Psychology Final

Rehearsal

A way of extending the duration of items in short-term memory by repeating the items to yourself over and over

Chunking

A way of increasing memory capacity by grouping items together instead of remembering each item individually

Heuristic

A way of solving roblems that relies on inexact rules, so it is error prone but faster than algorithms

Egocentric

A young child's difficulty perceiving things from another individual's point of view, resulting in the assumption that everyone else sees, hears, and feels exactly as he/she does

Ogden Lindsley described ____________ as anything that passes the dead person's test.

Answer: Behavior

Mark doesn't like to nag his son about parking in the street, and his son doesn't like being nagged about his parking, but Mark's nagging does lead his son to move where he has parked, so Mark continues this pattern of nagging. Mark and his son are caught in a:

Answer: Behavior trap

In regard to personality, what is the primary difference between behaviorists and social learning theorists (SLT)?

Answer: Behaviorists believe that personality is derived from reinforcement/punishment while SLTs believe that one also learns by observation.

A cognitive therapist would likely aim to assist clients in _____________.

Answer: Identifying and altering their maladaptive viewpoints

Albert Einstein claimed that ______________ is more important than ________________.

Answer: Imagination; knowledge

A controlled testing environment will

Answer: Increase control over variables but decreases real-life application

Which of the following is a theory about how Lithium works to treat mania?

Answer: Increasing the reuptake of Norepinephrine

Wundt would most likely be against a psychological study that examined:

Answer: Individual opinions about social rights

Hugo is a therapist who seeks to echo, restate, and clarify what his clients express. Hugo is practicing ______.

Answer: active listening

Descartes described an evil genius as a way to argue that ____ .

Answer: all sensations can be doubted

Which of the following is not true of the concept of locus of control?

Answer: an internal locus of control is always more adaptive

Psychodynamic model

Freudian approach to psychology that interprets personality in terms of conscious and unconscious forces

Syntax

Rules governing word order in a language

Behaviorism

The view that psychology's goal should be to study directly observable behavior and to understand how the events in the environment outside the organism produce behavior

Gestalt

The view that psychology's goal should be to study experience as a whole rather than the sum of its parts

In-groups

The individuals with whom we directly identify and perceive as most similar to us

Out-groups

The individuals with whom we least directly identify and who we perceive to be the most dissimilar from us

Hypnosis

The induction of a state of consciousness in which a person apparently loses the power of voluntary action and is highly responsive to suggestion or direction

Functionalism

The view that psychology's goal should be to study how consciousness and experiences aid in adjusting to the environment

Humanism

The view that psychology's goal should be to understand human strengths, aspirations, conscious experience, free will, and potential

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals

Contiguity

The state of being close together in time or space

Discriminative stimuli

The stimuli that precede a behavior and provide information about the available consequences

Developmental psychology

The study of how the individual changes physically, cognitively, and emotionally over the life span

Sensation and perception

The study of how the senses collect energy from the environment and then process this sensory information

Social psychology

The study of how the social environment, including individuals and groups, influences the behavior of the individual, including how they think, act, and feel

Psychology of intelligence

The study of individual differences in mental capacities and abilities

Cognitive psychology

The study of memory, thinking, reasoning, and other mental activities

Personality psychology

The study of the relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving within an individual

Positive psychology

The subfield of psychology that aims to understand the strengths, virtues, and values of human behavior

Industrial/organizational psychology

The subfield of psychology that examines the application of psychological principles to work and business

Emotion

The subjective experience of a change in physiological arousal due to environmental events

Science

The systematic, organized approach to understanding the physical and natural world through direct observation and measurement

Differential reinforcement of incompatible (DRI) behavior

The technique in which a behavior is identified that cannot occur at the same time as the problem behavior

Differential reinforcement

The technique of putting a problem behavior on extinction while adding positive reinforcement

Retroactive interference

The tendency for newer learning to interfer with older memories

Bystander effect

The tendency for the likelihood of receiving help to decrease as the number of people witnessing the emergency increases

Correspondence bias

The tendency to believe that people's behavior matches their personal characteristics

James-Lange theory of emotion

The theory that environmental events trigger physiological responses that we then label as particular emotions

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

The theory that the physiological response and emotional response to a stimulus occur simultaneously

Mesmerism

The therapeutic system of Franz Mesmer, hypnotism in its modern form

Pupil

The tiny transparent hole in the center of the iris that allos light to enter the eye

Transduction

The transformation of one kind of energy into another kind of energy

Encode

The transformation of real-world energy, such as light and sound, into an electrical code that can be stored and processed by the brain

Cornea

The transparent bulge at the front of the eye

Thematic apperception test

The type of test where individuals make up stories about pictures, express themselves through drawings, or complete sentences such as "one thing I wish I could change is..."

Top-down processing

The use of previous experience and expectations about situations to organize sensory information during perception

Structuralism

The view that psychology's goal should be to identify and understand the basic elements of human experience

Maslow's Hierachy of Needs

This theory proposes that we have genetically determined physiological needs that drive our behavior Lowest level: Physiological Next level: Safety Next level: Love/Belonging Next level: Esteem Top level: Self-actualization

Phi phenomenon

When the brain perceives motion in stationary alternating images, such as lights flashing along a string of Christmas lights

Iconic memory is which type of memory?

Answer: Visual sensory memory

The Harlows discovered that infant monkeys were more likely to develop an attachment to something ______________ than to something __________________.

Answer: Warm and soft; that provides food

Who is considered the "Father of American Psychology"?

Answer: Wilhelm Wundt

According to evolutionary psychology, _____________ sexual behavior is geared toward staying with one person, while _______________ sexual behavior is geared toward having multiple partners, in order to best insure survival of their offspring.

Answer: Women's; men's

Which of the following is NOT a problem seen in using a case study?

Answer: You cannot use the information to guide future research

The best example of constructive memory is __________.

Answer: You recall a part of a story, even though it was never told to you.

Using what you know about the Nervous System and forming memories, which of the following events would you be the most likely to recall vividly?

Answer: Your wedding day

Dr. Brent published a collection of clinical cases of clients that he has worked with over the years on issues such as: depression, anxiety, and psychosis. Which subfield of psychology would this work fall under?

Answer: abnormal psychology

When a schema has been identified as too broad and the individual adjusts and redefines that schema in order to account for differences within that category, _____ is occurring.

Answer: accommodation

Psychodynamic theory of sexuality

Suggests children learn gender identity through reconciliation of their own sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent

Gender schema theory

Suggests that children dovelop schemas of masculine and feminine characteristics, roles, and activities from their experiences in society, and the schemas in turn influence how they interpret and act on new information regarding gender

Cognitive developmental theory

Suggests that children make a conscious decision about their gender identity before they select models form whom to learn their "gendered" behaviors

Correlation coefficient

Summarizes the degree of relatedness between two continuous variables

Traits

Summary terms that capture an individual's stable and enduring tendency to respond in a certain way

Lobotomy

Surgical procedure performed on the brain to help alleviate more severe symptoms of mental illness, such as agitation and aggression

Psychosurgery

Surgical procedures performed on the brain in order to alleviate severe symptoms of mental illness that are not responsive to less invasive treatments

Indirect measurement

Surveys and comparative psychology

Color opponency

The idea that color vision is based on two pairs of opponents, red vs green and blue vs yellow

GABA

a neurotransmitter that acts like the mirror image of dopamine by discouraging neurons from sending action potentials

Four components

(Of emotion) an environmental event or trigger, a phyiological charge, an affective experience, and a cognitive interpretation of the experience

Ocdusion

A monocular depth cue wherein objects that are closer may hide or cover objects that are more distant

Linear perspective

A monocular depth cue wherein parallel lines appear as if they converge in the distance

Spurious correlation

A situation in which two variables are not really related but are statistally correlated

Control condition

A situation in which variables are not changed in order to observe what the behavior looks like in normal circumstances

Mirror drawing

A task in which the participant is asked to draw something seen in a mirror, which reverses the visual image

Palliative care

A multidisciplinary support approach to caring for people with serious illnesses, with the goal of improving quality of life for patients and family

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A Jungian personality test that has been used in team building, leadership training, personality development, and marriage counseling

Sleep paralysis

A REM disorder that occurs at the end of REM when part of the brain wakes up but other parts of the brain remain briefly stuck in REM

Cataplexy

A REM sleep disorder in which some parts of the brain remain awake while other parts descend into REM

Exposure therapy

A behavioral technique that involves having the client face his or her fears while engaging in calming strategies

Counterconditioning

A behavioral technique using classical conditioning to replace an undesirable response to a stimulus with a desired response

Imprint

A bonding process that occurs between certain birds and their perceived caregiver

Neuron

A brain cell that stores and processes information using an electrical code

Glial cell

A brain cell that supports the activities of neurons

Medulla

A brain stem structure that controls basic reflexes, such as breathing and heartbeat

Cerebellum

A brain structure that contributes to movements requiring ballance, coordination, and precise timing

Corpus callosum

A broad band of fibers that connects the left hemisphere of the brain to the right hemisphere

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A bundle of cells in the hypothalamus enbodying the internal clock, which drives the circadian rhythm

Attenproximate (proximate) explanations

A causal explanation of behavior that focuses on immediate situational and physiological factors

Ultimate explanations

A causal explanation of behavior that focuses on the evolutionary forces and functions of the behavior

Schizophrenia

A chronic and often disabling mental disorder characterized by disorganized and/or delusional thinking, distorted sensory and perceptual experiences, and blunted or inappropriate emotions and behaviors

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodficiency virus (HIV)

Prosopagnosia

A condition that causes people to lose the ability to recognize faces

Dualism

A consequence of Descartes' doubt of the accuracy of perceptual experience; the belief that there are two kinds of things in the world, physical things and mental things, that exist independently

Reaction formation

A defense mechanism by which a person behaves in a manner opposite to their true feelings, such as an angry person who acts excessively cheerful

Displacement

A defense mechanism in which unacceptable thoughts or feelings about a person or thing are shifted to a more acceptable person or thing

Repression

A defense mechanism in which unwanted thoughts and feelings are pushed out of the conscious into the unconscious

Projection

A defense mechanism in which unwanted thoughts or feelings are assigned to another person

Case study

A detailed observation of a single individual or group of individuals

Camera obscura

A device created by Alhazen, consisting of a dark room with a tiny hole for light tht simulates the human eye

Substance use disorder

A disorder in which use of one or more substances results in a maladaptive behavior and cognition patterns that often impair judgement, finances, and interpersonal relationships

Dissociative identity disorder

A dissociative disorder in which two or more distinct identities are thought to alternately control a person's behavior, often a result of severe trauma

Agonist

A drug that boosts the effectiveness of a neurotransmitter

Antagonist

A drug that reduces the effectiveness of a neurotransmitter

Morphine

A drug that relieves pain by mimicking the neurotransmitter endorphins

Basilar membrane

A flat sheet of tissue in the cochlea that resonates at different requencies at different ends

Family therapy

A form of group therapy in which a therapist works with two or more family members to address dysfunctional family dynamics

Working memory

A form of memory that contains both storage and processing mechanisms

Group therapy

A form of psychotherapy in which one or more therapist work with people/clients as a group

