PSYCHOLOGY EXAM 4- PERSONALITY

Who is Franz Gail?

A German physician. Bumps between the skull reveal a persons traits, character, and mental ability. Discredited for a lack of empirical support.

Who is Galen?

A Greek philosopher and physician. Diseases and personality could be explained by imbalances in humors. Each person exhibits one of the four temperaments.

Cross cultural studies

A bridge between cultural and indigenous. Understands universal and cultural variations.

Self efficiency

A level of confidence in our own abilities that are developed through social experiments.

Inferiority complex

A persons feelings that they lack and don't measure up to society. In childhood, this is what drives people to gain superiority and the force behind thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Neurosis

A tendency to experience negative emotions.

Cardinal trait

A trait that dominates your personality.

Moving towards people

Affiliation and dependence. An intense need for relationships.

Oral psychosexual development

Age: 0-1 Zone: mouth Conflict: breast/bottle Adult fixation: smoking/overeating

Anal psychosexual development

Age: 1-3 Zone: anus Conflict: toilet training Adult fixation: neat/messy

Genital psychosexual development

Age: 12+ Zone: genitals Conflict: none Fixation: none

Phallic psychosexual development

Age: 3-6 Zone: genital Conflict: oedipus/electra Fixation: vanity

Latency psychosexual development

Age: 6-12 Zone: none Conflict: none Fixation: none

Moving against people

Aggression and assertiveness. Fighting is the best way to handle situations.

Projection (DM)

Attributing unacceptable desires to others.

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

Published in 1943- 504 questions Revised in 1989- 567 questions

Ego

Rational personality. This is seen by others and assists the ID to satisfy desires in a way that is realistic.

Sublimation (DM)

Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels.

Reaction Formation (DM)

Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own.

Denial (DM)

Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant.

Protective testing

Relies on projection as a way to assess unconscious processing.

Melancholic temperament

Reserved and anxious.

Collective cultures

Respectfulness and group needs rather than individual needs.

Regression (DM)

Returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development.

Who is Wundt?

Sees personality as emotional and unemotional and changeable and unchangeable.

Collective unconscious

Universal version of personal unconscious. Mental patterns and memory traces.

Cluster 1 of culture

Upper midwest and deep south: friendly and conventional.

Cluster 2 of culture

West: relaxed, stable, and calm.

Explanation

What your personality is.

Analytical psychology

Working to balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought. Continuous learning processes which mainly happen in the second half of life.

Phlegmatic temperament

Calm and thoughtful.

Occupational tasks

Careers.

Trait

Characteristic ways of behaving.

Who are non-Frueds?

Childhood experiences, social environment, and effects on culture define personality.

Reciprocal determinal

Cognitive process, behavior, and context all interact.

Thematic apperception test

Created in 1930 by Murray and Megan. Shown pictures and must describe a story using the picture. Measures hopes, fears, interests, and goals.

Potter incomplete sentence blank

Created in 1950 by Potter. Uses three different age groups (school, college, and adult.) Must fill in incomplete sentences and this measures fears, struggles, and desires.

Who is Raymond Cattel?

Created the 16 factors of personality. (Briefly look over them.)

Who is Carl Jung?

Created the analytical psychology, collective unconscious, and archetypes.

Who is Alfred Adler?

Created the individual psychology and inferiority complex.

Who is Erik Erikson?

Created the psychosocial theory of development.

Themas multicultural

Culturally relevant to minority groups.

Who is Bandura?

Described that personality develops through learning, thinking, and reasoning. Created the social cognitive theory.

Moving away from people

Detachment and isolation. Withdrawing to avoid anxiety.

Rorschach inkblot test

Developed by Rorschach that uses symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented. Measures depression and anxiety.

Indigenous approach

Development of personality based on culture being studied.

Superego

Develops as an interaction occurs. This acts as our conscious which is a moral compass on how we should behave.

Who is Karen Horney?

Each person has the ability for self realization. In addition to this, people work better on a healthy lifestyle rather than focusing on childhood experiences.

Social cognitive theory

Emphasizes learning and cognition.

What are three attributes of an introvert?

Energized being alone, avoids attention, and soft speaking.

What are three attributes of an extrovert?

Energized by people, seeks attention, and loud speaking.

Who is Skinner?

Environment was solely responsible for behavior. This develops over our entire lifespan and changes across new situations.

Contemporized themes concerning blacks test

First culturally specific protective test designed to reflect African Americans.

Individual psychology

Focuses on our drive to compensate feelings for inferiority.

Societal tasks

Friendship.

Who is Frued?

He explained a wide variety of both normal/abnormal behaviors. Unconscious drives sex/aggression and childhood sexuality. These then influence personality.

Psychoticism versus superego

High on psychoticism and results in being independent, cold, and nonconformists. High superego results in high impulse control.

Self regulation

Identifying a goal, perusing it, and using internal and external feedback to maximize goal attachment.

Temperament

Inborn based personality differences.

Love tasks

Intimate partners for a long term. Birth order represents personality.

Sanguine temperament

Joyful and ambitious .

Rationalization (DM)

Justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less acceptable behaviors.

Who is Julian Rotter?

Learning and personality development. Refers to our beliefs about the power we have on our lives.

Observational learning

Learning is vicarious and we learn by watching someone else do something.

Personality

Long standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to think, feel, and behave.

Central trait

Makes up our personalities.

Descriptions

Measures your personality.

Unconsciousness

Mental activity we are unaware of and unable to process.

Cluster 3 of culture

Northeast: Stressed, irritable, and depressed.

Secondary trait

Not a very obvious trait. Includes preferences and attitudes.

Self report inventories

Objective tests to assess personality.

What are the three fundamentals of social tasks?

Occupational, societal, and love.

What is the five factor model?

Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

Internal (Rotter)

Outcome is a direct result of our effort.

External (Rotter)

Outcome is out of our hands.

Choleric temperament

Passionate and bold.

Selective migration

People move to places that are compatible with their personality.

Individual cultures

People who tend to believe in independence, competition, and personal achievement.

Who is Walter Mischel?

Personality was consistent within situations. A persons behavior in one situation would be repeated in a similar situation.

What was the marshmallow study?

Preschool children were in a room with one marshmallow. Either eat one now or two when the researcher returns. More self control in preschool=higher success in high school.

ID

Primitive arrives and urges impulses from hunger, thirst, and sex. Seeks immediate gratification.

Repression (DM)

Suppressing painful memories and thoughts.

Cultural comparative approach

Tests western ideas about personality in other cultures to determine generalization.

Archetypes

Universal themes that are expressed through literature, art, and dreams. These reflect common experiences of people.

Culture

The most important environmental factor that shapes your personality.

Who is Eysenck?

Theorized temperament.

Displacement (DM)

Transferring inappropriate urges onto more acceptable or less threatening targets.

Defense mechanisms

Unconscious protective behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety.