Psychology Final

In one study, over 2,500 photographs were shown to participants, one every 10 seconds. Participants were then shown pairs of photographs in which one member of each pair was one of the previously seen photographs. Accuracy for identifying the previously seen photos was ________.

85-95%

Joanna is experiencing severe anxiety. Her psychiatrist attributes her disorder to a chemical imbalance. Her psychiatrist is using the ________ of abnormality.

Biological Model

Unconditional positive regard is MOST important to the theory of ________.

Carl Rogers

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using a ________ design in her study.

Cross-Sectional

________ is a term that refers to the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which a person's behavior takes place.

Cultural Relativity

Stage 3 sleep is marked by ________ waves.

Delta

The goals of psychology are to ________.

Describe, Explain, Predict, & Influence

One limitation of the trait perspective compared to the other perspectives is there is not much ________.

Description

Which neurotransmitter is released in the reward pathways in the brain in response to ingestion of several psychotropic drugs?

Dopamine

Which of the following is NOT one of the three areas of intelligence described by Sternberg?

Exponential

Which is NOT a characteristic of creative people?

Extrinsic Motivation

"If it feels good, do it" BEST describes the ________.

I.D.

________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

Learning

Dolphins, according to TV and movies, are very intelligent and have strong language abilities. They might even be able to talk! However, which statement is TRUE from the research?

None of these are true

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

Pavlov was studying salvation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion

The period of five to ten years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called ________.

Perimenopause

Freud said phobias were ________ whereas Watson said phobias were ________.

Repressed Conflicts, learned

Someone who was interested in measuring a person's source traits, as described by Raymond Cattell, would use the ________.

Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF)

What used to be called "the gentle tyrant"?

Sleep

The hypothalamus controls the ________.

Sleep-Wake Cycle

What is the most frequently diagnosed anxiety disorder in the United States?

Specific Phobias

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called ________.

Human Development

Figure is to ground as ________.

IDK

The most commonly used personality inventory is the ________.

MMPI-2

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the research on post-traumatic stress disorder?

Men seem to be more vulnerable than women

For Freud, material that we are not currently aware of but that can be easily recalled is in the ________ mind.

Preconscious

________ consists of the physiological changes in the sex organs and reproductive system that occur during adolescence.

Puberty

Rashid has just had an orgasm. However, his partner is still excited and wants Rashid to continue his sexual activity. Unfortunately, Rashid has lost his erection. Rashid is probably now in the ________.

Refractory Period

Shelley and Julie are mothers who both have three-month-old infants. Shelley tells Julie, "My son is so fussy," to which Julie replies, "That's funny-my son is so easy." It appears that Shelley and Julie are discussing their newborns' ________.

Temperments

The reckless risk taking found among many adolescents is most likely due to the effects of ________.

The Personal Fable

When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember ________.

the items at the beginning and at the end more than those in the middle of the list

According to Freud's theory of personality development, there are ________ stages through which each person must pass.

5

People who are attempting to become extremely thin by refusing to eat suffer from ________.

Anorexia Nervosa

John has made a career of stealing older people's retirement money by taking advantage of their trust and selling them phony retirement investments. John explains that he has done nothing wrong-if these people were not so greedy, they would not be so eager to invest in his phony schemes. In his mind, his victims got exactly what they deserved. John's behavior and attitude are typical of someone with ________ personality disorder.

Antisocial

The BEST explanation of the moon illusion is ________.

Apparent Distance Hypothesis

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the total amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age?

As we age, we tend to get less sleep

A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called a ________.

Case Study

The disorder or culture-bound syndrome in which men fear that their penis is shrinking is primarily found in which country?

China

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of ________.

Classic Conditioning

The tendency to complete figures that are incomplete is known as ________.

Closure

Emotion has been defined as having three elements. Please identify which choice below is NOT one of the three elements.

Cognitive dissonance for the exhibited behavior.

Carl Rogers believed that people question themselves and experience negative effects on their self-concept when they receive ______.

Conditional Positive Regard

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings,

Consciousness

It's Thanksgiving and the whole family has gotten together. You start to reminisce about your childhood and get into an argument with your brother. Both of you claim that you were the innocent victim of the other. This is an example of ________.

Constructive Processing

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the _________ level of morality.

Conventional

Steve's psychiatrist notes that Steve is experiencing a disruption of the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, and identity. Therefore, Steve most likely has a(n) ________ disorder.

Dissociative

Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing ________.

Drug Tolerance

There were three friends. Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule-oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Harry was mostly ________.

Ego

Which name is most closely associated with the concept of a trait-situation interaction?

Gordon Allport and Henry Murray

The tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting is called the ________.

Halo Effect

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) seems to be related to ________.

High levels of melatonin

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that ________.

