia

LaunchPad: An unfolding sequence of perceptions, thoughts, and emotions during sleep (usually REM), that is experienced as a series of real-life events is a description of: A) a hypnagogic hallucination. B) a dream. C) sleep mentation. D) hypnosis.

B) a dream

LaunchPad: Mike suffers from narcolepsy. Sometimes when he is very excited or experiencing intense emotions he suddenly loses voluntary muscle strength and control and collapses, a phenomenon called: A) somnambulism. B) cataplexy. C) dissociative anesthesia. D) sleep paralysis.

B) cataplexy.

LaunchPad: Biological processes that systematically vary over a 24-hour cycle are called _____ and are regulated by a cluster of neurons called the _____. A) brain waves; suprachiasmatic nucleus B) circadian rhythms; suprachiasmatic nucleus C) intrinsic rhythms; melatonin cluster D) circadian rhythms; pineal gland

B) circadian rhythms; suprachiasmatic nucleus

LaunchPad: You dream that you win $20 million in the state lottery. The next day you find a $20 bill lying on the sidewalk. Although you want to think that your dream had been prophetic, it's more likely that finding the money the morning after your dream of winning $20 million is a: A) psychokinesthetic experience. B) coincidence. C) telepathic experience. D) clairvoyant experience.

B) coincidence

LaunchPad: The term circadian rhythm refers to the: A) type of beat that is characteristic of most Latin music. B) consistent, daily fluctuations in many biological and psychological processes. C) influence of the 28-day lunar cycle on human and animal behavior. D) fluctuations in biological and psychological processes that occur over the different seasons of the year.

B) consistent, daily fluctuations in many biological and psychological processes.

LaunchPad: The ability to accurately gauge the distance of the coffee cup on your desk as you reach for it is called: A) biofeedback. B) depth perception. C) accommodation. D) motion parallax.

B) depth perception

LaunchPad: The _____ developed from brain tissue and combine, analyze, and encode visual information in the retina. A) trichromatic cells B) ganglion cells C) bipolar cells D) cones

B) ganglion cells

LaunchPad:The purpose of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup is to: A) separate high frequency and low frequency sounds. B) increase the amplification of sound and transmit the amplified vibration to the oval window. C) diminish the amplification of sound and transmit the vibration to the oval window. D) increase the amplification of sound and transmit the vibration to the eardrum.

B) increase the amplification of sound and transmit the amplified vibration to the oval window

LaunchPad: Tremaine complains about the quality or duration of his sleep, that he has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep, and that he frequently wakes before it is time to get up. Tremaine has: A) obstructive sleep apnea. B) insomnia. C) REM sleep behavior disorder. D) cataplexy.

B) insomnia

LaunchPad: The hormone leptin: A) creates a positive energy balance when blood levels of the chemical decrease, which, in turn, triggers eating behavior. B) is secreted by adipose tissue that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior. C) is also called the "hunger hormone" because its presence in the cells lining the stomach strongly stimulates appetite. D) is associated with increased food intake when brain levels of the chemical increase.

B) is secreted by adipose tissue that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior.

LaunchPad: Sleepwalking and sleep terrors are _____ that tend to occur in _____. A) parasomnias; REM sleep B) parasomnias; stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep C) dyssomnias; REM sleep D) dyssomnias; stages 1 and 2 NREM sleep

B) parasomnias; stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep

LaunchPad: In order to answer this test item, you must read the words on this page. Detecting the black marks on the page relies on the process of _____, and the ability to interpret these black lines and curves as letters and words involves the process of _____. A) perception; sensation B) sensation; perception C) sensory adaptation; proprioception D) proprioception; sensory adaptation

B) sensation; perception

LaunchPad: According to gate-control theory, psychological factors can affect the experience of pain because: A) the brain has the power to selectively block the responsiveness of particular free nerve endings. B) the brain sends signals down the spinal cord to either open or close the pain gates. C) stress blocks the release of endorphins. D) the thalamus is very responsive to suggestion.

B) the brain sends signals down the spinal cord to either open or close the pain gates

LaunchPad: Which of the following increases the sensitivity of the stomach's stretch receptors and promotes satiation? A) the hormone gherkin B) the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) C) the neurotransmitter dopamine D) the hormone insulin

B) the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)

LaunchPad: When you were younger, you probably had your hearing checked. Headphones were placed over your ears and you were to respond when you heard a sound. You were being tested for your hearing: A) accommodation potential. B) threshold. C) transduction. D) sensory adaptation.

B) threshold

The _______ plays an important role in our motivated behavior.

