Psychology Exam II- Chapter 6 Review
Albert Bandura
Who proposed observational learning?
Variable Interval
With a _________________________ reinforcement schedule, the person or animal gets the reinforcement based on varying amounts of time, which are unpredictable.
Fixed Ratio
With a _________________________ reinforcement schedule, there are a set number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded.
Negative Punishment
________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.
Instincts
_________________ are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons.
Reflexes
___________________ are a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment.
Tolman's
____________________ experiments with rats demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement
Skinner
______________________ saw that classical conditioning is limited to existing behaviors that are reflexively elicited, and it doesn't account for new behaviors such as riding a bike.
Vicarious Reinforcement
_______________________ is the process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior
Vicarious Punishment
_________________________ is the process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior
Habituation
_________________________ occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change
Learning
__________________________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.
Associative
__________________________ learning occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.
Habituation
__________________________ occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change.
Conditioned Response (CR)
Eventually, the dogs began to salivate to the tone alone, just as they previously had salivated at the sound of the assistants' footsteps. The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus is called the _____________________________________.
The conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Extinction occurs when ________.
Salivating to the sound of the toaster
If the sound of your toaster popping up toast causes your mouth to water, what is the CR?
The sound of the toaster popping up
If the sound of your toaster popping up toast causes your mouth to water, what is the CS?
Food Being Toasted
If the sound of your toaster popping up toast causes your mouth to water, what is the UCS?
Kicked and threw the doll
In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
In Pavlov's Experiment, The dogs' salivation for the meat powder was an _____________________.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
In Pavlov's Experiment, the dogs would salivate when given the meat powder. The meat powder in this situation was an _____________________________.
Conditioned Response (CR)
In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions would be considered a _____________.
Stimulus Generalization
In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.
Classical Conditioning
In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
Operant Conditioning
In ______________________________, organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence
Observational Learning
In __________________________________, we learn by watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say.
Variable Ratio
In a _________________________ reinforcement schedule, the number of responses needed for a reward varies.
Occurs as a result of experience
Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is known as ________________________.
Spontaneous Recovery
Return of a previously extinguished conditioned response is ____________________________.
Stimulus Generalization
On the other hand, when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus, it is called ________________________________.
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Pavlov would sound a tone (like ringing a bell) and then give the dogs the meat powder which means the tone was the __________________________________.
Shaping
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.
Shaping
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ___________________.
Extinction
The decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus is known as _______________________.
Models
The individuals performing the imitated behavior are called ________________.
Acquisition
The period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response is known as the ___________________________.
Model
The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.
Primary Reinforcer
A _____________________ has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)
Fixed Interval
A _____________________ reinforcement schedule is when behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time.
Secondary Reinforcer
A _______________________________ has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
A natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus is known as _______________________.
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response is ___________________________.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism is known as _____________________________.
Law of Effect
According to the _______________________, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated
Variable Ratio
Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
Positive Punishment
Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior is known as _____________________.
Positive Reinforcement
Something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior is known as ________________________.
Negative Punishment
Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior is known as ____________________________.
Negative Reinforcement
Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior is known as ______________________________.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
When Pavlov paired the tone with the meat powder over and over again, the previously neutral stimulus (the tone) also began to elicit salivation from the dogs. Thus, the neutral stimulus became the ___________________________.
Stimulus Discrimination
When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar, it is called _____________________________.
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?
Money, Grades in School, Poker Chips.
Which of the following are not an example of a primary reinforcer?
Infant Sucking on a Nipple
Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?