Psychodynamic therapy

A form of psychotherapy that focuses on the client reaching self-awareness of unconscious content and childhood experiences, as well as understanding the impact that they have on past and present behavior

Resonance

A frequency at which something vibrates most energetically

Forgetting curve

A function relating elapsed time to the amount of information that can be recalled; determined by Ebbinghaus's nonsense syllable experiment

Good continuation

A gestalt principle in which our brain assumes that edges are more likely to be smooth than to have abrupt bends or kinks

Closure

A gestalt principle wherein the brain "fills in" gaps in the retinal image

Scatterplot

A graph that shows the relationship between two continuous variables

Antipsychotics

A group of medications used to treat the positive symptoms of psychosis

Limbic system

A group of midbrain structures that contributes to our emotional experience

Prototype

A kind of item that best prpresents a concept; robins are prototypical birds

Aphasia

A language deficit

Mood

A long-lasting, generalized affective state without a direct trigger or target

Atmospheric perspective

A monocular depth cue wherein objects that are closer have more visible detail than objects in the distance

Misinformation effect

A memory phenomenon in which people falsely recall information presented after an event as having been part of the event

Short-term memory

A memory store containing whatever currently inhabits the conscious mind

Sensory memory

A memory store for briefly holding sensory information (primarily sights and sounds)

Dissociative disorders

A mental disorder characterized by a disruption in consciousness, in which a person seems to experience a sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often as a response to overwhelmingly stressful circumstances

Personality disorder

A mental disorder characterized by a maladaptive pattern of behaviors and cognitions that often impair the ability to interact successfully in the social environment

Hoarding disorder

A mental disorder characterized by a persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions because of a perceived need to save them

Eating disorders

A mental disorder characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits

Bipolar disorder

A mental disorder characterized by alternating periods of extreme highs (mania) and extreme lows (depression)

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A mental disorder characterized by intrusive memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, hypervigilance, and/or insomnia that lingers for a month or more after experiencing a traumatic event

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A mental disorder characterized by tension, excess worry, and a state of physiological arousal that has no specific trigger

Obessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A mental disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Major depressive disorder

A mental disorder that is characterized by feelings of extreme unhappiness and hopelessness and interferes with one's work, sleep, eating, and life

Concepts

A mental map that allows us to know how to react in different situations

Hypothalamus

A midbrain structure that is essential to motivated behaviors, such as feeding or fighting

Thalamus

A midbrain structure that receives incoming sensory information and passes the information on to the limbic system and the cortex

Photopigment

A molecule in a photoreceptor that changes shape when light collides with it

Interneuron

A neuron in the spine that is involved in reflexive movements

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects mood, sleep, and appetite

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that causes a muscle fiber to contract

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter that encourages neurons to send action potentials

Psychological disorder

A pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are deviant, disordered, dysfunctional, and/or dangerous

Change blindness

A perceptual phenomenon that occurs when an observer does not notice a change in visual stimulus

Naturalistic observation

A research method in which behavior is observed and recorded in the context where it typically occurs with as little interference from the researcher as possible

Correlation study

A research study that involves the measurement and comparison of two or more variables

Six basic emotions

Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise

Paraphilias

A person who can only experience arousal and fulfillment via behaviors generally considered to be socially unacceptable

Confederate

A person who pretends to be a candidate for participation but is actually working with the researchers

Person-situation controversy

A person's behavior is different in different situations

Personality

A person's relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Reciprocal determinism

A personality model that posits that an individual's behavior is the result of the interation between an individual's cognition and the environment within which the individual resides

Empiricism

A perspective associated with Berkeley, who argued that in contrast to Cartesian rationalism, the only basis for human knowledge is perceptual experience

Rationalism

A perspective based on Rene Descartes' argument that all knowledge based on perception can be doubted, so the best foundation for human knowledge is logic "I think, therefore I am"

Placebo effect

A phenomenon in which people often feel better when exposed to a treatment, even if the treatment doesn't work

Gender nonconformity

A phonomenon in which prepubescent children do not conform to expected gender-related sociological or psychological patterns or identify with the opposite sex/gender

Ablation studies

A physiological research procedure in which small portions of the brain are removed or destroyed in order to explore the function of a neural system

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that begins to elicit the unconditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Problem solving

A process in which a person begins at an intial state and moves through a series of intermediate states to arrive at a desired state

Accommodation

A process in which the lens of the eye changes shape to adapt to different viewing distances

Monism

A rejection of Cartesian dualism by arguing that there is just one kind of thing in the world; because dualism entails two kinds of things, as a response to dualism, there are two kinds of monism

Behavioral model

A scientific approach to psychology concerned only with observable and measurable behavior that can be objectively recorded

Cognitive model

A scientific approach to psychology emphasizing the need to understand the mechanical and internal processes of the mind in order to better understand abnormal behavior

Biopsychosocial model

A scientific approach to psychology that considers biological, psychological, and social factors and their complex interactions when understanding the effects on human behavior and mental disorders

Objective personality inventory

A self-report questionnaire that clearly asks about a wide range of behaviors and feelings and assesses several traits at once

Bulimia nervosa

A serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by a cycle of binge eating and compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting

Anorexia nervosa

A serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss

Mental set

A set of mental assumptions about a situation that can hide possible solutions

General intelligence (g)

A single factor that accounts for much of the variance in intelligence scores across individuals

Axon

A single long wire that sends electrical signals from the soma to other neurons

Experimental condition

A situation in which the level of one or more independt variables has been changed, while holding as many other variables constant as possible

Behavior trap

A situation in which two people's unwanted behavior is maintained by both negative and positive reinforcement

Alzheimer's disease

A specific form of dementia that is irreversible and includes impaired thought, impaired speech, flat affect, and confusion

Kinsey Scale

A spectrum upon which one can measure human sexuality

Operational definition

A statement that clearly explains what is being measured and how to measure it

Factor analysis

A statistical method for grouping items on a test into clusters by evaluating the correlations between items

Algorithum

A step-by-step procedure for solving problems that is guaranteed to work but slow

Positive reinforcer

A stimulus or event that, when presented, will increase the likelihood that the behavior that produced it will occur again in the future

Negative reinforcer (NR)

A stimulus or event that, when removed, will increase the likelihood that the behavior that produced its removal will occur in the future

Positive punisher

A stimulus or event, that is produced by the behavior and causes a decrease in the probability of the behavior occurring int the future

Negative punisher

A stimulus or event, the removal of which will decrease the likelihood that the behavior that produced its removal will occur again in the future

Prejudice

A strong positive or negative attitude toward a group of people that biases the way we think, act, and feel about the members of a particular group

Schemas

A structure in long-term memory for organizing information

Sylvian fissure

A structure of the cortex that separates the parietal and temporal lobe

Evolutionary psychology

A subfield of psychology that aims to understand the evolutionary pressures that shaped behavior and the adaptive function of behavior

Multicultural/diversity studies

A subfield of psychology that explores how behavior is influenced by culture, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, and disability

Social psychology

A subfield of psychology that focuses on how the social environment - including individuals and groups - influences the behavior of the individual, including how they think, act, and feel

Analgesic

A substance that relieves pain

Corpus callosotomy

A surgical procedure in which the corpus callosum is servered

Introspection

A systematic method of providing research participants with an external stimulus and asking them to provide detailed reports of their internal experiences to provide access to the internal mental process and experiences of their participants

Light exposure therapy

A technique developed to help people who suffer from seasonal affective disorder, a form of depression that most often affects people living in climates far from the equator that have long, dark winters

Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR)

A technique to help veterans traumatized by their combat experiences

Analytic introspection

A technique used by structuralists to study mind by breaking sensory experiences into their constituent pieces

Insight therapies

A technique used to help individuals improve functioning through increasing understanding and expression of unresolved conflicts

Functional Magnetic Responance Imaging (fMRI)

A technology that uses MRI techniques to measure changes in blood flow in the brain during mental activity

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A therapeutic technique in which electric currents are sent through the brain to induce a brief seizure, which causes the brain to reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses

Active listening

A therapeutic technique in which the therapist pays close attention to his/her clients' words and then echoes, paraphrases, and clarifies what the client says; a key component of client-centered therapy

Applied behavior analysis

A treatment approach that replaces undesirable behavior with positive behavior through conditioning, punishment, or reinforcement

Semantic

A type of declarative memory for word meanings and world facts

Episodic memories

A type of declarative memory; memories for specific events

Statistics

A type of math used to describe and evaluate data

Cones

A type of photoreceptor found mostly in the foveal region of the retina that is responsible for color vision

Client-centered therapy

A type of psychotherapy in which the client is given an accepting, empathetic environment in which to explore and attain personal growth

Behavior therapy

A type of therapy that helps the client/individual change potentially self-destructive behavior through application of learning principles

Cognitive behavioral therapies

A type of therapy that helps the person/client change potentially self-destructive behavior through addressing negative thought patterns that fuel the behavior

Psychoanalysis

A type of therapy that investigates repressed fears and conflicts by bringing them into the conscious mind in order to treat the mental disorder

Decibel (dB)

A unit of measurement that compares the pressure caused by a sound wave to the normal pressure inside the ear

Neglect

A visual deficit in which people tend to ignore everything seen in one half of the visual field

Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

Ability to control and organize bodily movement, such as in sports

Naturalistic intelligence

Ability to observe, appreciate, and understand the natural world

Logical-mathmatical intelligence

Ability to solve mathematical problems and understand symbolic representation

Practical intelligence

Ability to solve the day-to-day challenges of a particular context while adapting previous strategies and shaping new strategies for success

Spatial intelligence

Ability to understand how objects relate to one another in space and to navigave these objects

Intrapersonal intelligence

Ability to understand the self including your own thoughts, emotions, and motivations

Interpersonal intelligence

Ability to understand the social world, including the thoughts, emotions, and motivations of others

Musical intelligence

Ability to understand, process, and organize music

Afterimage

After viewing one color for an extended period its opponent color appears when looking at a colorless surface

Social learning theory

Albert Bandura's theory that suggests that gender roles are learned from the adults who care for us

Cognition

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

HIV

An STI that interferes with your body's ability to fight the organisms that cause disease

Rorschach inkblot test

An ambiguous stimulus test, the responses to which are thought to reflect an individual's true personality characteristics

Socialcultural model

An approach to psychology that considers the complex effects social and cultural factors have on individual behavior

Blind spot

An area in the eye without any photoreceptors because of the optic nerve

Fovea

An area of high-acuity vision in the center of the retina that is tightly packed iwth photoreceptors

Bronca's area

An area of the cortex typically locate in the left hemisphere associated with language, when damaged causes aphasia

Fusiform face area (FFA)

An area of the temporal lobe that has increased activity when we view faces

Reflex

An automatic behavioral response to a stimulus

Binge eating disorder (BED)

An eating disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating without accompanying compensatory behaviors

Neutral stimulus (NS)

An environmental event that does not elicit an unconditioned response

Strange situation

An experiement conducted by Mary Ainsworth to systematically study attachment patterns in infants

Full report

An experimental technique in which participants are asked to recall all of the study material

