Psychology Final
_______ are complex behaviors that are fixed, unlearned, and consistent within a species
Instincts
Children all over the world seem to learn language in a fixed sequence. This provides evidence in support of Noam Chomsky's theory that human have a _____ that provides an innate mechanism for learning langugae
Language acquisition device
Ricardo's grandfather suffers from Alzheimer's disease. Ricardo wonders if he will experience a similar future because of his biological connection to his grandfather. What Ricardo is contemplating is similar to which of the following debates in development psychology?
Nature and nurture
Dissociative identity disorder involves two or more distinct _____ within an individual
Personalities
_____ refers to the unique, core set of characteristics that influence how we think, act, and feel
Personality
Infants can recognize and distinguish among all _______ from all languages until about 10 months of age. This is why it is so much more difficult for older children and adults to learn to speak a foreign language without an accent.
Phonemes
The polygraph is used to determine if someone is lying by measuring:
Physiological arousal
Following a stroke, the neurons in the brain exhibit greater excitability, rewiring occurs, and there is increased efficiency of synaptic connections, all indicating _____ of the brain
Plasticity
Humanistic therapy emphasizes the positive nature of humans with a focus on
Present
One symptom that most major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder share is:
Problems associated with sleep
The student in your study group are extremely worried about tomorrow's final exam. One student has been seeing a counselor all semester because of her anxiety. When she walks into class tomorrow, she will use what she has learned about ____ to help reduce tension in her body.
Progressive muscle relaxation
The idea that personality traits influence perception is part of the logic underlying _____, which attempt to explore characteristics that might not be accessible through interview or observation
Projective personality tests
Free association and interpretation are used by ______ in their treatment of patients
Psychoanalyst
A professor doing research on personality development insists personality develops early in life and that we are greatly influenced by conflicts and urges of which we are unaware. This professor appears to be proposing which of the following perspectives?
Psychoanalytic
According to Freud, all children progress through ______ as they mature into adulthood, although sometimes their progress is not smooth and they may suffer from a ______
Psychosexual stages, fixation
A man with schizophrenia has hallucinations and delusions, and seems to be out of touch with reality. A psychologist explains to his mother that her son is experiencing:
Psychosis
_____ is the scientific study of how medication alters perceptions, moods, behaviors, and other aspects of psychological functioning
Pyschopharmacology
_______ can be determined when someone takes the same personality assessment more than once and the results do not change
Reliability
According to Vygotsky, _____ is an approach that helps children learn, providing support when necessary but allowing them to problem solve as much as possible on their own.
Scaffolding
Which of the following claims about group therapy is true?
Seeing others improve offers hope and inspiration
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a technique that essentially causes ____ in the brain
Seizures
________ refer(s) to the drive to achieve one's full potential
Self-actualization
A person high in ______ strongly believes she will succeed in a particular situation even if she has experienced failure in similar circumstances.
Self-efficacy
Humans have different optimal levels of need for arousal. These individual differences indicate the some people are _____: they appear to seek out activities that increase arousal
Sensation seekers
Which of the following plays a role in the etiology of major depressive disorder?
Serotonin
_____ refers to a sexual act or the classification of male or female. ______ refers to masculinity and femininity based on social, cultural, and psychological characteristics
Sex, gender
A psychologist refers to biological characteristics when discussing a client's _____, but when talking about sexual attitudes and behaviors, a psychologists is referring to _____
Sex, sexuality
A friend of yours shies away from some of the more daring sexual escapades her husband suggests. For example, yesterday he asked her to engage in a "threesome." She unknowingly has learned ____ from her culture, telling her such sexual behavior is not appropriate
Sexual scripts
A man with a diagnosis of ____ exhibits a distinct fear or anxiety related to social situations, particularly the idea of being scrutinized by others
Social anxiety disorder
One of the important tasks of adolescence is to search for identity, that is, to find a sense of self based on values, beliefs, and goals. This task falls under which of the following categories of development?
