Psychology Final Exam

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Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of the multiple intelligences model does this exemplify? interpersonal intrapersonal linguistic naturalist

interpersonal

Which option is the greatest risk factor for the development of burnout? a Type A problem resistance an absence of eustressors job strain

job strain

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve. equal status come-uppance just-world equipoentiality

just-world

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. conditioned latent partial primary

latent

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. negative punishment negative reinforcement positive punishment positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

A police or FBI SWAT team handling a hostage situation exemplifies a ________ team. creative problem-resolution tactical Theory X

tactical

What are the three sources of work-family conflicts?

(1) Time devoted to work makes it difficult to fulfill requirements of family, or vice versa, (2) strain from participation in work makes it difficult to fulfill requirements of family, or vice versa, and (3) specific behaviors required by work make it difficult to fulfill the requirements of family, or vice versa.

________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes. Biofeedback Meditation Relaxation response technique The Selye Method

Biofeedback

Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact. cognitive mental morbid physiological

physiological

At the most basic level, schizophrenia is best conceptualized as a(n) ________ disorder. impulse control obsessive-compulsive dissociative psychotic

psychotic

What was the most controversial conclusion made by Arthur Jensen with regard to Level 1 and Level II intelligence? - African Americans, as a group, had the lowest amount of Level II intelligence. - Level I intelligence could only be mastered by those who were socioeconomically advantaged. - Those without Level II intelligence should be sterilized so that they could not reproduce. - Level I intelligence at higher levels should exempt citizens from military service.

African Americans, as a group, had the lowest amount of Level II intelligence

The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is ________ intelligence. crystallized intrapersonal applied fluid

fluid

What is comorbidity? co-occurrence of two disorders having two causes for a single disorder having two causes of death mental disorder leading to death

co-occurrence of two disorders

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact. cognitive emotional physical social

cognitive

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love. companionate consummate fatuous romantic

companionate

A major limitation of the case study method is the inability to ________ its findings to other, similar situations or cases.

generalize

According to Freud's psychosexual theory of personality, the ________ stage involves a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent). anal genital oral phallic

genital

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. egocentric hindsight stereotypical transient

hindsight

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive. ego id superego unconscious

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development. generativity vs. stagnation identity vs. confusion isolation vs. intimacy trust vs. mistrust

identity vs. confusion

Which option is best described as a hormone that induces feelings of satiety, or fullness when eating? estrogen polypeptide Y leptin cholecystokinin

leptin

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? - blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room - determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing - pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red - rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during the fall and winter months when she gets less direct exposure to sunlight What kind of depression does Alexis have? bipolar peripartum/postpartum persistent depressive seasonal pattern

seasonal pattern

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? avoidant disorganized resistant secure

secure

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? interpretation language semantics syntax

semantics

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? effortful procedural recall sensory

sensory

In ________ meditation, a person's attention is focused on some internal process or a specific external object.

Mindfulness

In which lobes of the brain are the motor cortex and somatosensory cortex located ?

The motor cortex is found in the frontal lobe, and the somatosensory cortex is housed in the parietal lobe.

________ is the active application of a set of skills to information for the understanding and evaluation of that information.

critical thinking

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? fixed interval fixed ratio variable interval variable ratio

fixed interval

A(n) ________ , also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animal's rewards and punishments A) Gestalt room B) isolation chamber C) Skinner box D) Watson manipulator

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. A) Autonomic B) parasympathetic C) somatic D) sympathetic

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. A) autonomic B) parasympathetic C) somatic D) sympathetic

Briefly describe what Freud meant when he discussed the Oedipus complex.

During the third stage of psychosexual development, Freud argued that boys develop a desire to possess their mother and a simultaneous resentment of their father. He felt that boys then fear their father in what he called castration anxiety. The complex is resolved through identification with the father. OR The Oedipus complex comes at the phallic stage and is only for boys. Freud stated that boys developed this desire to be with or posses their mother and because of this they resented their father. Freud later explain that the boys would fear their father because the were afraid of being punished for these feelings towards his mother. This he called castration anxiety and get resolved with identification with the father.