Brain

State 3 and 4 Sleep

Brain activity changes to Delta waves Difficult to wake Sleep walking or Bed wetting

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Brain structure that functions as our internal (circadian) clock

LaunchPad: Active sleep is to _____ as quiet sleep is to _____. A) NREM sleep; REM sleep B) parasomnia; dyssomnia C) REM sleep; NREM sleep D) dyssomnia; parasomnia

C) REM sleep; NREM sleep

LaunchPad: An ambulance passes you on the highway and speeds into the distance. As the ambulance gets farther away, its retinal image shrinks. Nevertheless, you still perceive the ambulance as being the same size. How do you arrive at this conclusion? A) The retinal image of the ambulance shrinks, but binocular cues and accommodation help us determine its actual size and location. B) You use the Gestalt principle called the law of good continuation. C) The brain integrates information about the size of the retinal image and the relative distance of the ambulance. D) You rely on the cues of relative size and overlap to determine the size of the ambulance.

C) The brain integrates information about the size of the retinal image and the relative distance of the ambulance.

LaunchPad: Which of the following is TRUE? A) There are two important neurotransmitters, serotonin and dopamine, that regulate the 24-hour biological clock. B) Circadian rhythms remain stable regardless of the sleep-wake schedule people adopt. C) There are more than 100 different bodily processes that systematically vary over the course of each day, including blood pressure, the secretion of hormones, and pain sensitivity. D) Circadian rhythms are regulated by the release of the neurotransmitter melatonin by the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

C) There are more than 100 different bodily processes that systematically vary over the course of each day, including blood pressure, the secretion of hormones, and pain sensitivity.

LaunchPad: Human pheromones appear primarily to: A) enhance general arousal. B) trigger sexual attraction. C) affect mood and emotional states. D) increase testosterone levels.

C) affect mood and emotional states

LaunchPad: The sense of hearing is also known as: A) olfaction. B) kinesthesia. C) audition. D) gustation.

C) audition

LaunchPad: The sensation of taste results from the activation of receptor cells by what kind of stimuli? A) airborne nociceptors B) airborne proprioceptors C) chemical substances dissolved in saliva D) electromagnetic energy

C) chemical substances dissolved in saliva

LaunchPad: Because of the law of _____, you perceive the following as three groups of dots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A) similarity B) good continuation C) closure D) proximity

C) closure

LaunchPad:The clear membrane that covers the outside of the eye and helps gather and direct incoming light is called the: A) iris. B) pupil. C) cornea. D) retina.

C) cornea

LaunchPad: As you glance at the person sitting next to you in class, light reflected from the person's shirt first passes through which three structures of your eye? A) fovea, iris, pupil B) cornea, iris, pupil C) cornea, pupil, lens D) pupil, iris, lens

C) cornea, pupil, lens

LaunchPad: The primary tastes include: A) sweet, sour, vinegar, and citrus. B) sweet, sour, alkaline, acid, and salty. C) sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. D) bland, sharp, sweet, salty, and umami.

C) sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami

LaunchPad: The finding that repeated exposure to a particular stimulus leads to increased liking for that stimulus is called: A) sensory adaptation. B) perceptual constancy. C) the mere exposure effect. D) psychokinesis.

C) the mere exposure effect.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss (near deafness)

Caused by damage to the cochlea's receptors cells or to the auditory nerves

Conduction Hearing Loss

Caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

Clicker Question: What happens is some of these cones are missing? Visual "flares" in colors Night blindness Color Blindness Myopia

Color Blindness

LaunchPad:Most people who are deprived of all environmental time cues tend to naturally follow a _____ -hour sleep-wake cycle. A) 20 B) 25.2 C) 12 D) 24.2

D) 24.2

LaunchPad: Recent surveys suggest that about _____ percent of adults in the United States believe in ESP. A) 40 B) 30 C) 20 D) 50

D) 50

LaunchPad: George enjoys relaxing under a dark sky. He notices that when a full moon is rising on a clear, dark night, it appears much larger when viewed on the horizon against buildings and trees than it does when viewed in the clear sky overhead. Which of the following statements is true? A) George has discovered the Müller-Lyer illusion. B) The retinal size of the full moon is the same in all positions. C) George has a skewed perceptual set. D) The retinal size of the full moon changes in different positions.

D) The retinal size of the full moon changes in different positions

LaunchPad: Flying across the country, you encounter turbulent, rough air. The plane begins to bounce and sway. You begin to feel nauseated and airsick. Your motion sickness is caused by: A) drainage of the vestibular sacs and semicircular canals. B) disorientation due to a lack of feedback from your kinesthetic sense. C) damage to the eardrum. D) conflicting information from the eyes and the vestibular system.

