Psychology Final (CH. 6, 7, 10, 14, 12)

The attraction-similarity hypothesis states that people with opposite natures find each other attractive.

False

The communication systems of the birds and the bees have high semanticity.

False

Some people with psychological disorders believe in ideas of persecution. They might fear that the FBI is after them. Which criteria of psychological disorders is reflected here?

Faulty perception or interpretation of reality

__________are rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems.

Heuristics

In Freud's psychodynamic theory,__________is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.

repression

Hippocrates suggested that psychological disorders are caused by brain abnormalities.

True

People with borderline personality disorder show instability in their relationships, self-image, and mood and a lack of control over impulses.

True

According to Sigmund Freud, conflicting emotions such as love and hate can dwell side by side in the _____.

id

Which of the following situations represents acculturation among immigrants living in the United States?

A child from France is learning English at home.

__________is the quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place.

Displacement

__________are mental representations of an auditory stimulus that are held briefly in sensory memory.

Echoes

__________is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.

Echoic memory

An anagram is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways.

False

Attitude formation is a fully mechanical process.

False

__________is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.

Infantile amnesia

Identify a criticism about the linguistic-relativity hypothesis.

Infants display considerable intelligence before they have learned to speak.

__________is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.

Intelligence

Which of the following statements is true of the elaboration likelihood model?

It describes the ways in which people respond to persuasive messages.

Which of the following is a factor that contributes to attraction?

Reciprocity

Nicholas develops a new assessment tool to measure the psychological concept of extraversion. He finds that individuals who take the test repeatedly tend to score similarly each time. Which dimension of assessment has Nicholas established?

Reliability

Which of the following statements is true of the third memory process—retrieval?

Retrieval of information requires knowledge of the proper cues.

Dana can only remember the first few and the last few items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of?

The serial-position effect

Freud theorized that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____.

conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

The core of generalized anxiety disorder appears to be:

pervasive worrying about numerous stressors.

Event-based tasks are to be performed at a certain time or after a certain amount of time has elapsed between occurrences.

False

In the context of specific phobias, acrophobia is the fear of snakes.

False

Which of the following statements is true of somatoform disorders?

Tendencies toward perfectionism and rumination, which are found among many people with somatoform disorders, are thought to be at least partly heritable.

Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?

We tend to organize information according to a hierarchical structure.

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _____.

Western cultural prejudice

Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition just by listening to it, without referring to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n) _____.

acoustic code

One reason for the fundamental attribution error is that people tend to infer traits from social roles and obligations.

False

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?

Forced-choice format

Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures.

__________is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.

Retrograde amnesia

Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal?

It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.

__________enables people to deal with other people, including difficult people, and to meet the demands of their environment.

Practical intelligence

In behavioral terms, which of the following is true of prejudice?

Prejudice is connected with avoidance, aggression, and discrimination.

In the context of measurement of personality, which of the following statements is true?

The intellectual functioning of an individual cannot be assessed without relating it to other people in the same age group.

Which of the following is true of the learning theorists?

They emphasize the importance of environmental conditions as determinants of behavior.

Attitudes with a strong emotional impact are more accessible.

True

From the behavioral perspective, organisms that are reinforced for aggressive behavior are more likely to behave aggressively in situations similar to those in which reinforcement occurs.

True

Jason, while standing on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using _____.

a visual code

A(n)__________is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways.

analogy

The__________is a decision-making heuristic in which our estimates of frequency or probability of events are based on how easy it is to find examples.

availability heuristic

When Alex learned that the local supermarket sells chemically grown vegetables, he started buying vegetables that were sold at the organic farmers' market. In the context of changing attitudes through persuasion, Alex was influenced by _____.

fear appeal

In__________, people forget their entire lives.

generalized dissociative amnesia

The _____ is vital in storing new information even if one can retrieve old information without it.

hippocampus

Prejudices act as cognitive filters through which people view the social world. People tend to think of people as "familiar" or "foreign," or "good" or "bad." Their feelings and reactions toward others may be biased by these perceptions. This source of prejudice is referred to as _____.

information processing

According to evolutionary psychologists, men prefer physical allure in their partner because:

it provides reproductive advantages.

In the context of the nativist approach to language development, the _____ prepares the nervous system to learn grammar.

language acquisition device

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the names several times. This scenario illustrates__________.

maintenance rehearsal

Kim has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with _____.

major depressive disorder

Posttraumatic stress disorder:

may occur months or years after a traumatic experience.

Susan, an astronomer, studies the nature of stars and has contributed significantly to the understanding of the laws that govern their behavior. In this scenario, Susan is exhibiting _____.

naturalist intelligence

Lisa, a high school student, is suspicious of her classmates. She does not trust them and keeps a distance from everyone at school. Lisa is most likely suffering from__________.

paranoid personality disorder

Evan and Amy are physically attracted to each other and cannot stand being apart. However, they do not have future plans for their relationship. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates__________.

passion

Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to _____.

priming

Implicit memories involve methods and skills, cognitive and physical, and are also referred to as _____.

procedural memories

Sarah remembers that she must pack her suitcase and must lock all the windows and doors before she leaves for her vacation the next day. Her memory about activities that need to be performed in the future is known as _____.

prospective memory

When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions may seem fluid enough; however, they consist of a series of eye fixations referred to as _____.

saccadic eye movements

People with generalized anxiety disorder:

suffer from persistent anxiety that cannot be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.