Partial report

An experimental technique in which participants recall just a specified subset of the study material, which showed that iconic memory has more capacity than was revealed by the full report technique

Mental rotation

An experimental technique in which participants view images depicting two objects that have been rotated relative to one another and report whether the two objects are the same or different

Phrenology

An idea created by Franz Josef Gall that postualtes bumps on a persons skull are correlated to his or her personality

Evil genius

An imagined character who interrupts motor commands before they reach the body and creates fictitious sensory signals to send to the brain, enabling Descartes to doubt the accuracy of his perceptual experiences

Survey

An indirect form of measurement used to collect data about individuals

Comparative psychology

An indirect form of measurement with the gaol of learning about humans by studying nonhumans

Identity

An individual's consistent sense of who they are

Self-concept

An individual's perception of his or her abilites behaviors, and characteristics

Pelvic Inflammatory disease (PID)

An infection of the female reproductive organs, usually occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes, or overies

Respondent behavior

An inherited behavior that is directly caused by the occurrence of a specific stimulus in the environment

Critical period

An optimal time period within which certain events need to take place to foster healthy development

Scientific method

An organized way that helps scientists answer a question or begin to solve a problem

Dementia

An umbrella term for symptoms of a degrading brain, such as impaired thinking and memory

Conditioned Response (CR)

An unconditioned response that was elicited by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus

Emerging adulthood

An unsettled phase of life occuring between ages eighteen to the mid-twenties

Karen is annoying all of her friends with her constant gossip. She keeps telling everyone she is close to about what is happening in her personal life and the personal lives of those around her. If Karen's friends want to her stop spouting out all the events that come to her mind, they should say:

Answer: "No one wants to hear about every single one of your episodic memories!"

A correlational study shows that as the number of beers consumed increases, the level of desire for a crunchwrap supreme also increases. This relationship likely has a correlation coefficient closest to ________.

Answer: 0.89

If people gained the ability to smell like dogs, they would have approximately _____ times as many olfactory receptors as they do now.

Answer: 10

The best-known case study of sleep deprivation was Randy Gardner, who managed to remain awake for a little more than _____.

Answer: 10 days

Gerald just completed an intelligence test. His mental age was the same as his chronological age. Using the mental age and chronological age formula, what would his score be?

Answer: 100

Although all people experience anxiety from time to time, in _______ of adults it is severe and persistent enough to qualify as a disorder.

Answer: 18%

According to the text, how many major historical perspectives of psychology are there?

Answer: 6

Short-term memory can hold about ___________ numbers.

Answer: 7

According to the experiments done by Miller, what is the capacity of our short term memory?

Answer: 7 items +- 2

A person is considered mentally delayed if their IQ score is ___ or ___.

Answer: 70; lower

68% of all scores on an intelligence assessment fall between ___ and ___.

Answer: 85; 115

What factor(s) separated the different perspectives of psychology?

Answer: A & B (A. The methodology used in research/knowledge acquisition B. The primary focus of psychology as a science)

What kind of information could you represent on a scatterplot?

Answer: A correlational relationship between two variables.

Mental illness affects about

Answer: A quarter of the population

When a person experiences interruption in the ability to respond sexually or experience sexual pleasure, they are suffering from a:

Answer: A sexual dysfunction

_____________________ is a kind of procedural memory, which bypasses the hippocampus.

Answer: Acquisition of classically conditioned associations

In 1908, Binet and Simon began to include comparisons of scores across ____________ in order to determine _____________.

Answer: Age groups; mental age

Drugs that increase the effectiveness of a neurotransmitter are

Answer: Agonists

Ned likes to spend his free time volunteering at a local animal shelter and is the person amongst his group of friends that most people feel comfortable going to with a problem. Which of the "Big Five" is Ned most likely to be scored high on?

Answer: Agreeableness

Jan found out his grandfather has dementia. He wants to take steps to decrease his risk of developing dementia in the future. Jan should:

Answer: All of the above (Avoid smoking, Abstain from regular drinking, Include healthy fats in his diet)

Which of the following is an example of psychological disorders being caused by biological factors?

Answer: All of the above (Psychological disorders can run in families, Enlarged ventricles are seen in those with Schizophrenia, Depression is linked to low serotonin)

After six months, the development of a fetus can be affected by

Answer: All of the above (Sound, Stress, Drug use)

Individual behavior is continuously influenced by:

Answer: All of the above (The environment and physiology, Social interactions and cultural practices, mental processes)

By using the scientific method as a framework for building an investigation of the world around them, researchers are able to ensure that their work:

Answer: All of the above (has not been done before, is related to what we already know about how the world works, is protected from personal biases and beliefs about the world)

Human behavior is not affected by which of the following:

Answer: All of these affect behavior (Physiology, Culture, Environment)

The ossicles in your ear serve to:

Answer: Amplify sounds

_____________ is related to the loudness of a sound, while ____________ is related to pitch of a sound.

Answer: Amplitude; Frequency

Filipe loves going to social events and spending time with people. Filipe is:

Answer: An extrovert

Which of the following two terms go together?

Answer: Analgesic/Endorphins

Amnesia is defined as when memories __________.

Answer: Are never stored in LTM

Women experience Menopause around what age?

Answer: Around 50

Around how many overall cells are there in a human brain?

Answer: Around how many overall cells are there in a human brain?

Depression has reached clinical levels and can be diagnosed as Major Depressive Disorder when:

Answer: At least 5 symptoms of depression last 2 or more weeks

A debriefing is often necessary in studies because:

Answer: At times, information must be withheld from the Informed Consent

Which of the following is not one of the main stores of memory?

Answer: Attention Memory

Betsy assumes that most crimes committed in the United States are violent crimes because of how often she sees this type of crime reported on television. In actuality, violent crime only makes up about 12% of the overall crime in the U.S. In this case, using the ______________ heuristic did not work out for Betsy.

Answer: Availability

Which personality disorder falls into Cluster C?

Answer: Avoidant personality disorder

The ___________ model proposes that psychopathology is the result of neurotransmitters not working properly, or structures not formed correctly.

Answer: Biological

While the _______________ aspects of sex and sexuality are not that changeable, the _______________ aspects are.

Answer: Biological; environmental

Dr. Mahatma takes a person's biological factors and environment into consideration when diagnosing her clients. She is taking a ________________ approach.

Answer: Biopsychosocial

Mindy was in a great mood for several weeks. Suddenly, she became depressed and irritable despite nothing bad happening. Mindy is showing signs that she may have:

Answer: Bipolar Disorder

Brett has been trying to get his computer to work. The computer has been frozen on a blue screen. Brett has continuously stared at this blue screen, hoping for it to change. Eventually the blue screen leaves and Brett finds himself seeing yellow for several seconds. What happened?

Answer: Brett saw an afterimage

Client-centered therapy was pioneered by:

Answer: Carl Rogers

Ferguson is shadowing a combat veteran who recently lost a limb to learn more about how amputees emotionally adapt after their loss. Ferguson is using what kind of research method?

Answer: Case study

If a surgeon was to remove an animal's ______________, he would find that the animal would lose its sense of balance and coordination.

Answer: Cerebellum

Sarah loves to dance ballet. This activity requires high levels of balance, coordination, and precise timing. What part of the brain is most active when she is dancing?

Answer: Cerebellum

A male chimpanzee, Harry, experiences a rise in blood pressure when another male chimpanzee shows signs of aggression. When researchers accompanied these signs of aggression with the smell of roses, Harry eventually experienced this rise in blood pressure when exposed to the smell of roses even when no other chimpanzees were present. This is an example of:

Answer: Classical Conditioning

This theory suggests that children develop 'gender consistency,' then actively sort out what it means to be the gender they identify with:

Answer: Cognitive development theory

Which of these is NOT true regarding marriage?

Answer: Cohabitating couples have lower divorce rates than those who do not live together before marriage.

The color theory which explains an effect called an 'afterimage' is the ________________ theory.

Answer: Color opponency

The intensity of an Unconditioned Stimulus determines the maximum intensity of the response to the ___________ that is paired with it.

Answer: Conditioned Stimulus

Miranda always arrives at least five minutes early to every appointment. She is often asked to do things by her boss because she is organized and timely in her execution of that assignment. Miranda is demonstrating ___________.

Answer: Conscientiousness

Which of the "Big Five" personality traits involves being organized, careful, and disciplined?

Answer: Conscientiousness

You have two cookies. You break one into two equal pieces. You then give the whole cookie to one child, and the two halves to another child. The child who receives the whole cookie throws a tantrum because "They got more cookies than I did!" This child has not yet learned _________________.

Answer: Conservation

Samantha's friend Kiki is often talking about speaking to her deceased relatives. Samantha is beginning to worry about her but later learns that praying to relatives is a part of Kiki's culture and is considered normal. This illustrates the importance of __________ in determining if a behavior is pathological.

Answer: Context

Finch is collecting data to provide information that will be helpful as he develops new advertisements for his makeup collection. His research goal is related to:

Answer: Control

Jamal wants to know if a new drug will increase reaction times for drivers. In his study, the use of a group that does not take the drug, which allows for a comparison of reaction times between the drug-taking and non-drug taking groups, is the

Answer: Control group

Danielle is very good at trivia and recalling facts. Danielle probably has high levels of ____________ intelligence.

Answer: Crystallized

Norms and rules that have been adopted by a social group and are part of our social structure are ________.

Answer: Cultural Practices

When a neuron receives a signal from another neuron, which part of the cell will be the first to receive the message?

Answer: Dendrites

Jamal wants to know if a new drug will increase reaction times for drivers. In his study, the reaction time is the ___________.

Answer: Dependent variable

Antianxiety medications alleviate anxiety by __________ the activity of the __________.

Answer: Depressing; Central nervous system

Sarah Beth worked at a women's shelter, and she noticed that as the spring turned to summer, they were receiving more and more donations. She searched through some online journals and found some evidence that warmer weather made people happier, so she wondered whether warmer weather could be directly related to generosity. Which of the following steps in the scientific method has Sara not completed yet?

Answer: Develop a testable hypothesis

Wanda wants to learn about the changes people experience from infancy to adulthood. Her advisor should recommend that she take a course in:

Answer: Developmental Psychology

Dr. Marsh is a psychologist who recently published a case study of the ways in which quintuplets changed over the course of their lifespan, highlighting cognitive, physical, and emotional development. Which subfield of psychology does Dr. Marsh likely belong to?

Answer: Developmental psychology

In the computer metaphor for human memory, the Long-Term Memory is analogous to the _____________

Answer: Disk Drive

The pleasure felt when engaging is activities such as having fun with friends, eating delicious food, and having sex is likely due to:

Answer: Dopamine

Which of the following does not go with the others?

Answer: EEG typical of deep sleep

Which of the following measures muscle tone?

Answer: EMG

Which of the following measures eye movements?

Answer: EOG

Who founded the psychology department at Cornell University?

Answer: Edward Titchener

Transformation of real-world energy such as light and sound into electrical code that can be processed by the brain is called _____________.