D) conflicting information from the eyes and the vestibular system

LaunchPad: The primary visual pathway is to _____ as the secondary visual pathway is to _____. A) the location of an object; form and color B) brightness and depth; angles and lines C) angles and lines; brightness and depth D) form and color; the location of an object

D) form and color; the location of an object

Launchpad: The three basic properties of color are: A) saturation, primary hue, and secondary tone. B) tone, brightness, and shade. C) black, white, and blue-green. D) hue, saturation, and brightness.

D) hue, saturation, and brightness

LaunchPad: The word anosmia refers to: A) loss of the ability to distinguish among different colors. B) a rare type of deafness, a condition in which people cannot distinguish between low-frequency and high-frequency sounds. C) a temporary or permanent loss of sensation in the arms or legs. D) loss of the olfactory sense.

D) loss of the olfactory sense

LaunchPad: The stimuli that produce the sensation of an odor are: A) olfactory receptors. B) vibrating airwaves. C) proprioceptors. D) molecules in the air.

D) molecules in the air

LaunchPad: Changes in your body position are sensed by specialized receptors located in your muscles and joints which are called: A) vestibular sacs. B) kinesthetic receptors. C) semicircular canals. D) proprioceptors.

D) proprioceptors

LaunchPad: An increased physiological arousal along with a sensation of falling refers to a condition called: A) somnambulism. B) narcolepsy. C) obstructive sleep apnea. D) sleep terrors.

D) sleep terrors.

LaunchPad: Which of the following lists the correct sequence of sleep stages during the first 90 minutes of sleep? A) REM sleep, stage 4 NREM, stage 3 NREM, stage 2 NREM, stage 1 NREM B) stage 1 REM, stage 2 REM, stage 3 REM, stage 4 REM, NREM C) wakefulness, drowsiness, dreaming, deep sleep, paradoxical sleep D) stage 1 NREM, stage 2 NREM, stage 3 NREM, stage 4 NREM, REM sleep

D) stage 1 NREM, stage 2 NREM, stage 3 NREM, stage 4 NREM, REM sleep

LaunchPad: We tend to interpret visual stimuli in the way that produces the best, simplest, and most stable possible shape. This tendency is called _____, and the Gestalt psychologists believed that this law encompassed all the other Gestalt principles. A) Dunker's law B) Weber's law C) the Müller-Lyer law D) the law of Pragnanz

D) the law of Pragnanz

LaunchPad: Mac has been driving for almost thirty hours straight because he was promised a $1,000 bonus if he delivers his truckload of refrigerated roses by 5:00 A.M. the next afternoon. As Mac drives through the night and gets progressively more tired, he is likely to experience: A) cataplexy. B) a surge in brain levels of hypocretin. C) a sleep-related eating disorder. D) very brief episodes of sleep called micro sleeps.

D) very brief episodes of sleep called micro sleeps.

State 2 Sleep

Deep relaxation occurs Brain activity is marked by 'sleep spindles'- brief patches of rapid rhythmic brain activity Easily awakened Sleep talking occurs

Instinct Theory

Defining human behavior (and the motivation of those behaviors) in terms of a series of instincts

Sensory Adaptation

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation In other words: changes are important!

Easier to travel west than east

Easier to stay awake longer because it is more similar to the free running clock which tends toward longer days Easier to go to sleep later than earlier, stimulation helps to keep you awake Easier to go to sleep later than earlier, stimulation helps to keep you awake

Inner Ear: Semicircular Canals and Vestibular Sacs

Fluid-filled tubes that provide a sense of balance (vestibular sense)

Audition

Functions much like vision The ear detects waves of sound (vibration through a medium) that has different characteristics depending on amplitude and wavelength

Regulatory Drives

Helps preserve life by regulating basic body functions and needs

Night Terrors

High arousal and appearance of being terrified Occur during Stage 4 sleep and are seldom remembered

An imbalance in _______________ causes a feeling discomfort or tension due to a physiological need, which imitates a drive

Homeostasis

When _______ is restored, there is a feeling of relief and/ or comfort when the need is satisfied ( the drive is now reduced or eliminated)

Homeostasis

Color is determined by two factors:

Hue Intensity

Maslows Theory

Humans have a pyramid-shaped hierarchy of needs Needs at the base of the pyramid must be met first if order for higher level needs to become active

Obesity

Humans live in a "toxic environment" Designed to survive in environments where food is scarce Environment is full of the foods that we were built to crave (high sugar, high fat) Unhealthy foods more cheap and available than healthy foods

Individuals groups of cells in the hypothalamus are involved in the regulation of:

Hunger Thirst Water balance Reproduction Electrolyte balance Body temperature Blood pressure

Hunger: Physiology The ___________ controls hunger in the body by monitoring the levels of several hormones in the blood.