In psychological testing,__________refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

validity

Identify a true statement about problem solving.

Heuristics are often based on strategies that worked in the past.

Which of the following statements is true of language?

Language makes it possible for one person to communicate knowledge to another.

__________refers to the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.

Personality

Which of the following statements is true of heuristics?

They permit more rapid solutions than algorithms.

A(n) _____ is a systematic procedure for solving a problem that works invariably when it is correctly applied.

algorithm

During a math test, Jacob is given the lengths of two sides of a right triangle and is asked to find the length of its third side. He uses the Pythagorean theorem to calculate the length. In this scenario, Jacob has used a(n) _____ to calculate the length of the third side of the right triangle.

algorithm

People with _____ are preoccupied with exaggerated or imagined physical defects; continuous hair pulling, and compulsive skin-picking.

body dysmorphic disorder

When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, Aaron is a(n) _____.

collectivist

Freud believed that a major instinct,__________, aims to preserve and perpetuate life.

eros

According to the study conducted by Sprecher and Felmlee in 2008, U.S. women are more willing than U.S. men to marry someone who:

is not good-looking.

In the context of social cognitive theory, examples of situational variables include:

rewards and punishments.

In the context of the Milgram studies,__________were the real participants.

scientists/teachers

In__________, mental processes such as thoughts, emotions, memory, consciousness, even knowledge of one's own identity—the processes that make a person feel whole—may seem to be split off from one another.

the dissociative disorders

The difference between major depressive disorder and run-of-the-mill depression is that:

the feeling of lack of energy, low self-esteem, loss of interest in activities is more intense in people with major depressive disorder.

When Jacob met his supervisor for the first time, he remembered to smile as he answered her questions. On seeing his smile, his supervisor thought Jacob is a friendly person. In terms of social perception, Jacob's impression is an example of _____.

the primacy effect

Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference?

It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.

Which of the following is true of the social cognitive theory?

It pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior.

In__________, thought is limited to present facts and the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution.

convergent thinking

Levels of _____, a stress hormone, in the saliva are elevated during a severe panic attack.

cortisol

The seeds of individualism and collectivism are found in the__________in which a person grows up.

culture

Clara has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder. It seems like she has two different personalities. She is allergic to peanuts but the other personality, residing within her, is not allergic to peanuts. Clara has most likely been diagnosed with__________.

dissociative identity disorder

Schizophrenia is characterized by:

disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood.

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ involves closeness and caring—championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own.

intimacy

Peter and Kirsten share a warm relationship and count on each other for emotional support without sexual feelings for each other. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates__________.

intimacy

According to Freud, the id follows the _____.

pleasure principle

Norbert, a musician, wanted to produce his own solo album under a budget of $50,000. However, when he changed the project into a group album with his bandmates, Norbert escalated the budget to $200,000. In this scenario, Norbert is displaying a group effect known as _____.

polarization

Cross-cultural studies on mate selection find that men tend to place relatively greater emphasis on professional status, consideration, dependability, kindness, and fondness for children.

False

Deindividuation is the tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping.

False

Learning theory focused on enduring personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system.

False

Jane has episodes where she cannot remember what she did or where she was. She has found clothes in her closet that does not belong to her. When she goes to see the doctor, she introduces herself as Suzy. Jane is most likely to be diagnosed with:

dissociative identity disorder.

Firdous always complains of a tickling sensation in her palms. She has visited several physicians who have assured her that she is physically healthy. Despite the repeated reassurances, she runs from doctor to doctor, seeking the one who will find the cause of the sensation. In this scenario, Firdous is exhibiting:

illness anxiety disorder.

One of the similarities between views of Karen Horney and Erik Erikson is that both believed that:

social relationships (such as that between a parent and child) are more important determinants of personality than sexual urges.

Barbara wanted to know whether Americans bought more American-made cars or more foreign-made cars. She arrived at a conclusion based on the cars her American friends drove. In this scenario, Barbara used _____ to come to a conclusion.

the availability heuristic

In the context of creativity and intelligence, _____ helps generate many possible solutions to problems.

divergent thinking

At a painting exhibition, Martha admired a painting that depicted a farm. Half an hour later, when she was having lunch with a friend, Martha was able to recall several details depicted in the painting. She remembered correctly the colors that were used, the animals that were drawn, and even the number of trees in the painting. Martha's ability to remember these details is known as _____.

eidetic imagery

In the context of the theories of intelligence,__________resembles two of Howard Gardner's "intelligences"—intrapersonal skills and interpersonal skills.

emotional intelligence

_____ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.

Carl Jung

People describe Sarah as peculiar. She mixes up random words from different languages and strings them together in rambling sentences. She plays out her fantasy of living in a world made of cotton candy all day. However, she does not suffer from hallucinations or delusions. Sarah is displaying symptoms of _____.

schizotypal personality disorder