Answer: Encoding

In the case of David Reimer, Dr. John Money advised David's parents to raise him as a girl because he believed that gender identity was entirely influenced by:

Answer: Environment

Kendra found herself behaving more aggressively when she was outside for prolonged periods on hot summer days. The influence that the weather had on her is considered to be a(n) _________ influence.

Answer: Environmental

If you believe that what happens to you is determined by fate or chance, you are said to have a(n):

Answer: External Locus of Control

Dale is trying to buy a Dr. Pepper from a vending machine. When he pushes the button nothing happens. Dale pushes the button multiple times over the course of the next thirty seconds before accepting that it does not work. This is an example of a(n)__________.

Answer: Extinction burst

How does the orgasm phase of sexual arousal differ between males and females?

Answer: Females can experience multiple orgasms while males typically experience only one.

An example of an indirect measure is:

Answer: Filling out a survey to measure depression.

Bill receives his paycheck every two weeks. This is an example of what kind of reinforcement schedule?

Answer: Fixed Interval

In children, repeated exposure to people, books, games, etc. correlates with:

Answer: Fondness

Masters and Johnson's research led to the description of:

Answer: Four stages of sexual arousal

The way in which a particular problem or solution is presented is called:

Answer: Framing

The exercise in which someone speaks whatever comes into their mind:

Answer: Free association

The drive to solve evolutionary conflicts occurs outside of our conscious awareness. This is similar to whose idea of the id and unconscious influences on behavior and personality?

Answer: Freud

In experimental studies examining facilitated communication, researchers found that facilitators usually

Answer: Gave the answer of the picture that was shown to them

If a group of men whistle, hoot, and make sexual comments about a woman's body as she walks by, they are engaging in:

Answer: Gender harassment

When her father offered to play princesses with her, Georgia protested, "You can't play a girls' game!" Georgia's reaction best illustrates:

Answer: Gender roles

The tendency to classify toys and songs as either masculine or feminine is most likely to facilitate the process of:

Answer: Gender typing

Gene has schizophrenia. Which of the following does not fit this diagnosis?

Answer: Gene has multiple personalities

Luann was bitten by a dog when she was a little girl and now she is afraid of all furry animals. This is an example of ____________.

Answer: Generalization

The stage when most people become interested in sex is known as the ________ stage.

Answer: Genital

The three elements needed for a healthy environment according to Rogers are:

Answer: Genuineness, acceptance, empathy

Which of the following people does NOT sound like they have Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

Answer: Gerald, who is angry and anxious when working because his hallucinations are too distracting.

In the eye, the rods respond best to which color light?

Answer: Green

This therapy has the benefit of enabling clients to see that others share their problems, a social laboratory for exploring behaviors and developing skills, and providing feedback for those behaviors and skills.

Answer: Group

The ability to ___________ and _________ is called phonology.

Answer: Hear sounds; assign them to different words

Henry Molaison, a famous amnesic, lost his ability to store long-term memories after his _________ was/were removed in an attempt to reduce his seizures.

Answer: Hippocampi

Which of the following is the most involved in memory?

Answer: Hippocampus

The subfield of psychology called multicultural/diversity explores the influences of all of the following except:

Answer: Hormones

After telling her therapist about her depression, Allison was asked to make a list of all her goals and dreams. Her therapist then asked her to make another list of Allison's strengths and how they can help her accomplish her goals. Based on this information, Allison's therapist was most likely using what school of thought?

Answer: Humanistic

This type of therapist works with people on achieving "self-actualization."

Answer: Humanistic

According to Sigmund Freud, the ____________ represents the desire for satisfaction, and the ___________ represents the need for conformity.

Answer: Id; Superego

Which is not one of the four general goals of science mentioned in the text?

Answer: Tenacity

Which of the following is the subfield of psychology that examines the application of psychological principles to work and business?

Answer: Industrial/organizational psychology

If people were able to store everything they experience in their long-term memory,

Answer: Information retrieval would be a daunting process

Who should be contacted if you want to conduct research using a non-human species of animal?

Answer: Institutional Animal Care and Uses Committee

The Flynn Effect states that

Answer: Intelligence levels have been steadily increasing over the past few decades

Alfred Binet's desire to differentiate between his two daughters led to the creation of:

Answer: Intelligence testing

Kendra is having a terrible day. She just received a failing grade on her latest math test, which brings her overall grade down to a D. She concludes that it is time she gets a tutor and starts paying better attention in class. Kendra has a(n) ________________ locus of control.

Answer: Internal

Name the part of the eye that is responsible for controlling the amount of light entering the eye.

Answer: Iris

Which part of the eye is responsible for controlling the amount of light that enters the eye?

Answer: Iris

What is NOT a typical criticism of trait personality theories?

Answer: It does not allow us to 'average' our behavior across many different situations.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding motor development?

Answer: It happens as more and more brain cells are created

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an effective punishment?

Answer: It induces fear

Typically, we think of intelligence as something we would like to have because:

Answer: It is usually associated with success and accomplishment

What is the relevance of the Kinsey scale?

Answer: It provides a spectrum for measuring human sexuality

Freud's psychoanalysis is unpopular today because:

Answer: It requires a serious financial and time commitment

Which of the following is not true regarding careers in psychology today?

Answer: Jobs in psychology now do not have the same empirical base that was present when psychology was born years ago.

Davia is 17, Kayla is 45, Alex is 68, and Hope is 30. Which of them is considered to be in middle adulthood?

Answer: Kayla

Compared to people who are considered introverted, people who are extroverted have

Answer: Less active frontal lobes so they are less inhibited socially.

This researcher believed that children develop by interacting with their social environments

Answer: Lev Vygotsky

Luke is from California, but he joined the military and was stationed in Alaska. The decreased hours of sunlight seem to be negatively affecting his mood. Luke may want to consider trying an alternative therapy of:

Answer: Light exposure therapy

Hyde's gender similarities hypothesis states that a person's gender makes ______________ on most psychological variables.

Answer: Little to no difference

Evan observed that all freshman girls seemed to dress alike and wondered if it was because they were reading the same magazines. If Evan wanted to use the scientific method to answer this question, what should his next step be?

Answer: Look for more information in existing scientific literature

What is a primary challenge, when using an indirect measure, that is not a challenge with a direct measure?

Answer: Making sure your participants are answering honestly and giving accurate information.

Who was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology?

Answer: Margaret Washburn

Which of the following is NOT a middle brain structure?

Answer: Medulla

Which of the following is an accurate example of the phi phenomenon?

Answer: Multiple still images being presented one after another will look like they are moving.

Electrical insulation for axons is provided by ___________.

Answer: Myelin

The more salient the ___, the more quickly the stimulus will become associated with the US.

Answer: NS

Dedra has always appreciated being outside and loves to camp and hike. She has ambitions to work with animals one day and become a recycling activist. She can identify any tree in the area. Dedra exhibits high ______________ intelligence.

Answer: Naturalistic

When someone exhibits deviance, they:

Answer: Need more than deviance to have a disorder

A teenager fails a big test at school because she parties every weekend. Her parents take away her car keys for two weeks, which leads her to stop partying. Taking her ability to drive her car away would be considered a _________.

Answer: Negative Punisher

Jill asked Jack if her pants made her butt look big. Jack responded that the pants had nothing to do with her butt looking big. Jill did not talk to him for a week. Now Jack tries to be more tactful when Jill asks him his opinion. This is an example of what kind of conditioning?

Answer: Negative Punishment

When students get straight A's on their report cards, the basketball coach gives them a day off from doing the extensive sprinting drills they do every practice. The coach is attempting to use a ________________ to ensure his players continue to work hard in class.

Answer: Negative Reinforcer

Which of the following is an appropriate alternative name for a neuron?

Answer: Nerve Cell

Within psychology, the different areas of research that focus on a specific set of influences on behavior are called ____________ of psychology

Answer: Subfields

Sandra, a professional athlete, was always ahead of her classmates in mathematics during school, but ten years after high school graduation, she found that she wasn't as good with arithmetic as she used to be. This is most likely because:

Answer: Neural pathways shut down when they are not used

What is the name of the discovery that neurons are not connected to one another to form a network, but are connected by synapses?

Answer: Neuron doctrine

Non-heterosexual men are _______________ likely to have been smothered by maternal love than heterosexual men. Boys growing up in a father-absent home are ________________ likely to be non-heterosexual than boys growing up with a father present in the home.

Answer: No more; no more

The Kinsey Scale was developed through research which supports the idea that sexual orientation is:

Answer: Non-binary

Jane is trying to train her parrot. She is trying to get him to stop making so much noise at night. When he makes noise, she puts a blanket over his cage. The blanket has not helped to decrease the amount of noise that the bird was making. In this case, the blanket was a:

Answer: None of the above (Punisher, Reinforcer, Conditioned Stimulus)

This part of the brain is targeted by addictive drugs.

Answer: Nucleus accumbens

According to your text, Leonardo da Vinci is a good example of which "Big Five" personality trait?

Answer: Openness

People tend to like Rickie because he is creative and likes to experience new things. He is always willing to have a friendly debate and will always concede a good point when he hears one. Rickie is demonstrating _______________.

Answer: Openness

Dale is trying to buy a Dr. Pepper from a vending machine. When he pushes the button nothing happens. Dale pushes the button multiple times over the course of the next thirty seconds before accepting that it does not work. Later, Dale still does not want to give up on his Dr. Pepper. He remembers that one time he held the button down for ten seconds, which resulted in him getting his drink. He decides to try this. This is an example of _______________.

Answer: Operant variability

The ____________ are three tiny bones in the middle of the ear that amplify airborne vibrations.

Answer: Ossicles

Paul has a mental disorder where he does not have hallucinations of voices making commands or threatening delusions and he does not abuse substances. In relation to violence and his condition, which of the following is true?

Answer: Paul is more likely to be a victim of violence than someone who commits violent acts

_____________ occur(s) primarily in the brain.

Answer: Perception

When a person presents with an enduring behavior pattern that is inflexible and disruptive to their social functioning, they are thought to have a ___________.

Answer: Personality disorder

What is the most fundamental need according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer: Physiological

Ron is driving down Gingerbread Ln. and gets pulled over going 75 MPH in a 55 MPH zone. The officer writes him a $250 ticket. After this, every time he travels down Gingerbread Ln. he avoids speeding. This is an example of what kind of conditioning?

Answer: Positive Punishment

____________________ is one of the 3 principles intended to protect participants from unethical practices

Answer: Pre-participation Informed Consent

Nikkita is using the scientific approach to develop methods for detecting traits in people that indicate they may become a serial killer in the future. Her research goal is related to:

Answer: Prediction

Which one of the following is NOT considered to be classified under 'Immediate' types of memory?

Answer: Procedural

This therapy's primary goal is to bring thoughts and feelings we are not aware of to our conscious minds.

Answer: Psychoanalysis

The model of psychopathology that explains mental illness that comes from a more Freudian perspective:

Answer: Psychodynamic model

The impact of the attention from identifying with the same-sex parent on the development of gender identity is most clearly emphasized by:

Answer: Psychodynamic theory

Shenandoah is feeling anxious about everything lately. When she speaks with her guidance counselor about it her counselor tells her she is feeling this anxiety because she is always thinking about the worst possible result of any situation. Shenandoah's guidance counselor is using a ____________ conceptualization of anxiety.