Socioemotional
Cattell proposed that there are 16 personality dimensions that can be considered primary _______, and these are the product of both nature and nurture
Source traits
Stress is the response to perceived threats resulting from stimuli that can cause physiological, psychological, and emotional reactions. In this context, these stimuli are known as:
Stressors
Your friend is worried he will lose his job, so he goes home and drinks too much alcohol. His reaction may be explained by the self-medication hypothesis, and his behavior is an example of how:
Stressors are related to health problems
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system plays an important role in stress reactions. This system helps to maintain balance in the body by overseeing the neuroendocrine and _____ while monitoring the immune system
Sympathetic nervous system
When faced with a threat, portions of the brain, including the hypothalamus, activate the _____, which leads to the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Sympathetic nervous system
Family therapy focuses on all of the following except:
Symptoms of particular disorder
Human development is influenced by the interaction of many factors. Brain development, for example is influenced by biological maturation and experiences in the environment. This is evidence in _____, which occurs when unused synaptic connections are eliminated.
Synaptic prunning
One of the telltale signs of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is abnormal accumulation of ______, a protein also implicated in Alzheimer's disease
Tau
The key advantage of behavior therapy is that it:
Tends to work quickly
_______ are agents that can damage a growing embryo or fetus
Teratogens
Evidence for the biological basis of the five-factor model of personality includes:
The stability of personality characteristics over time
According to Eysenck, we can describe personalities based on
Three dimensions of traits
A family friend confides that he has always had the feeling he was born in the body of a female and that he has started cross-sex hormone treatment. Your friend would be considered _____ by the American Psychiatric Association
Transsexual
Erikson proposed that human development is characterized by eight psychosocial stages, each marked by a developmental task or emotional crisis. In the first stage, the infant must resolve the ____ conflict. Caregivers who are not responsive might lead the infant to always expect the worst in people.
Trust vs mistrust
When the _____ is stimulated electrically it sends a hormone signal to decrease appetite. IF this region of the brain is destroyed, an animal will drastically overeat.
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Stressors can lead to health problems, because as the body mobilizes its resources for fight or flight, ______ is less powerful, and the work of its lymphocytes is reduced
immune system
Rhonda routinely eats large amounts of food that most people could not eat in similar situations or in a similar amount of time. Rhonda often feels an inability to control her eating and frequently eats alone because she is embarrassed by how much she eats. It is likely that Rhonda has a diagnosis of:
Binge eating disorder
To help explain the causes of psychological disorders researchers often use the ______ perspective which examines the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Biopsychosocial
A woman in your neighborhood develops a reputation for being emotionally unstable, intense, and extremely needy. She also doesn't seem to have a sense of herself and complains of feeling empty. She struggles with intimacy and her relationships are unstable. If these are long-standing traits, which of the following might she be evaluated for?
Borderline personality disorder
_____ is a mental activity associated with obtaining, converting, and using knowledge, and _______ refers to coming to a decision, reaching a solution, or forming a belief
Cognition, thinking
Biological needs and homeostasis motivates us to meet our needs. If a need is not fulfilled, this creates a state of tension that pushes us to meet it. This describes the ____ theory of motivation
Drive-reduction
Which of the 3Ds used to distinguish abnormal behavior indicates the degree to which a behavior interferes with daily life and relationship?
Dysfunction
Physical exercise is a powerful way to reduce the impact of stress, by increasing blood flow, activating the autonomic nervous system, and initiating release of _______, the body's natural painkilling neurotransmitters
Endorphins
Your psychology instructor often discusses the factors in the environment that can influence how gene are expressed. This topic is a part of the field studying:
Epigenetics
Some men experience problems getting or maintaining an erection, which is referred to as:
Erectile disorder
Last year, when Christy dropped off her oldest daughter at college, she felt happy, proud, and somewhat worried. This kind of "good" stressor leads to a stress response known as:
Eustress
The American Psychological Association highlights the importance of clinical expertise and knowledge of a patient's culture, value, and preferences; in other words, using _____ when making decisions about which treatment is best for a client
Evidence based practice
According to Masters and Johnson, sexual arousal begins in the ____ phase, when physical changes begin to take place
Excitement
According to the general adaptation syndrome, if a threat remains constant, the body's resources become depleted during the ______, resulting in a vulnerability to illness, physical exhaustion and even death
Exhaustion stage
The entire week before final exams, the resident advisor (RA) in your dorm provides delicious cookies for students who come to group study sessions in the common room. The RA seems to be using ____ to encourage students to study together
Extrinsic motivation
According to Mihaly C..., one prerequisite for happiness is the experience of _____, which occurs when you feel completely absorbed and engaged in a challenging task that is intrinsically rewarding
Flow
Adolescents begin thinking more logically and systematically, and start to use deductive reasoning to draw conclusions. They have entered what Piaget would refer to as the:
Formal operational stage
DNA molecules include sections corresponding to _____, which encode proteins that determine the texture of hair, color of eye, and some aspects of personality
Genes
Although there is a consistent gap between how Black Americans and White Americans score on IQ tests, research suggests there is NO evidence to support a(n) _____ across races
Genetic hypothesis
Which of the following statements would not be among Beck's collection of cognitive errors?