Hypothalamus

______ theory applied well to simple organisms, but fell apart in the face of more complex animals

Instinct

Structured Interview

Interview process that asks all applicants the same, job-relevant questions and rates them on an established scale

Delta Waves

Large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Astigmatism

Misshapen cornea or lens

Farsightedness

Misshapen eyeball that focuses light 'behind' the retina

Nearsightedness

Misshapen eyeball that focuses light in front of the retina

Problems with acuity include:

Nearsightedness Farsightedness

The various body sensations are carried by separate __________ pathways

Neural

Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision

Our visual system translates the different levels of stimulation of the three different cone types into perceptions of different colors

Sleep

Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness NOT: coma, general anesthesia, hibernation

Signal Detection Theory

Predicts when we will detect weak signals This theory posits that there is no single absolute threshold, but that detection depends on a person's experience, expectation, motivation, and level of fatigue

Sleep deprivation

Previous data show that performance on simple,, boring tasks affected more than challenging ones Data now showing that a sleep important for synthesizing and storing learned material, especially important issue for children/ adolescents and school performance

Energy expenditure

Processing of food (8%) Basal metabolic rate: BMR (55%) Active behaviors (36%) Our calorie intake must match the energy needs required of the processes listed above

Visual System

Provides us with a representation of the world around us, and helps us to perceive objects in our environment

REM Sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur Also called 'Paradoxical sleep' because the brain is commonly very active, while the body appears to be resting

Cones (retina)

Receptors located near the center of the retina that detect dine detail and color; necessary for daylight vision

Rods (retina)

Receptors that detect black, white and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision

Function of the "What Pathway"

Recognizing objects, their function and their importance

Insomnia

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

In animals, destroying the _____ abolishes sleep and activity rhythms

SCN

Hallucinations

Sales sensory experiences such as seeing something in absence of stimuli ex: flashes of light, movement, etc.

In ____________, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sight, sounds and smells. into neural impulses that our brains can interpret.

Sensation

_____________ gives us information about the world, while _______________ gives the world meaning!

Sensation Perception

Activity in the brainstem reticular formation results in the secretion of __________ which is important for promoting sleep behavior

Serotonin

Color Vision: There are three types of cones

Short wavelength sensitive cones (blue and purple) Middle wavelength sensitive cones (green and yellow) Long wavelength sensitive cones (red and orange)

Preservation and protection theory

Sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when animal would be in danger of being preyed upon

Critically, the claim of advertisers that ____________ messages have powerful and enduring effects is false However, do produce short term, subtle effects

Subliminal

_______________ information is any stimuli that is detected by sensory organs, but below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

Subliminal

Sleep Apnea

Temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

The ear is made up of three basic regions

The Outer Ear The Middle Ear The Inner Ear

The "Set Zone: Theory of homeostasis

The acceptable range of a physiological parameter that is required to support normal body functions

Industrial-organizational (I/O) Psychology (work)

The application to psychological concept and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces Two types: Personnel Psychology Organizational Psychology

Fovea (retina)

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster

The Middle Ear

The chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea, including the three tiny bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) that concentrate vibrations from the eardrum and transmit them to the cochlea's oval window

Hue

The distance from the peak of one wave to the next wave (wavelength) determines color

Vision

The function of the visual system is to the transduce (convert) light energy (photons) into a visual sensation

Increased in cholecystokinin (CCK)

The hormone CCK, released by stomach cells, increases when food is in the stomach

Drive-reduction Theory

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to ratify the need

Visual Agnosia

The inability of the brain to recognize or understand a visual stimulus

Absolute Thresholds

The minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus fifty percent of the time

Difference Threshold (just noticeable differences)

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time

Optic Nevre (retina)

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Blind Spot (retina)

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a spot where no receptor cells are located.

Sensory Interaction

The principle that one sense may influence another. Ex: The smell of food influences taste

Sensation

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimuli from our environment

Perception

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

Visual activity

The sharpness of an individual vision

Intensity

The wave's amplitude (the amount of energy in the wave) determines the color's perceived brightness

Arousal Theory

There appears to be internal motivation to seek optimum levels of arousal, rather than simple homeostasis

Phase Shifting

Time-shifting the circadian clock Must be done for shift work, travel across time zones Easier to travel west than east

Touch (The Somatosensory System)

To transduce pressure, temperature or tissue damage from the body into a neural response Also responsible for our perception of characteristics of objects in our environment. Edged, texture, vibration or pain, itch, pressure and temperature

Narcolepsy

Uncontrollable 'sleep attacks' where individuals lapse directly into REM sleep at inopportune times

Function of the "Where Pathway"

Understanding our relationship to objects in the environment

State 1 Sleep

We fall asleep and brainwaves lose some of their regularity Sometimes we experiences hallucinations

Clicker Question: Do subliminal messages work?