Answer: Psychological

Which model emphasizes the importance of mental functioning and learning experiences?

Answer: Psychological model

Which of the following is not a way that psychological scientists and psychological practitioners work together to move psychology forward?

Answer: Psychological practitioners recruit clients as research assistants.

What is the primary difference that separates Psychology from other disciplines such as sociology and anthropology?

Answer: Psychology focuses primarily on individual behavior.

Jane is trying to train her parrot. She is trying to get him to stop making so much noise at night. When he makes noise, she puts a blanket over his cage. The blanket has not helped to decrease the amount of noise that the bird was making. In this case, Jane was HOPING that the blanket would work as a:

Answer: Punisher

As Beth Loftus discovered, when asked to recall events that have been witnessed, ______________ can influence responses.

Answer: Question wording

A person who is unsure about or exploring their own sexual orientation and/or gender identity is:

Answer: Questioning

The ______________ nervous system is associated with ___________________, while the ______________ nervous system is associated with __________________.

Answer: Sympathetic; Fight or Flight/Parasympathetic; Rest & Digest

Fred likes Jane, but he doesn't think Jane will like him, so when he sees Jane, he gets nervous and says rude things. This causes Jane to dislike Fred and avoid him, leading Fred to believe he was right and causing him to behave this way around other girls in the future. This is a case of:

Answer: Reciprocal Determinism

Kimberly's mom just gave the new password to their home internet right before her phone died. Kimberly cannot find a piece of paper to write it down so she repeats the password over and over in her head until she can write it down. This is an example of __________.

Answer: Rehearsal

Han Solo is studying for a test. He is having a hard time with a list that he's almost certain will be on it, so he's repeating the list over and over in his mind while he waits for the teacher to hand out the exam. Han Solo is practicing:

Answer: Rehearsing

Intelligence tests contain a number of different scales in order to allow for the repeated measurement of mental abilities. If the test is ___________, the test taker will score similarly on each scale in the test.

Answer: Reliable

It is more important for memories to _______________ than to ________________.

Answer: Represent coherent events; record exact copies of events

If you move thoughts, feelings, or even memories out of your conscious mind and into the unconscious, you are using:

Answer: Repression

Mike had a rough childhood. He often did not get enough to eat and was yelled at by his parents even when he didn't do anything wrong. Despite this, Mike grew up to be a well-rounded, emotionally-stable adult. Mike exhibits high ________.

Answer: Resiliency

What is the correct path that an image follows in the processing of an image?

Answer: Retina, optic nerve, thalamus, visual cortex

Which of the following is the newest group of antidepressant medications?

Answer: SNRIs

Eating salty food is pleasurable initially, but can become uncomfortable and even disgusting. The reason for this is that:

Answer: Salt is necessary for bodily functions, but is harmful at high levels

Sara is a behavior analyst. Which of the following would you believe to be true?

Answer: Sara puts an emphasis on how the environment and behavior influence each other

A(n) ______________ is an individual with generally limited mental abilities but outstanding capabilities in one or two areas.

Answer: Savant

Lou was tracking how many times his professor said "um" during class and ranked how interesting each class day was. After a week, he decided to make a graph with points for each day, showing the relationship between the number of "um"s and how interesting the class was. Lou made a ___________.

Answer: Scatterplot

Which of the following is a disorder that manifests the same symptoms across cultures?

Answer: Schizophrenia

_________________ sex characteristics are directly involved in the reproductive process.

Answer: Secondary

You see a baby happily exploring a room in a lobby at a doctor's office. When the mother gets up to sign some papers the baby starts to cry and seeks her comfort. How would you describe this baby's attachment?

Answer: Securely attached

Which of the following is not a gestalt principle?

Answer: Segregation

What was the eventual result of the surgery that H.M. was subjected to?

Answer: Seizure activity was reduced significantly

According to Maslow, which of the following needs is highest/topmost on his hierarchy?

Answer: Self-actualization

The connection between words and word meanings is _____________?

Answer: Semantics

Jan walked into a lab that was examining how people reacted to different types of sensory information. This lab had a focus on:

Answer: Sensation and perception

__________ refers to the collection of sensory information while ____________ refers to the mental experience of the sensory information.

Answer: Sensation; perception

In someone with a real diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder, episodes of depression end after a period of

Answer: Several weeks to a few months

Isaac, a 25-yr-old law student, is heterosexual; his brother Chaim, a 21-yr-old college student, is homosexual. The brothers differ in their:

Answer: Sexual orientation

Who started the "talk" therapy movement?

Answer: Sigmund Freud

An IQ score of 90 would be:

Answer: Slightly below average

According to Freud, a person who was denied the outlet of sucking their thumb as an infant would grow up to do which of the following activities?

Answer: Smoke cigarettes

Mr. Kovacs frowns when his son cries, but hugs his daughter when she cries. Mr. Kovacs' contribution to the gender typing of his children would most likely be highlighted by:

Answer: Social learning theorists

The impact of rewards and punishments on the development of gender identity is most clearly emphasized by:

Answer: Social learning theory

Which of the following is not true regarding psychology careers today?

Answer: Someone must have a doctoral degree to work in the field of psychology

Which of the following is not one of the main parts of a neuron?

Answer: Spine

Raul needs to analyze and evaluate the data he collected. He should use:

Answer: Statistics

Which is NOT a Gestalt grouping principle?

Answer: Stereopsis

Working memory contains both ________ and __________ mechanisms.

Answer: Storage; Processing

The chemical senses refer to:

Answer: Taste and smell

Which of the following is correct about the stage of adolescence?

Answer: Tension between physical & cognitive changes, and social dependence, make adolescence a stressful period.

In the study by Frederick Bartlett (1930), he asked English participants to listen to and recall folktales from an unfamiliar culture. He observed that many participants added elements to the story from their own culture when they recalled the stories. What does this study illustrate?

Answer: That memories are a constructive process

Which book by Charles Darwin explored the expression of emotion across species?

Answer: The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

According to Freud, which of these generates guilt?

Answer: The Superego

Someone who understands the concept of conservation would know that:

Answer: The amount of soda poured from one cup into another, differently shaped cup remains the same

Where are ion channels located?

Answer: The dendrites

While classical conditioning relies on _____________ , Operant conditioning is focused on ____________ .

Answer: The environment before the behavior; the environment after the behavior.

How is the scientific method different in psychology than in other scientific disciplines?

Answer: The method is the same; it is only different in the types of questions asked and the tools used to answer them.

Which of the following is found in the cell body of a neuron?

Answer: The nucleus

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

Answer: The occipital lobe

Why is it difficult for a 2-year-old to remember what they got for Christmas that year?

Answer: The part of the brain responsible for moving memories into long-term storage had not developed yet.

Joanna is 5 years old and her favorite pair of shoes light up. The best part about these shoes is that the light appears to chase itself around the shoe by one light flashing followed by the next and so on. What are her shoes an example of?

Answer: The phi phenomenon

According to Freud, if Mia is constantly doing whatever feels best and is not considering the consequences of her actions, she is acting on:

Answer: The pleasure principle

Derik wanted to know whether people will perform better on a math test if they have caffeine beforehand. So he put everyone in a lab, had them drink their coffee, and then begin their test. He gave half of the unknowing participants decaf, and the other half regular coffee. He then analyzed the results, and found that those who drank decaf scored significantly lower than those who were given normal coffee. In this experiment, the independent variable is _______________.

Answer: The presence of caffeine

Research on the environmental conditions that influence sexual orientation indicates that:

Answer: The reported backgrounds of non-heterosexuals and heterosexuals are similar

Derik wanted to know whether people will perform better on a math test if they have caffeine beforehand. So he put everyone in a lab, had them drink their coffee, and then begin their test. He gave half of the unknowing participants decaf, and the other half regular coffee. He then analyzed the results, and found that those who drank decaf scored significantly lower than those who were given normal coffee. In Derik's experiment, what is the dependent variable?

Answer: The scores on the math test

In Generalized Anxiety Disorder, all of these are true EXCEPT:

Answer: The sufferer is fixated on the source of their worry for months at a time

Thorndike's puzzle boxes showed which of these results?

Answer: The time needed for a cat to escape the box decreased with subsequent trials.

Which of the following is a Projective personality test?

Answer: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Freud's stages are called psychosexual stages because:

Answer: They are based on a developing person's focus to achieve pleasure centered on various parts of the body

How might a young child in Piaget's preoperational stage view death?

Answer: They will not see it as permanent but recognize that death makes people sad

In the 1930s-50s, lobotomies were performed in the hopes that:

Answer: This would calm the patients' more severe symptoms, such as manic agitation and aggression

Which is NOT a prototypical example of a fruit?

Answer: Tomato

Timmy has begun referring to himself as a boy, and he is also able to recognize whether other children are boys or girls. About how old must Timmy be?

Answer: Two to three years old

What is the most recently discovered basic taste that indicates the presence of glutamate, a building block for many proteins?

Answer: Umami

Consider the experiment performed on Little Albert in which a white rat was presented with a loud noise. Since the loud noise elicited a startle response, eventually the presence of the white rat alone could elicit the same response (startle). In this example, what would the loud noise be?

Answer: Unconditioned stimulus

Aiden recently met a person at college who keeps asking him to go out, texting, and even trying to hug and kiss him, despite Aiden having said several times that he does not reciprocate these feelings. Aiden is experiencing:

Answer: Unwanted sexual attention

Manuel believes that, if he can come to understand the way he thinks and feels, he will naturally improve and overcome his problems. If Manuel wants a therapist who thinks this way, he should seek out someone who

Answer: Uses a form of insight therapy

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) are known for performing random safety checks in factories and warehouses. These inspections might be years or weeks apart so businesses need to maintain safety standards at all times. This is an example of what kind of reinforcement schedule?

Answer: Variable Interval

In ____ experiments, participants are exposed to some stimulus such as a sip of wine, and they enumerate all the basic components contained within that stimulus.

Answer: analytic introspection

The prominent behaviorist John Watson denounced ____ as unproductive.

Answer: analytic introspection

Sexual harassment can occur between

Answer: any two people

Cole is about two years old. The first liquid he was exposed to, after milk, was apple juice. Now he believes that all liquids that are not opaque (not able to be seen through; for example, milk) are apple juice. This is an example of _____.

Answer: assimilation

Maggie is about two years old. Her dad reads comic books frequently. As a result of early exposure to comic books she believes that all bound and written material are comic books. This is an example of ______.

Answer: assimilation

Females _________ suicides while males _________ suicides.

Answer: attempt more; complete more

Nora is going on a date. When her date arrives to pick her up, her heart begins beating faster, her blood pressure rises, and her stomach feels upset. Which part of the nervous system is responsible for these changes?

Answer: autonomic nervous system

The _______ runs the length of the cochlea and differences in its width are responsible for the resonant frequency that is heard.

Answer: basilar membrane

Amanda has found herself eating more in order to cope with stress. Her therapist told her that he would like to replace the increase in food with an increase in physical activity, journaling, and playing the violin (which she enjoys). Which strategy is he using?