Describe the four stages of sleep, how we progress through them, and what might be seen in an EEG of a person's brain activity during each of those stages.

The four stages of sleep start with stage 1, where we are laying in our bed, half awake, half asleep. Then we have stage 2, and this is when our temperature gets lowered as well as our heart rate to "ease" us into sleep, and it's where the brain produces these "spindle like" things. The third stage is where our bodies, especially our muscles start to relax, and our blood pressure, and breathing rates drop the most. This is our deepest sleep state.It is followed by the fourth stage called REM sleep and our brain functions the most in this part, our body can become immobilized, our eyes are moving rapidly and our dreams can start to happen. In the EEG our brain activity will be normal in stage 1, slightly increase in stage 2, stay constant at stage 3 and reach its highest peak during the REM sleep, the last stage.

Name the seven universal emotions identified by Paul Ekman and others.

The seven universal emotions are happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger.

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify? conservation egocentrism abstract thought reversibility

egocentrism

This student of Wilhelm Wundt developed Wundt's ideas into an area called structuralism, a field that focused on understanding the contents rather than the function of mental processes.

(Edward) Titchener

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness. In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. Outside of laboratory settings, people have a lower absolute threshold.

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to minority cultures. Rorschach test Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

In Europe, the field of human factors psychology is more commonly referred to as ________.

ergonomics

Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by one's culture as well as their interactions with their own environment? Piaget Kohlberg Vygotsky Ainsworth

vygotsky

An organizational psychologist studies such topics as ________. an applicant's qualifications for a job the kind of mentality required to perform a job whether cubicles or an open floor plan are more conducive to productivity worker satisfaction, motivation, and commitment

worker satisfaction, motivation and commitment

Which gland is referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system, and which brain structure links it to the central nervous system?

1) The pituitary gland is referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system, and it communicates with the central nervous system via the hypothalamus. OR 2) The pituitary gland is known as the master gland of the endocrine system because it regulates endocrine system activity. It communicates to the central nervous system through the hypothalamus .

What are the two branches of the somatic nervous system?

1) Two branches of the somatic nervous system is the sensory system and then the "motor"" system also known as the afferent ( sensory) and efferent( motor). OR 2) The somatic nervous system includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy? A) Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment. B) Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it. C) Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy. D) Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late.

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? A) In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness. B) In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. C) In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. D) Outside of laboratory settings, people have a lower absolute threshold.

Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads? A) androgens B) dopamine C) endorphins D) estrogens

Which of the following brain processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex? A) breathing B) emotion C) memory D) reasoning

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent? A) explaining the hypothesis to the participants B) letting participants know that participation is voluntary C) obtaining the participant's signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor D) reviewing that data is confidential

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds. A) higher; louder B) higher; quieter C) higher; weaker D) lower; louder

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus. A) Binocular B) Opponent C) monocular D) Trichromatic

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time. A) attrition B) experimenter bias C) generalizability D) single blinding

Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome? A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path. Bill collapses by the side of the road after the marathon. Sheila almost drowned, but she was able to keep her head out of the water and focus on swimming to shore. William sleepwalks when he eats too much candy before bed.

A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path.

What is an advanced directive? - A legal document that bars anyone from providing resuscitative care if one's heart should stop or they stop breathing. - A statement of what a person wants done with their estate, including who their possessions should go to. - A legal document that provides specific interventions that a person wants. - An indication of what a person wants for their own funeral ceremonies (including requesting that no funeral be held).

A legal document that provides specific interventions that a person wants

Parsons and her colleagues are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use? A) computerized tomography (CT) scan B) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D) positron emission tomography (PET)

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm. A) lucid B) biological C) heterostatic D) suprachiasmatic

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________. A) archival research, naturalistic observation B) archival research, surveys C) case studies, naturalistic observation D) experiments, surveys

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish? A) feel someone touching her hand B) groan and move her eyes C) hear someone talking to her D) speak in simple words

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract. A) autonomic B) parasympathetic C) somatic D) sympathetic

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________. A) Validity B) Reliability C) standardization D)operationalization

The empirical method of study is based on ________. A) logical positivism. B) observation of phenomena. C) practice of skills or procedures. D)statistical validation.

