Psychology Final Ch.2
Following a group of kindergarteners every other year until they graduate and evaluating their performance is an example of ________.
Longitudinal Research
If a researcher found a correlation coefficient of -.85 between amount of exercise and weight, this would indicate that the more people exercise, the ________ they weigh.
Less
Informed consent means clearly explaining all of the following EXCEPT
explaining the hypothesis to the participants
In order for an experiment to be considered fair, ________.
all data should be considered when evaluation a hypothesis
Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________.
archival research
A(n) ________ is a testable prediction that is arrived at logically from a(n) ________.
hypothesis; theory
Using a p-value of .05 means that there is a 95% chance that the results of a study are truly statistically significant. This means that there is still a 5% chance those results are due to chance. This, combined with ________, are two main contributing factors to the reproducibility crisis.
publication bias
If every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate in a study, then it is considered a ________.
random sample
If an experiment can be easily replicated by another researcher and provide similar results, it is considered
reliable
Which animals are most commonly used in psychological research?
rodents and birds
Chelsea wants to know if the room temperature in the testing center affects participants test scores. In this experiment, the independent variable is ________.
room temperature
Ryan is conducting an experiment on the type of breakfast eaten by high schoolers and their wakefulness and alertness during the day. Which is the best way for Ryan to prevent experimenter bias?
He should not know what the student ate for breakfast
Francis is studying the relationship between personality traits and drug abuse. If she determines that there is a significant relationship between these two variables, that means her study would have a p-value of ________ or less
.05
If two different variables are not related at all, they probably have a correlation coefficient of ________.
0
Which organization reviews research conducted using animal subjects?
IACUC
If Miguel wants to replicate Sara's study, which section of Sara's research article will be most valuable to him?
Methods
Which variable is manipulated by the experimenter?
independent variable
Correlation means all of the following EXCEPT that ________.
one variable causes another
A theory is a(n) ________.
set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
If Maria conducts a study and discovers the results seem consistent enough to not have been caused by chance, she can conclude that her findings are ________.
statistically significant
When other experimenters attempted to replicate the results of the McCabe and Castel study about the effect of an image on the perceived quality of research article, they found ________.
that the result did not replicate
A little girl at the local elementary school is writing symphonies for full orchestra at age 7. You're curious to know about the child's personality and other psychological qualities. Which type of study would you conduct?
Case Study
The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables is expressed by the ________.
Correlation coefficient
When both the researchers and the participants do not know which conditions the participants are assigned to, the research design is known as ________.
Double-Blind
If an experiment measures what it is supposed to measure, it is considered ________.
valid
Maxwell's research group is conducting a study on the relationship between daytime toddler naps and dinnertime appetite. Some groups are assigned to a 1 ½-2 ½ hour afternoon nap, some to a 30-60 minutes nap, or some to no nap at all. The amount they eat for dinner is recorded. In this study, the ________ is the dependent variable and ________ is the control group.
amount of food; no nap
If you are studying depression rates during the cold winter months, a potential ________ could be the stress of the busy holiday season.
confounding variable
Jonas wants to understand the relationship between head size and intelligence. What type of study might he perform?
correlational
McCabe and Castel conducted experiments to assess whether a brain image influenced the way students perceived the quality of a scientific article. Across three experiments, they found that students rated the quality of scientific reasoning higher when a brain image was present. Their research would indicate that the study ________.
does replicate
If a researcher wants to understand if eating more bananas causes increased irritability, what type of study should they perform?
experimental
A popular, new personality test consistently yields the same results when given to the same people over a period of several months and when administered to similar people. The test asks so many cultural questions, however, that many think the test does not accurately measure personality. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity.
High; Low
Briggs is interested in whether there is a difference in the way males and females carry objects such as backpacks and computer cases, so she sets up a hidden camera on the main mall of the college and videotapes students at various times throughout the day. Which type of study is this?
Naturalistic observation
If you participate in a study and find out that the medication you received did not contain actual medication inside, then that pill is considered a(n) ________.
Placebo
A little girl at the local elementary school is writing symphonies for full orchestra at age 7. You're curious to know about the child's personality and other psychological qualities. Which type of study would you conduct?
Survey
What is the abstract of a scholarly article?
The section with a summary of the whole article
There is ________ correlation between the number of hours of sleep a person gets and how tired they feel.
a negative
A psychologist who is interested in finding out about the lives and experiences of blended multi-racial families wants to know how such individuals are viewed by their families, friends, and co-workers and how they view themselves. He conducts a series of structured interviews with the various individuals and asks specific questions based on ideas he has that he thinks will be important for understanding this particular life experience. What type of study is this?
case study
Research that compares multiple segments of the population at the same time is known as ________.
cross-sectional research
In a study about anxiousness, researchers have participants either read a story about a girl who is stressed about her final exams and other work and family commitments or a classic fairytale. Before the study, they plan to have students self-report on their levels of anxiety, then re-test them after the study to see if the anxious story increased anxiousness levels. In this example, the students' reported anxiousness after reading a story is the
dependent variable
What measures the effects of the independent variable?
dependent variable
Random assignment is important in grouping participants in a research study because ________.
it balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants
In order for an experiment to be considered verifiable, ________.
it must be replicable by another researcher
In order for an experiment to be considered falsifiable, ________.
it should be capable of being disproved
In order for an experiment to be considered predictable, ________.
it should make assumptions about future events
Which best describes the basic steps of the scientific method?
make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, do an experiment, analyze the results, prove or disprove the hypothesis
Heather is conducting a study on music and memory. She plays different types of music while students memorize lists of words, then tests them on their retention after 1 hour, 1 day, and 1 week. In this example, which is the independent variable?
the type of music
What best describes the purpose of the IRB?
to review proposals for research that involves human participants