Answer: behavior modification

Jim believes that depression is a result of stressors in the environment and a lack of coping skills to deal with those stresses. Which model does Jim believe in?

Answer: behavioral

Why do humans and other animals sleep?

Answer: both A and B (A. To repair wear and tear that accumulates during the day while awake B. To facilitate the way each animal makes a living)

An example of a basic physiological need is which of the following?

Answer: breathing

In ____ experiments, while participants carry on a brief conversation, the conversational partner is switched for a different person.

Answer: change blindness

Charlotte would like to increase her retention of a series of numbers in her short-term memory by grouping items together into meaningful pieces. This is known as ______.

Answer: chunking

Tom sells cars and has chosen several cars to be shown in the main showroom. While most of the cars are around $60,000, he has one car in the center that is $200,000. Which principle of human perception could he be acting on?

Answer: contrast between the expensive car and the more reasonably priced cars makes the cheaper cars seem like a good deal

The ability to make surprising connections between seemingly disconnected ideas is:

Answer: creativity

Psychology addresses multiple ways in which factors can affect behavior. Which of the following is not an example of an environmental factor that can affect behavior?

Answer: cultural values

Which of the following is not a characteristic of effective punishment?

Answer: delayed

Although ___________ is the leading cause of people seeking mental health services, ________ is the more common and more disabling worldwide.

Answer: depression; anxiety

Allport, who was influenced by Freud, sought to _____ whereas Freud sought to _____.

Answer: describe consistent behavior; understand what was beneath behavior

In regards to Piaget's theories, research suggests...

Answer: development is more continuous and may occur earlier than he thought

Rats who are exposed to unrelenting sleep deprivation for two or three weeks ____ .

Answer: die

The cortex of every individual is....

Answer: distinct from all other cortices but shares common features

Although ____ is intuitively appealing to most people, unfortunately it leads to the mind-body problem.

Answer: dualism

Which of the following represents Descartes's argument that mental things are distinct from physical things?

Answer: dualism

Naloxone, a drug that blocks endorphins from binding to their receptors, ____ the placebo effect, which shows that the placebo effect targets ____.

Answer: eliminates; the way pain feels

The relationships encouraged by the need to belong must include a certain amount of social, psychological, and ____________ reciprocity.

Answer: emotional

Maslow's theory has good ______ validity.

Answer: face

The corpus callosum...

Answer: facilitates communication between hemispheres

Mae is a therapist who believes that there is not a single member of the family who is responsible for a conflict and works with multiple members in order to improve communication and build relationships. Which type of therapy is she practicing?

Answer: family

The amygdala can form what type of associations?

Answer: fear

Greg is seeking treatment for a fear of flying. He has three days before he must be on a flight across the world for almost 20 hours. Because of the short amount of time that he has in order to overcome this fear, which potential treatment could be effective for Greg?

Answer: flooding

A person with high _______ ___________ is likely to continue living and to pass their genes on to future generations.

Answer: genetic fitness

According to evolutionary theories of motivation, we are motivated to engage in behaviors that increase our overall ______ __________.

Answer: genetic fitness

Which of these is NOT one of the four components of emotions?

Answer: genetic fitness

Heather has been spanking her son for several years now. She has noticed that it does not appear to be as effective as it was earlier. As a result of the frequency of this punisher, which of the following is likely?

Answer: he has become less sensitive to the punisher

Problem-solving procedures that rely on inexact rules of thumb are called:

Answer: heuristics

Experiencing a near accident in your automobile would likely be associated with:

Answer: high negative affect

When Randy Gardner stayed awake long enough to break the previous record of sleep deprivation, ____ .

Answer: his behavior was mostly normal during the ordeal, and his sleep pattern quickly returned to normal

Jon was raised in an orphanage with many children where he was seldom picked up or touched. Which of the following is likely?

Answer: his overall development will be delayed

Which of the following induces a heightened state of attentional focus?

Answer: hypnotism

Which of the following represents Berkeley's argument that there are mental things but not physical things in the world?

Answer: idealism

The purpose of Alfred Binet's first intelligence test was to...

Answer: identify students who could be assisted through alternative education

A key component of our experience of either positive or negative affect is largely determined by the way...

Answer: in which we interpret the physiological arousal

What is good for you is bad for the genetic fitness of the unwanted species of poisonous spider/snake/bug occupying your home environment is an example of which type of major evolutionary conflict?

Answer: interspecies conflicts

Which type of evolutionary conflict is occurring when you find a poisonous (and very much unwanted) spider lurking in your home?

Answer: interspecies conflicts

This type of conflict occurs as members of the same species interact...

Answer: intraspecies conflicts

Getting an A in your classes is something that makes you very happy and proud of yourself. You are motivated to get an A in all of your classes. This is an example of...

Answer: intrinsic motivation

The idea of autonomy is most directly tied to the idea of ____________ _____________.

Answer: intrinsic motivation

People have always told Gena that she has beautiful blue eyes. Which part of the eye are they referring to?

Answer: iris

Which of the following is true of Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve?

Answer: it drops sharply at first but then the curve levels out

Which of the following is true of intelligence?

Answer: it is not physical or directly measurable

Which of the following is true of electroconvulsive therapy?

Answer: it is practiced today with success in many patients

Which of the following is true of iconic memory?

Answer: it is visual sensory memory

Peyton played the piano for many years as a child. He is now 25 years old and has not played in approximately 15 years. What does Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve teach us if he were to relearn the piano?

Answer: it will still be easier than beginning for the first time

Jillian has Schizophrenia and has been recently prescribed an antipsychotic. Which of the following symptoms would the medication most likely not help?

Answer: lack of emotional expressions on her face

Because the internal circadian rhythm is ____ than the external circadian rhythm, ____ is easier to adjust to than ____.

Answer: longer; fall back; spring forward

The idea underlying ____ is that everyone has a kind of animal magnetism that can be influenced by moving magnets around on the body.

Answer: mesmerism

Which of the following represents the argument that there are not two distinct kinds of things (i.e., mental things and physical things), but just one kind of thing in the world?

Answer: monism

Kinslee has recently been diagnosed with Bipolar I Disorder. Which of the following medications would she most likely be prescribed?

Answer: mood stabilizing medication

A psychologist's understanding of cognition includes the mental activities associated with all of the following, except:

Answer: moving

Saying that because something is natural and therefore it is good is an example of which type of fallacy?

Answer: naturalistic fallacy

Maria is trying to get her daughter to behave better when family is visiting. She has found that removing chores leads to her being more positive with her family. What is the removal of chores in this situation?

Answer: negative reinforcer

Lifetime reproductive potential for men is ________ correlated with parenting time.

Answer: negatively

The fulfillment of one's talents, potential, and abilities suggests that an individual has attained the topmost level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. What level is this?

Answer: none of these (Safety, self-actualization, physiological)

What can be learned from David Rosenhan's study in 1973 where patients were admitted into a hospital after claiming to hear voices?

Answer: once someone has a psychiatric label people will interpret their behavior as part of that condition

Which type of conditioning are reinforcement theories of motivation based on?

Answer: operant conditioning

What was the experimental method in Johansson et al.'s choice blindness experiment?

Answer: participants view two images of women's faces, indicate which looks more attractive, then describe your reasons for selecting her

Frederic Bartlett's research using English participants and Canadian Indian culture folktales illustrated which of the following?

Answer: people draw on their own experiences to make sense of fragmented ideas

George has found that giving his son an extra chore when his son walks through the house in muddy shoes reduces the amount of times he does this. Adding a chore is an example of what in this situation?

Answer: positive punisher

Greg has been experiencing trouble disciplining his 5-year-old daughter. He has found that giving her candy at church has increased good behavior at church. What would candy be?

Answer: positive reinforcer

The emotions we feel as we interact with the world are examples of what type of explanation?

Answer: proximate

Being jealous of another person flirting with your romantic interest is an example of what type of explanation? The increase in genetic fitness that results is an example of which type of explanation?

Answer: proximate; ultimate

Little Suzie threw a tantrum at the grocery store when her mother refused to get her candy. Eventually her mother gave in and got the candy for Suzie. The next time Suzie and her mother are at the grocery store Suzie will throw a tantrum because doing was _________.

Answer: reinforced

Which of the following is not true of culture and intelligence testing?

Answer: research suggests some cultures are just less intelligent

Whereas conditions like ______ show the same symptoms across cultures, conditions like ____ may vary from culture to culture.

Answer: schizophrenia; anxiety

Margaret is four years old. Whenever she sees people that she does not know, she becomes really anxious and exhibits signs of stranger anxiety. Why is Margaret exhibiting stranger anxiety?

Answer: she cannot assimilate new people in her caregiver schema

Joe is great at understanding how objects relate to each other in space and how to navigate these objects. Gardner would say he excels in what type of intelligence?

Answer: spatial

In ____ experiments, participants view one image projected to each visual field (i.e., right and left), then point with each hand to a matching image, and are finally asked to verbally describe their reasons for selecting the matching image.

Answer: split brain

Tasks requiring ____ are most affected by sleep deprivation.

Answer: sustained attention

Juan has been training as a magician. He has two shows coming up: one for a company luncheon with primarily middle age adults, and one for a child's birthday party. Which group would be better for his first real show?

Answer: the adults because they have more expectations that can be violated and will be easier to deceive

Some people who suffer from seizure disorders have undergone surgery to sever ____ , after which they are said to have a "split brain".

Answer: the corpus callosum

If you were to compare the frontal lobes in a chimpanzee and a human you would find...

Answer: the frontal lobe in the human is larger proportionally

Nai-Kan is a Japanese therapy that focuses on which of the following?

Answer: the goal is for the client to discover how they have been ungrateful or bothersome to others and find ways to demonstrate gratitude and alliance

Joe just watched his son ride a bike for the first time. He knows that this is a memory that he will have for a lifetime. Which structure of his brain will make remembering this event possible?

Answer: the hippocampus

When split brains were asked to verbally describe their reasons for selecting one of several images, they were only able to correctly describe the reasons for selecting the image that had been visible to ____ .

Answer: the left hemisphere

A major difference between the James-Lange and Canon-Bard theories of emotion is that:

Answer: the physiological response occurs after the environmental event

The drug Naloxone, which blocks endorphins from binding to their receptors, is useful in figuring out how ____ works.

Answer: the placebo effect

Which of the following is true of the Flynn Effect?

Answer: there has been a greater impact on fluid intelligence than on crystalized intelligence

Which of the following is true of antidepressants?

Answer: they are often used to treat anxiety disorders

What is a potential problem with taking antianxiety medications?

Answer: they do not resolve the underlying problem but allow the person to avoid anxiety while developing a tolerance to the medication

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which is a likely response to a student lacking motivation in their schoolwork?

Answer: they have lower needs (such as physiological and safety needs) that are unmet

A homeless woman had not eaten in weeks and needed calories to sustain her body so she stole some chips from the convenience store. This is an example of which level of explanation?

Answer: ultimate

The fifth, most recently discovered basic taste is known as:

Answer: umami

Piaget believed that object permanence _____. Research has shown that it _______.

Answer: was a single distinct process; is a gradual and continual process

Which of the following statements would Sigmund Freud most likely agree with?