The myelin sheath is made from ________. A) axons B) glial cells C) somas D) terminal buttons

The space between two neurons is called the ________. A) soma B) synapse C) terminal button D) vesicle

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. A) behavioral genetics B) evolution by natural selection C) genetic mutation D) survivalism

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb. A) genotype; Bb B) genotype; bb C) phenotype; Bb D) phenotype; bb

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common? A) They were all concerned with describing and understanding animal behavior. B) They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience. C) They were all concerned with diagnosing and treating female psychosis. D) They were all concerned with the nature of evil during the Nazi regime.

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? A) correlational studies B) experimental C) quasi-experimental D) archival research

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? A) correlational studies B) experimental C) quasi-experimental D)archival research

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression? A) dopamine; acetylcholine B) dopamine; norepinephrine C) serotonin; GABA D) serotonin; glutamate

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States? A) Carl Rogers B) Francis Cecil Sumner C) Naomi Weisstein D) Noam Chomsky

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________ waves of light. A) higher amplitude B) longer wavelengths C) shorter wavelengths D) lower amplitude

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers. A) Attrition B) Inter-rater reliability C) A control group D) Validity

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? - Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. - Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. - Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. - Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Define and give the three dimensions of burnout

Burnout refers to a general sense of emotion and cynicism with regard to one's job. The three dimensions are exhaustion, depersonalization, and diminished personal accomplishment. OR Burnout is defined as a very generalized sense of emotion and cynicism when referring to your job. The three dimensions are exhaustion, diminished personal accomplishment and depersonalization.

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design. A) cross sectional B) experimental C) longitudinal D) survey

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest. A) experimental plan B) hypothesis C) operational definition D) theory

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study. A) correlation coefficient B)scatterplot C) statistical analysis D) validity assessment

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident? A) blindness B) a loss of both his sense of taste and his sense of smell C) no sensation in his legs and feet D) Wernicke's aphasia

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. A) explaining the subconscious B) the operation of individual parts of the mind C) the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts D) understanding the id, ego, and superego

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________. A) behaviorism B) client-centered therapy C) introspection D) psychoanalysis

If you watch a flock of birds flying overhead, each very close to the next one, you may perceive them as all being part of the same group. If they were all spaced very much apart, however, you may see them as individual birds not flying together. This distinction takes advantage of which Gestalt principle? A) proximity B) closure C) contiguity D) figure-ground

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why? A) The elderly are contracting more cognitive diseases. B) People in developed nations revere the elderly. C) Populations of developed nations are living longer. D) Populations of developing nations are dying sooner.

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content. A) biological B) circadian C) latent D) manifest

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________. A) A disruption in signals that regulate breathing, which are sent from the brain, cause periods of interrupted breathing. B) An individual dreams she cannot breathe and wakes up in a panic. C) An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep. D) Signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing are blocked in the hypothalamus.

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. A) humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism B) humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism C) structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism D) structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism

Some neurons can only generate action potentials up to a certain speed, and no faster. This fact is a limitation of the ________ theory of pitch perception. A) opponent-process B) place C) temporal D) volley

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. A) inter-rater reliability B) standardization C) replication D) validity

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________. A) faster; a shorter duration B) faster; longer lasting C) slower; a shorter duration D) slower; longer lasting

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months? A) correlational B) sequential C) cross-sectional D) longitudinal

Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig? A) Wolfgang Köhler B) Sigmund Freud C) Wilhelm Wundt D) William James

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation? A) cognitive B) Counseling C) forensic D) legal

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? A) corneal B) acoustic C) optic D) gustatory

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism? A) Scientific instruments were not sensitive enough to measure precise reaction times. B)Structuralism was parsimonious. C) The process was highly subjective. D) Wilhelm Wundt falsified his results.

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism? A) Scientific instruments were not sensitive enough to measure precise reaction times. B)Structuralism was parsimonious. C)The process was highly subjective. D) Wilhelm Wundt falsified his results.

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false? A) Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. B) Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity. C) Sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD. D) Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms.