Yes, but what the effects are less cool than what you see in a hypnotism show

Sleep is an ______ mechanism, prompted by a complex set of neural and chemical mechanisms

active

Restoration Theory

body wear out during the day and sleep is necessary to put it back in shape ex: growth hormone levels highest during sleep

In experimental research, researchers electrically stimulate parts of the brain by implanting an _____________ inside it

electrode

When we see, we are sensing ____________ energy that travels in waves.

electromagnetic

Regulatory process called ________ homeostasis helps you maintain your baseline body weight

energy

Binge-eating disorder

episodes followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise

Rather than ___________ behaviors, instinct theory often simply described them

explaining

Biological rhythms can become _______ _________ when humans are placed in controlled environments that are unlinked to external stimuli such as light, activity, etc.

free running

We now know of several ____ expressed in the SCN that determine length of the rhythm

genes

Changes in level of _________, produced by the stomach, increase appetite in advance of a meal

gherlin

Hunger: Physiology In particular, _________ levels are monitored and maintained.

glucose

Managing well requires a number of skills: Harnessing job-relevant strengths Setting clear, challenging ______ and meeting them Choosing appropriate leadership styles

goals

The goal of drive reduction is ______________

homeostasis

There are ______________ systems in our body and brain that control all of our regulatory drives

homeostasis

Drop in the level of blood glucose stimulate ____________

hunger

Internal physiological changes increase your sense of ___________

hunger

ob/ob mice

lack the gene that produces leptin No leptin= mice overeat and become overweight Injections of leptin= eat less and regain normal body weight

SCN causes the pineal gland to release ________, a hormone that can induce sleep

melatonin

During REM Sleep: activity in the __________ lope contributes to VISUAL dreams

occipital

Just noting the time of day or smelling food can elicit reflexive internal _____________ changes

physiological

The idea of a specific 'set point' is currently under evaluation: set point findings were originally from _______ people are increasingly __________ environmental influences have a large impact

rats overweight

The following object properties are extracted by the visual system:

size, color, shape, motion, and location with respect to our body

Hunger: Psychology Biological Factors: Cravings for ___________ Preferences for ______ and _____ taste Food aversions Wariness of exotic foods

starch sweet and salty

Basal Metabolic Rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

Set Point

the point at which a persons weight is supposedly set. If intake is reduced then hunger is increase and metabolism are decreased. If intake in increased, then hunger is decreased and metabolism are increased

Clicker Question: Visual Agnosia is likely due to damage in which visual information pathway: "What" or "Where"

"What" Pathway

Personnel Psychology

A subfield of (I/O) psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal and development

LaunchPad: Sleep researchers who study disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep, including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy, are interested in a broad category of sleep disorders called: A) dyssomnias. B) parasomnias. C) dissociative states. D) lucid dreaming states.

A) dyssomnias.

LaunchPad: The trichromatic theory of color vision accurately describes the process of color sensation in the: A) retina. B) retina, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells. C) bipolar cells. D) brain.

A) retina

LaunchPad: Chronic, throbbing, and long-lasting pain is transmitted by: A) both C fibers and A-delta fibers. B) C fibers. C) proprioceptors in the skin and joints. D) A-delta fibers.

B) C fibers

Even when the individual is unaware, the __________ is processing information.

Brain

The Outer Ear

Captures sounds waves and funnels them down the ear canal and into the eardrum

Loudness

Determined by the wave's amplitude

________ spend most of their time in REM Sleep _____ about 1/2 of sleep time in REM Sleep ______ REM sleep declines with age

Fetuses Newborns In Adults

Pitch is determined by the ____________ (or wavelength) of a given sound.

Frequency

SCN receives visual input

Light acts as the external stimulus that synchronizes it daily

Sleeping Disorders

Occur consistently Abnormal Cause distress Interfere with daily functioning

Non-regulatory Drives

Serve other purposes (ex: achievement, curiosity)

Transduction

The conversion of one form of energy into another

Overstimulation

results in stress, which in turn leads to arousal-reducing behaviors.

If _____ from the SCN of one animal is implanted into the SCN of another whose SCN has been abolished, the rhythm will be restored and the animal will follow the rhythm of the donor animal

tissue