Answer: what goes on in our minds is mostly outside of our awareness

Lithium was first discovered to be an effective treatment for bipolar disorder in the 1940s and:

Answer:Is still used today

Stranger anxiety

Anxiety born of an infants inabilty to assimilate people (strangers) into the cargiver schema, beginning at approximately eight months

Conflict

Any challenge to the organism's genetic fitness

Subfields of psychology

Areas of research that focus on a specific set of influences on behavior

Projective personality tests

Assessment instruments based on the psychodynamic perspective that are sensitive to the examiner's beliefs and are a way to examine the unconscious

Central route of persuation

Attitude change that is due to a careful weighing and evaluation of arguments and the characteristics of the object or event

Peripheral route of persuasion

Attitude change that is due to quick association with positive or negative cues in the environment or the object or event

Bisexuality

Attraction to both males and females

Pansexuality

Attraction to people regardless of sex, gender, or gender identity

Homosexuality

Attraction to the same sex

Mind-body problem

Because Cartesian dualism entails that mental things are distinct and independent of physical things, there is no way for mental intentions to influence physical things, such as body movements

Differential reinforcement of alternative (DRA) behavior

Behavior change technique that provides reinforcement for behaviors that produce the same reinforcement as the problem behavior

Differential reinforcement of other (DRO) behavior

Behavior change technique that provides reinforcement for the organism when it is doing any behavior that is not the problem behavior

Disordered behavior

Behavior that causes distress for the person exhibiting it and/or distress for those around the person

Dangerous behavior

Behavior that has serious potential to harm self or others

Dysfunctional behavior

Behavior that interferes with a person's ability to perform necessary activities, such as going to work or caring for family members

Extrinsic motivation

Behavior that is activated by stimuli in the environment surrounding the organism

Deviant behavior

Behavior that is different from what most people in a person's reference group exhibit

Intrinsic motivation

Behaviors that are motivated by thoughts, feelings, and values that are inside the individual

Dendrites

Branching neural fibers that collect inputs from other neurons

Sexually transmitted infections (STI)

Can be a consequence of of unprotected sexual contect

Normative influence

Changes in behavior due to a desire for social approval or to avoid social disapproval

Informational influence

Changes in behavior due to a desire to do what is right in a social setting and to act correctly

Reactivity

Changes in behavior that occu because of being observed or recoeded

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers manufacted by one neuron that communicates with other neurons via synapses

Maxine is very proud of herself for completing her M.B.A., but her family is more interested in when she plans to marry and start a family. Maxine's family represents a _____ social viewpoint.

Collectivist

Paradoxial sleep

Combines brain activity associated with light sleep with muscle tone associated with deep sleep

Semantics

Connection between a word and the word's meaning

Gender roles

Consist of the attitudes, behaviors, rights, and responsibilities that societies typically associate with each sex

Ear canal

Conveys sounds from the outer ear to the ear drum

Buffy is conducting an experiment to determine the effect that watching vampire movies has on sleep patterns. In her study, what kind of variable is sleep patterns?

Dependent

Obstructive sleep apnea

Difficulty breathing due to loss of muscle tone during sleep, leading to numerous brief awakenings during the night (insomnia)

Sexual dysfunction

Difficulty experienced by an individual or couple during any stage of normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal, or orgasm

Culture-bound syndromes

Disorders that occur in a particular culture and are closely tied to the values of those societies, though the underlying emotions can be felt universally

Action potential

Electrical impulse that moves from the soma through the axon

Teratogens

Environmental factor, such as maternal stress, viruses, or drugs, that can negatively impact fetal development

Hypersomnia

Excessive sleepiness when trying to remain awake

Four stages of sexual arousal

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Implicit social norms

Expectations and rules governing social behavior that are not part of formally adopted laws, rules, or policies

Psychoactive drugs

Externally generated substances that change the way the brain works

Panic disorder

Feelings of tremendous fear, when there is no reasonable causation, and characterized by panic attacks that can last for several minutes or longer

Primary sex characteristics

Females' primary sex characteristics are the vagina, uterus, overies, and mammary glands, while males' are the penis, testicles, scrotum, and prostate glands

Operant conditioning

Focuses on the relation between the behavior and the environment changes that the behavior produces

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

For research involving human participants

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

For research involving nonhuman species

Psychodynamic theory

Freud's argument that our psychological experience is the prodcut of the conflict between our id and our superego

Myelin

Glial cell that provides electrical insulation for the axon

Availablility heuristic

Heuristic based on the assumption that the most easily imagined possibility is also the likeliest

Parenting style

How caregivers impart beliefs and standards of behavior to their children

Biopsychology

How the physical systems produce behavior

Fluid intelligence

How we are able to process information and develop solutions to problems

Savants

Individuals with generally limmited mental abilities but outstanding capabilities in one or two limited domains

Receptor sites

Locations where neurotransmitters fit like a key in a lock to activate postsynaptic neurons

Cognitive science

Investigations of how the brain creates the mind that draw from several fields, including psychology, philosopy, economics, neuroscience, and computer science

Self-actualization

Involves making "the full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, potentialities"

Tabula rasa

Latin "blank slate", a metaphor for a newborn baby's mind

Trichromatic theory

Latin for "three colors"; the idea that our eyes have three different kinds of nerves that respond to three colors: red, blue, and green

Observational learning

Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others; modeling

Primary motor cortex

Lies on the frontal lobe and programs voluntary movements

Primary somatosensory cortex

Lies on the parietal lobe and processes touch sensations

Photoreceptors

Light-sensitive cells in the retina

Amnesia

Loss of memory, typically due to brain damage

Antianxiety medications

Medication that reduces anxiety via depression of central nervous system activity

Antidepressants

Medications that balance out extreme moods by acting on neurotransmitters that influence mood and behavior

Declarative memories

Memories that can be put into words, such as events, facts, and word definitions

Procedural memories

Memories that often can't be expressed in words but are memories for how to do a certain skill

Long-term memory

Memory of past events and facts about the world

Gestalt grouping principles

Methods of grouping disconnected sensory fragments to form a coherent whole

Medical model

Model that conceptualizes abnormal behavior as the result of physical causes that can be treated through medical means

Insight

Moment at which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes clear

Rods

More sensitive type of photoreceptor found mostly on the periphery of the the retina

Sensorimotor stage

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, occuring from birth to approximately age two, in which babies learn about the world through their senses and actions

Respondent extinction

Occurs any time the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented without presenting the unconditioned stimulus (US)

Generalization

Occurs when a CR is observed in the presence of stimuli that were not present during training

Discrimination

Occurs when a behavior is observed in the presence of stimuli used during training but not in its absence

Situation attribution

Occurs when we assign the cause of the behavior to something outside the individual such as context or other people in the situation

Personal attribution

Occurs when we assign the cause of the behavior to something within the individual, such as his or her personality, beliefs, or motivations

Conscientiousness

One of the Big Five personality characteristics indicating a tendency to be organized, careful, and disciplined (Michelle Obama)

Openness

One of the Big Five personality characteristics indicating a willingness to try new experiences (Leonardo da Vinci)

Neuroticism

One of the Big Five personality characteristics indicating the tendency to be anxious and insecure (Marlin from Finding Nemo)

Agreeableness

One of the Big Five personality characteristics indicating the tendency to be helpful, empathetic, and trusting (Fred Rogers)

Extroversion

One of the Big Five personality characteristics indicating where people get their energy; an extrovert feels 'recharged' by social interaction, while an introvert feels recharged by being alone (Eddie Murphy)

Self-esteem

Our personal view of ourself

narcolepsy

Overwhelming urges to fall sleep at inappropriate moments during the day

Nucleus accumbens

Part of the brain that underlies feelings of pleasure

Soma

Part of the neuron that contains machinery to keep the neuron alive and functioning

Ion channels

Passageways that enable charged particles (ions) to travel through the neural membrane when opened

Sexual orientation

Patterns of emotional, romantic, and sexual attractions to others; is part of our sexuality

Need to belong

People tend to have an 'inherent' desire to belong and be an important part of something greater than themselves

Intersexed

People who are born with any of several variations in sex characteristics, including chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or genitals, that do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies

Temperament

Personality characteristics that are made evident shortly after birth relating to emotional reactivity and intensity

Perspectives of psychology

Philosophical ways of thinking about the goals of psychology and the nature of human behavior

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion

Physiological arousal and the cognative interpretation of the context in which the emotion occurs

Formal operational stage

Piaget's fourth and final stage, age twelve and up, in which children should begin to demenstrate the ability to perform mental operations abstractly, without the aid of actual experience

Preoperational stage

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, between the ages of two and six, in which children can mentally represent, but not mentally operate objects

Concrete operational stage

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, bewteen the ages of six and twelve, in which children can perform mental operations as long as they have tangible materials to work with

Psychic determinism

Point of view stating that past experiences influence the present state of mind and that nothing happens by chance

Analytical intelligence

Problem-solving and reasoning abilities used to solve everyday problems, such as information processing, mental calculations, and learning new info

Defense mechanisms

Processes by which the ego reduces anxiety

Hallucinogens

Psychoactive agents that cause perceptual anomalies and false sensory messages

Humanistic theorists

Psychologists who choose to focus on the potential for positive growth and achievement in an individual rather than the individual's deficits

Salience

Refers to how noticeable the neutral stimulus is to the organism

Contingency

Refers to the degree to which one event predicts the occurrence of another event

Heterosexuality

Sexual attraction to the opposite sex

Sexuality

Sexual feelings and attractions to other people

Secondary sex characteristics

Sexual organs and traits that develop at puberty and are not directly involved in human reproduction

Self-fulfilling prophecies

Situations where the expectations of an event increase the likelihood of the event occurring, which reinforces the expectation of the event

Insomnia

Sleep disorders associated with difficulty getting to or remaining asleep

Explicit social norms

Social norms that are formally adopted by a group as written laws, rules, or policies

Negative affect

Subjective experience of distress and unwanted engagement

Positive affect

Subjective experience of energy, engagement, and concentration

Retina

The "projection screen" of the eye, which transforms the light energy received from the outside world into an electrical signal that is passed to the brain

Simultaneous conditioning

The NS and US are both presented at the same time

Trace conditioning

The NS is presented and removed before the US is presented so that there is no over lap between the two stimuli

Delayed conditioning

The NS is presented first and then the US is presented while the NS is still present; there are two key elements to delayed conditioning

Backward conditioning

The US is presented before the NS occurs

Experimental control

The ability of the researcher to control the environment and minimize outside influence on the behavior of interest

Figure-ground segregation

The ability to distinguish objects from the surrounding background

Intelligence

The ability to efficiently and effectively learn from experience, perform mental tasks, and solve problems

Phonology

The ability to hear phonemes and assign the phonemes to words

Creativity

The ability to make surprising connections between seemingly disconnected ideas

Internal validation

The ability to minimize the influence of variables other than those involved in the research question

Resilency

The ability to overcome stress and trauma

Falsifiability

The ability to test a hypothesis with an objective, empirical observation that could demonstrate the hypothesis to be incorrect