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. A) Behaviorism B) Gestalt psychology C) Humanism D) Structuralism

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity? A) consistency B) applicability C) accuracy D) repetition

________ (IRB) reviews research that is involves the use of human participants. A) Institutional Research Board B)Institutional Research Bureau C) Institutional Review Board D) Institutional Review Bureau

A psychological disorder is a ________. condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors condition characterized by normal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors medical condition that has identifiable neurological causes. set of situational, idiosyncratic, or unconventional inner feelings

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

n a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________. A) cornea; iris B) fovea; lens C) iris; retina D) lens; fovea

What is a debriefing?

Debriefing occurs after the participant's involvement in the study is finished, and it must occur if deception has taken place. Debriefing includes a discussion of the true and complete study purpose, how the data will be collected and used, reasons why debriefing was necessary, and how to obtain more information about the study.

What were the five stages of grief proposed by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross?

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance.

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America? International Classification of Diseases Determinants of Social Mental Disorders Determining Statistical Manifestation of Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

________ is/are the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance. Peak experiences Distress Eustress Anastress

Eustress

What are pheromones?

Pheromones are chemical messages. Pheromonal communication often involves providing information about the reproductive status of a potential mate. So, for example, when a female rat is ready to mate, she secretes pheromonal signals that draw attention from nearby male rats. Pheromonal activation is actually an important component in eliciting sexual behavior in the male rat.

How are primary sexual characteristics different from secondary sexual characteristics?

Primary sexual characteristics are organs specifically needed for reproduction, like the uterus and ovaries in females and testes in males. Secondary sexual characteristics are physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs, such as breasts and hips in girls and facial hair and a deepened voice in boys.

List, in order, the three stages of prenatal development.

The three stages of prenatal development are the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality? They are more respectful of feminist psychology concepts. They are universal to virtually all cultures studied. They can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions. They use animal research instead of relying on research with humans.

They can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions.

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________. forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart places stress on the thyroid system, which inflames the arteries restricts a person's salt intake, which suppresses the immune system slows the heart rate, which leads to less efficient distribution of oxygen through the body

forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? amygdala cerebellum hippocampus prefrontal cortex

hippocampus

Sweating and shivering are responses created due to internal temperature fluctuations, and they are designed to bring the body back into ________. alignment homeostasis locus neutral

homeostasis

Industrial-organizational psychology is a branch of psychology that studies ________. how human behavior and psychology affect work and how they are affected by work how jobs typically performed by women are underpaid compared to jobs typically performed by men how the unemployed are fundamentally different from the employed why American workers tend to be more individualistic than collectivistic in their occupational orientations

how human behavior and psychology affect work and how they are affected by work

Which concept describes traits that are fundamental to one's personal identity (e.g., skin color and hair texture) that an employer cannot use to discriminate in hiring job applicants? KSAs adaptive traits immutable characteristic genotypical traits

immutable characteristics

In an experiment, the variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher is called the ________ variable.

independent

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. conditioning instincts learning reflexes

instincts

Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Nathan appears to suffer from ________ personality disorder. borderline histrionic narcissistic schizotypal

narcissistic

Those symptoms that involve noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives in those afflicted with schizophrenia are called ________ symptoms. absentee invisible negative positive

negative

The notion that the manner in which one's brain develops can have a significant impact on a person's cognitive functioning is central to the ________ perspective in developmental psychology. neuroconstructivist biopsychosocial epigenetic naturist

neuroconstructivist

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. kinesthesia nociception preconception thermoception

nociception

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________. experiences flashbacks interspersed with depression never thinks about the risk that a major depressive episode will follow a manic episode often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania once started a day euphoric and ended the day tired

often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in the development of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder? anterior cortex cingulate cortex orbitofrontal cortex prefrontal cortex

orbitofrontal cortex

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced, ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. Perception, transduction Perception, sensation Transduction,perception Sensation, perception

perception,sensation

When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself. central haloed compliance peripheral

peripheral

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? authoritarian authoritative Freudian permissive

permissive

Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a ________. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting prescription for psychotropic medicine set of instructions to be carried out without deviation written record of a person's history, including their actions and qualities