His positive feelings will increase

What symptoms of bipolar disorder are present in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Hyperactivity

Which of the following is a symptom of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder?

IDK

Which of the following is the MOST common cause of death in men during middle adulthood?

IDK

Which parts of the brain have been of specific interest to those who study the neuroscience perspective of intelligence?

IDK

Which of the following choices describes the cultural personality of the United States, according to Hofstede's dimensions of cultural personality?

Individualistic

The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is propelled by ________.

Intrinsic Motivation

One of the problems associated with asthma is that once patients experience difficulty breathing, they often make their symptoms worse by concentrating on them and/or worrying about them. Consequently, many doctors include relaxation exercises as part of a treatment program to prevent patients from making their asthmatic reactions worse. This example of how our awareness of physiological changes can influence or even cause subsequent emotions is most supportive of which of the following theories of emotion?

James Lange

Which developmental psychologist theorized that concepts preceded and aided the development of language?

Jean Piaget

Which of the following statements BEST describes the general relationship between thinking and language?

Language is a tool that may be used in thinking, but it isnt the sole basis of thought.

________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland.

Melatonin

The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called ________.

Motivation

When you watch dogs play in the park, or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of ________.

Naturalistic Observation

A hospital patient was diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia because she was having both delusions and hallucinations. What type of symptoms are these?

Negative

Intruding thoughts that occur again and again are called ________. Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors are called ________.

Obsessions, compulsions

What major conclusion about personality traits emerged from the Minnesota twin study?

Personality traits are 25-50% inherited

Which of the following is suggested by your authors as helping to substantially improve cognitive health?

Physical Exercise

The second phase of the sexual response cycle is ________.

Plateau Phase

Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are _________.

Receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage

Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War. Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth and can almost remember it; she knows that it starts with a "T." Janie is walking down the stairs, when all of a sudden, she remembers that the fifth point is taxes, but it is too late. Janie was suffering from ________.

Retrieval Erica saw her old boyfriend and her heart began to race. According to cognitive arousal theory, is she happy to see him or frightened of him? It depends on how she interprets the situation.

Which personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality?

Rorschach

________ are the raw data of experience, based on the activation of certain receptors located in the various sensory organs.

Sensations

The tendency to perceive things that resemble each other as being part of the same group is known as ________.

Similarity

Which term refers to a way to define abnormality by comparing an individual's behavior to the norms or standards of the society in which an individual lives?

Social Nonconformity

An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is ________.

The heuristic can be quicker

What do Abraham Maslow's and Carl Rogers's theories have in common?

They believe that each human being is free to choose his or her own destiny.

Which type of thought does not begin until the stage of formal operations thought?

Thinking about what is possible

The concept of the confirmation bias specifically assumes that we are most likely to believe ________.

information that agrees with our thinking

The rhythm and emphasis on each word is called ________.

intonation

Germain tends to rule his home with an iron fist. His children know the rules and they are expected to obey them without question, or there will be harsh consequences. Diana Baumrind would describe Germain's parenting style as ________.

Authoritarian

Which of the following is the term that refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher?

Zone of proximal development

The term affect is used by psychologists to refer to ________.

emotion

When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called ________.

encoding

Dr. Garcia is treating a patient who has a fear of knives. He believes his patient's fear is a kind of displacement, in which the phobic object is a symbol of whatever his patient has buried deep inside her unconscious mind. Dr. Garcia's view is consistent with that of ________.

the psychodynamic model

Gardner and his associates are known for proposing ________.

the theory of multiple intelligences

A person who comes up with as many different uses of a brick as possible, such as using them for doorstops, is a ________ thinker.

divergent

An anxiety disorder that involves a fear of interacting with others or being in a social situation is called ________.

A Social Phobia

Which of these is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability?

Adaptive behavior severely below a level appropriate for the person's age

Your aunt has a fear that makes it difficult for her to leave her home. She feels trapped and is unable to work or engage in any kind of activity that requires going outside of her home. You are not surprised when you find out your aunt is diagnosed with ________.

Agoraphobia

Carl Rogers emphasized accepting people for what they are, not for what you would like them to be. This acceptance is termed ________.

Unconditional Positive Regard

For Freud, thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in the ________ mind.

Unconscious

Interviews in which the interviewer asks questions about any material that comes up and asks follow-up questions whenever appropriate are known as ________ interviews.

Unstructured

Psychoactive drugs are ________.

Used to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods by acting on the nervous system.

Which statement BEST reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?

We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear.

The theory in which aging is attributed to our bodies' organs and cell tissues simply wearing out with repeated use and abuse is called________.

Wear & Tear Theory

The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. "I'll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50." The revealed answer is "Focused on unconscious factors." Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say?

Who is Sigmund Freud

Who was an early proponent of functionalism?

William James

During the Renaissance, abnormal behavior was believed to result from ________.

Witchcraft