Getting fired once does not mean my career is over
Systematic desensitization uses ____ that represent(s) a gradual increase in a client's anxiety
Hierarchies
The _____ provide(s) specific instructions on whether a zygote will develop into a male or female, that is, the genetic sex of the individual
23rd pair of chromosomes
A woman is extremely anxious when she is unaccompanied in public. She no longer uses public transportation, refuses to go to the mall, and does not like being away from home. Perhaps she should get evaluated to see if she has which of the following diagnoses?
Agoraphobia
You are at a dinner with a friend and you are struggling to determine the tip you should leave. Your friend suggests you do what she does to calculate a 20% tip: Move the decimal to the left one space and multiply by 2. This is an example of using ______ of the brain
Algorithm
A neighbor describes a newspaper article she read last night about a man in his twenties who has been known to lie and con others, be aggressive and impulsive, and show little empathy or remorse. These are long-standing traits of his, so it is possible that he has
Antisocial personality disorder
Factors such as the frequency and vividness of an event make us more likely to predict such an event will occur in the future. This is known as using the:
Availability heuristic
A college you are applying to provides two essay prompts: an essay about a childhood friend or an essay about a favorite relative. These two options sound equally boring to you. You are faced with an:
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Evidence from research on emotions suggests that when looking at faces, women seem to:
Be better able to identify what emotion is being felt than men
The _____ perspective of personality suggests that personality is shaped by interactions with the environment, specifically through learning
Behavioral
Emotion is a psychological state that includes a subjective experience, a physiological component a(n):
Behavioral expression
The _____ suggests that emotion is a very personal reaction to and interpretation of the environment, and that emotion does not result from cognitive label of physiological arousal
Cognitive-appraisal approach
Self-determination theory suggests that humans are born with three universal, fundamental needs that are always driving us in the direction of optimal functioning. These three needs are:
Competence, relatedness, autonomy
_____ are the mental representations of categories of objects, situations, and ideas that belong together based on their central features or characteristics.
Concepts
Sometimes we do not gather important information when making decisions because we are only looking for evidence that upholds our belief. This is known as the:
Confirmation bias
Which of the following represents the correct order of the universal sequence of the language development?
Coo, babble, first words
____ refers to the cognitive, behavioral, and emotional abilities used to manage a challenging or difficult situation
Coping
In a fear-provoking situation, initial processing can be unconscious. Information from the thalamus can take two paths: It may go to the ______ for processing, or directly to the _______, which sets the stage by preparing the body for response to a threat.
Cortex, amygldala
To study the universal nature of emotions, Paul Ekman traveled to New Guinea to explore indigenous peoples' detection of facial expressions. Although unfamiliar with Western facial behaviors, the participants in this study:
Could identify the facial expressions common across the world
One factor a therapist needs to consider is how _____ may interact with the therapy process: for example, whether a client is from a group of collectivist or one that values individualism
Culture
A women learns that her death is imminent. According to Kubler-Ross, her initial reaction to this news will likely be shock and disbelief, which are common in the ____ stage
Denial
Which of the following is a weakness of Freud's theory
Difficult to test through experimentation
The wording of a question can influence the outcome of a decision. People are more likely to prefer ground beef in it is described as 80% lean as opposed to 20% fat. This is an example of:
Framing effect
When general beliefs, in American culture, that men are assertive and logical, and women are caring and emotional represent:
Gender roles
Last week, you met an exchange student who began to tell you about her life back home. She described times when she had to deal with hunger, war, and living in an orphanage. Yet, she seems so optimistic and resilient. Psychologists would likely suggest her personality includes a characteristic known as:
Hardiness
People who know their partners have had (or having) sexual activity with others will:
Have a lower risk of acquiring an STI than those who don't know of this activity
The neo-Freudians agree with Freud on many issues, but tend to disagree with which of the following?