Creative intelligence

The ability to use information in new ways, to invent, and to come up with nontraditional solutions to problems (outside the box thinging)

Latent content

The actual fantasy that the id wishes to indulge in dreams, but to avoid arousing the ego, the id disuises the latent content in symbols

Intimacy

The aility to form emotionally close relationships, particularly of a romantic nature

Social clock

The appropriate time, depending upon one's culture, to leave home, get a job, marry, have children, and retire

Frontal lobe

The are of the brain that is implicated in impulse control and personality

Attachement

The association infants make between their caregiver, nourishment, and comfort, this process is integral to cognitive and social development

Consciousness

The awareness of whatever is presently happening in your mind

Object permanence

The awareness that objects continue to exist when not seen

Self-concept

The image individuals have of themselves, consisting of the ability we believe we have and how we perceive them

Dependent variables

The behavior that is directly measured and observed

Adolescent egocentrism

The belief that an adolescent's private experiences are unique and that other's, especially their peers, are always directing their attention toward them

Self-efficacy

The beliefs an individual holds concerning his or her skills and ability to perform certain acts

Expected value

The benefit or cost of an outcome multiplied by the likelihood of the outcome occurring

Sex

The biological classification of a person based on genetic composition, anatomy, and hormones

Stereopsis

The brains ability to generate a three-dimensional view of the wold from two flat retinal images by comparing the two images

Idealism

The branch of monism that claims there are only mental things

Materialism

The branch of monism that claims there are only physical things in the world

Pinna

The carilaginous portion of the outer ear, which collects sound

Neuron doctrine

The claim that the network that appears when examining brain tissue under a microscope consists of separate cells

Iris

The colored ring of muscle in the eye that controls the size of the pupil

Gender dysphoria

The condition of feeling one's emotional and psychological identity as male or female is different than one's biological sex

Circadian rhythm

The daily cycle of waking and sleeping, body temperature, and hormones that is generated by an internal biological clock and synchronized to light and dark patterns due to the Earth's rotation

Face validity

The degree to which a psychological theory or assessment appears to be effective or accurate

External validity

The degree to which findings from the study can be applied to situations and participants outside the original group of participants

Generalizability

The degree to which scientific findings from one context can be applied to a different context group of people, or situation

Environmental realism

The degree to which the testing environment is similar to the real world context where the behavior typically occurs

Moral development

The development of the capacity to distinguish between right and wrong

Hemisphere

The division of the cortex into left and right sides

Reality principle

The driving force of the ego, or its attempts to meet basic needs without violating social constraints

Pleasure principle

The driving force of the id, which constantly seeks gratification of basic desires

Narcotic

The drugs that are related to the chemical extracted from the opium poppy plant

Attitudes

The emotional and cognitive evaluations that we attach to people, places, objects, and ideas

Bereavement

The emotional and role changes that occurs following the death of a loved one

Menopause

The end of the menstrual cycle, resulting in the loss of the ability to bear children

Independent varibles

The environmental conditions that the researcher manipulated during the experiment

Naturalistic fallacy

The erroneous belief that biologically based motives, feelings, or behaviors are morally right or wrong

Fundamental attribution error

The error in which we tend to make more personal attributions than situational attributions when observing others' behavior

Social roles

The expected behaviors of individuals with certain characteristics in a social group

Demandingness

The extent to which parents expect obedience and responsible behavior, regardless of how their children may feel about it

Crystallized intelligence

The facts, information, and details that we know

Self-actualization

The final tier of Maslow's theory of Human Motivation, in which the individual has reached the full potential in every aspect of his or her life

Primary auditory cortex

The first major region of the auditory processing in the cortex

Menarche

The first menstrual period, occurring, on average, around age twelve

Primary visual cortex

The first stage of cortical visual processing in which the visula image is separated into its component parts, such as color, shape, and motion

Spermarche

The first time sperm is part of ejaculation

Cochlea

The fluid-filled portion of the middle ear, which transforms sound into an electrical signal to be sent to the brain

Amplitude

The heigh of a wave, which corresponds to the loudness of a sound

Genetic fitness

The likelihood that an organism's genes will survive either by the continued life of the organism or being passed through reproduction

Occipital lobe

The lobe at the posterior corner of the brain, concerned primarily with basic visual processing

Zeitgeist

The major intellectual theories and philosophies that dominate an area during a specific time in history

Perception

The mental experience of sensory information

Schema

The mental maps in which we store our experiences

Diffusion of responsibility

The more people in the group, the less any one person is responsible for the outcome of the situation

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The most widely used objective personality inventory, primarily utilized to help diagnose psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Flynn effect

The name given to gains in performance on intelligence scores for the general population that have been observed over the last several decades

Conservation

The principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

Frequency

The number of cycles per second of a wave

Maturation

The orderly sequence of biological growth

Sclera

The outer white portion of the eye

Stereotypes

The overgeneralized characteristics that we assign to all members of a perceived group

Preconscious

The part of Freud's structure of mind that is accessible but not currently consious

Conscious

The part of Freud's structure of mind that is currently accessible

Unconscious

The part of Freud's structure of mind that remains constantly inaccessible to the conscious mind

Id

The part of Freud's structure of personality that houses primitive desires

Superego

The part of Freud's structure of personality that is the conscience, or set of ethics

Ego

The part of Freud's structure of personality that must find a way to act that satisfies basic desires without violating social constraints

Temporal lobe

The part of the cortex that allows us to recognize visual objects, such as faces

Parietal lobe

The part of the cortex that processes visual locations and contains the primary somatosensory cortex

Central nervous system

The part of the nervous system made up of the brain and the spinal cord

Manifest content

The people and things that actually appear in dreams

Locus of control

The perceived source of control in an individula's life that results in the attribution of events to circumstances either within or beyond the individual's control

Puberty

The period of sexual maturation within which we become capable of sexual reproduction

Focus

The point of origin of a seizure

parasympathetic nervous system

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls normal organ activity

Sympathetic nervous system

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls the body's organ activity in response to threats

Peripheral nervous system

The portion of the nervous system containing all nerves outside the central nervous system

Automatic nervous system

The portion of the nervous system that controls involuntary behaviors (i.e. digestion)

Somatic nervous system

The portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary behaviors (i.e. walking)

Lifetime reproductive potential

The potential number of offspring that an organism could produce in its lifetime

Attention

The process by which your brain filters out loads of unnecessary sensory information to focus on a small portion

Adaptation

The process in which the brain becomes less sensitive to a particular sensory feature after being exposed to it for an extended period of time

Conformity

The process of adapting our individual behavior to meet the social norms, attitudes, and behaviors of a social group

Accomodation

The process of adjusting a preexisting schema to fit with new information

Sensation

The process of collecting sensory information from the outside world through the five sense

Gender typing

The process of developing an identity through learned gender roles

Assimilation

The process of interpreting new information in terms of what we already know

Reuptake

The process of the sending neuron reclaiming used neurotransmitters from the synapse

Motivation

The process that energizes us to behave in certain ways and in certain contexts

Emergent property

The product of smaller pieces but is not apparent when examining the smaller pieces

Anthropomorphization

The projecting of human experience and abilities onto nonhuman objects

Gender

The psychological aspects associated with being male or female

Affect

The psychological experience of our physiological state

Spontaneous recovery

The re-occurrence of the conditioned response after some time has passed since the last extinction trial

Emergent stage 1 sleep

The stage of sleep that occurs after ascending from deep sleep into lighter sleep; this stage of sleep is called"emergent" to distinguish it from the initial stage 1 sleep that occurs just after desending from wakefulness

Social norms

The rules and expectations of the group concerning the behavior of individual members

Schedules or reinforcement

The rules that specify when reinforcement is delivered and what must be done to earn the consequence

Behavior analysis

The scientific approach to exploring the laws and principles that govern behavior across species and the development of behavior technologies based on these laws

Psychology

The scientific study of behaviors of individual organisms and how environmental, physiological, mental, social, and cultural events influence these behaviors.

Abnormal psychology

The scientific study of psychological problems, including mental illness, and their treatment

Psychopharmacology

The scientific study of the impact drugs have on psychological disorders

Behavior analysts

The scientists who approach behavior from the perspective of behavior analysis

Gender identity

The sense of being female or male

Essence

The set of necessary and sufficient conditions that determines whether a particular item is a member of a concept

Cognitive revolution

The shift in psychology from strict behaviorism to investigating ways in which the brain cells creates the mind

Electooculogram (EOG)

The signal from electrodes connected to the head on both sides of the eye measuring eye movements

electromyogram (EMG)

The signal from electrodes connected to the neck measuring muscle tone

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

The signal from electrodes connected to the scalp measuring brain activity

Morphene

The smallest meaningful unit in a word

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound in a language

Perceptual constancy

The visual perception that objects remain constant even when their retinal image changes

Framing

The way in which a particular problem or solution is presented

Qualia

The way the world looks and feels inside your conscious mind

Cortex

The wrinkly surface of the brain

Restorative theories

These kinds of theories argue that our bodies and brains accumulate wear and tear while active and awake, so we need sleep to repair damages

Adaptation theories

These kinds of theories argue that sleep is tailored to the way an animal makes a living

Bio-psycho-social-cultural-perspective

This perspective is inclusive of the many factors that work together to influence behavior

Ossicles

Three tiny bones in the middle ear that amplify airborne vibrations

Vesicles

Tiny bags used to contain and transport neurotransmitters from the soma to the end of the axon

Neuromuscular junction

Tiny gap between a muscle fiber and the motor neuron controlling the fiber

Synapse

Tiny gap between two neurons where chemical transmission of neural messages occurs

Confounding variables

Uncontrolled variables that can influence the phenomenon being studied

Hypnotic analgesia

Use of hypnosis for pain relief

Resting potential

Voltage maintained by a neuron when it is not sending any electrical messages

Responsiveness

Warmth, or to what extent parents respond to their children's needs and wants

Self-serving bias

We accept our successes as a product of personal characteristics and losses as due to situational variables

Resurgence

When an old behavior reappears during extinction or a new behavior

Insecure attachment

When infants demonstrate behavior marked by anxiety, avoidance, or a combination of both in regard to relationship

Secure attachement

When infants play happily and readily explore new environments in the presence of their mother

Occam's razor

When trying to explaoin the available data, any unnecessary parts should be trimmed from the explanation as if with a razor

Iconic memory

a brief visual imade of the world held in sensory memory

Institutional Review Board

a committee composed of scientists and administrators that oversee all human research at an institution in order to protect the rights of research participants

Behavior analysis

a scientific approach to the study of learning that focuses on laws and processes of behavior across species and the development of behavior technologies

Linguistic intelligence

ability to understand, analyze, and produce language

Classical conditioning

aka: respondent conditioning, Pavlovian conditioning, and associative learning

Moral intuition

gut feelings that can drive decisions

If newborn babies are given the choice to look at two circles next to each other and above a third circle, or one circle above the two circles next to each other, they would choose ______ because ______.

the first; it resembles a face

Cognitive dissonance theory

the tension we experience when our attitudes and behaviors do not match; motivates us to change our attitudes to be more consistent with our behaviors

Adolescence

the years spent moving from childhood to adulthood