His intense emphasis on sex and aggression
The sensitivity of a fetus to _____ produced during its early development can play a role in the development of intersexuality
Hormones
______ is spread through the transfer of body fluids, such as blood, semen, and breast milk, and it eventually progresses to _____
Human immunodeficiency virus; acquired immune deficiency syndrome
If a mother wants her son to practice his math facts, she could allow him to play his favorite game on her tablet when he is done studying. Playing the game eventually will represent _____ for him to study his math facts.
Incentive
Rogers believed that problems can develop when a person's self-concept is _____ with his experiences in the world
Incongruent
______ is one's innate ability to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experience
Intelligence
Which of the following is a symptom of a maniac episode?
Irritability
A researcher using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale predicts that the more _____ people have, the greater the potential for increased stress and negative health outcomes
Life changing events
Overall, psychotherapy is cost-effective and helps to decrease disability, hospitalization, and problems at work. Which of the following factors seems to reduce its effectiveness?
Limitations on choice of therapist as mandated by a health insurance policy
The _____ suggests that language can affect thinking and perception
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
A researcher is interested in studying changes across the life span with regard to memory, problem solving, and language. She chooses a large sample of college seniors and decides to follow them for the next 30 years. This is an example of:
Longitudinal research
A researcher studying psychological disorders from a biological standpoint, focusing on genes, neurochemical imbalances, and problems in the brain, is using an approach known as:
Medical model
Research regarding the sexual response cycle indicates:
Men and women experience a similar pattern or cycle
During middle adulthood, one major physical change for women is _____, which is often preceded by a decrease in estrogen production and reduction in the size of the uterus
Menopause
Freud's topographical model suggests our personalities and behaviors result from:
Mental processes that occur at three levels of consciousness
Phillippe Pinel was horrified by what he observed in the asylums of Paris. He worked to improve the living conditions of people with psychological disorders, removing inmates' chains and showing them respect and care. This _____ eventually spread throughout Europe and America
Moral treatment
The word "unexcitable" can be broken into three parts. Remove one of these and the meaning of the word changes. These three parts represent _____, the fundamental unit that brings meaning to a language
Morphemes
Having older brother in a family seems to be associated with homosexuality in men. One explanation for this is the maternal immune hypothesis, which suggests that:
Mothers develop an anti-male antibody while pregnant
The boundaries of _____ are imprecise and hard to define, because they do not have rigid rules for identification. For example, not everyone agrees with what qualities make a mother
Natural concepts
The acquisition of gender roles can occur through ______, as explained by social-cognitive theory. That is, we are shaped by models in our environment.
Observational learning
Melissa experienced recurrent, all-consuming thoughts of disaster and death. These _____ were accompanied by her _____, which included repeating certain behaviors, such as locking her car and entering a room, an even number of times
Obsessions, compulsions
While walking to class one day, you notice a woman who is short of breath, clutches her chest, and appears lightheaded. You are concerned she may be experiencing a heart attack. She tells you she knows it is not her heart, but that she suffers from ________ which involves sudden, extreme bouts of fear that escalate quickly.
Panic attacks
Once an emergency has ended, the _______ reverses the processes set in motion through the fight-or-flight reaction. Heart rate and blood pressure start to decrease and respiration returns to normal
Parasympathetic nervous sytem
A friend told you about his therapist, who is non-directive, uses active listening, and shows empathy and unconditional positive regard. It sounds as if your friend's therapist is conducting:
Person-centered therapy
The schachter-singer theory suggests that the experience of emotion is the result of
Physiological arousal and cognitive labeling
______ refers to uncommon sexual acts that might involve nonhuman objects, and sometimes result sin the suffering or humiliation of those involved
Praphilia
_____ further develop during adolescence. These changes are associated with reproductive organs, such as the maturation of ovaries, uterus, penis, and testes
Primary sex characteristics
Someone who is competitive, aggressive, and hostile would likely have a _____, which indicates he is more inclined to develop cardiovascular disease than someone who is more relaxed, patient, and nonaggressive
Type A personality
To determine the _____ of an intelligence test, you could give the assessment to a sample of participants and then compare the results with another assessment of intelligence to make sure the test is measuring what it intends to measure
Validity
Which of the following form the basis for Freud's structural model of the mind?
id, ego, superego