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. syllable morpheme phoneme syntactic unit

phoneme

The area of study first proposed by Franz Gall, in which it was believed that personality traits could be uncovered by studying the bumps on someone's skull, was called ________.

phrenology

The ________ effect occurs when a person's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation.

placebo

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring Cordelia's left arm. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing ________ disorder. panic bipolar posttraumatic stress schizotypal personality

post traumatic stress

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won't forget it. This process is called ________. distributed practice the method of loci rehearsal chunking

rehearsal

According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS. Koelling Rescorla Garcia Thorndike

rescorla

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. artificial event role script

role

During the international coronavirus pandemic, many people began acting aggressively toward individuals of Chinese descent, blaming them for the virus even though most of those people had lived in the United States for their entire lives. Those Chinese-Americans were the victim of a process called ________. confirmation bias effort justification in-group bias scapegoating

scapegoating

Erikah has just arrived at the funeral of her friend's father. Even though Erikah is usually very outspoken and jovial, she keeps her voice down, expresses her sympathy to the family members, and sits quietly and respectfully during the religious service. Erikah is following the ________ of how to behave in this particular situation. social role social norm script heuristic

script

Autism spectrum disorder is marked by all but which of the following categories of symptoms? deficits in communication deficits in social interactions repetitive patterns of behavior or interests severe depressive symptoms

severe depressive symptoms

What is the most common reason for invoking a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) as a defense against an employer accused of discrimination? age race religion sex

sex

Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails and that the spiders will hatch inside his skin and will eventually begin to eat his organs. What kind of delusion is this? disorganized grandiose paranoid somatic

somatic

Lindsay has been fighting her unrealistic and irrational fear of trucks for her entire life. She is able to ride any other type of vehicle - a car, a bicycle, even a helicopter - but she is terrified of getting into any form of truck and refuses to do so. Diagnostically this would be categorized as a(n) ________ phobia.

specific

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory? advocating for analytical psychology suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality the idea that men have womb envy the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

Illnesses such as diabetes and cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________. an algorithm the availability heuristic functional fixedness the hindsight bias

the availability heuristic

What is meant by the term etiology? the cause of a disorder the different symptoms of a given condition likely future path of an illness frequency with which a given illness occurs

the cause of a disorder

What was responsible for the development of the indigenous model of studying the cultural context of personality? the dominance of Western approaches to studying personality in non-Western cultures the reality that many indigenous cultures were slowly disappearing from existence the unwillingness of professional journals to publish studies whose participants did not reflect different cultural backgrounds the American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines requiring a multicultural approach to all research

the dominance of Western approaches to studying personality in non-Western cultures

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________. unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned stimulus conditioned response

conditioned response

In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the "learner" was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgram's instructions. ally associate confederate union

confederate

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________. confirmation bias availability heuristic representativeness bias self-fulfilling prophecy

confirmation bias

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. Congruence Egotism Incongruence Self--efficacy

congruence

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces? autopilot biofeedback coping distress

coping

Design teams for car manufacturers create new vehicle models. What type of team does this exemplify? creative problem-resolution human factors Theory Y

creative

The goal of hospice care is to provide - medical options for the treatment of terminal illnesses so that death can be avoided. - death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable setting. - liaisons to experimental treatments that might not be readily available for some patients. - legal options for family members making medical decisions on the part of another.

death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable setting.

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? denial displacement rationalization rejection

denial

What is the main idea of drive theory? achieving homeostasis requires increasing the metabolic rate deviations from commonly accepted drives result in an inability to satisfy physiological needs deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that then push us to behave failure to achieve homeostasis results in poor cognition and deficits in memory and learning

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that then push us to behave

Doug is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy's pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify? dimension 1 - exhaustion dimension 2 - depersonalization dimension 3 - diminished personal accomplishment dimension 4 - giving up

dimension 2 - depersonalization

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this? avoidant disorganized resistant secure

disorganized

Which pair of neurotransmitters has received the most attention as a potential explanation for the symptoms of schizophrenia? gamma-aminobutyric acid and oxytocin norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid serotonin and norepinephrine dopamine and serotonin

dopamine and serotonin

Which of the following exemplifies an advertisement that would reflect a task-oriented approach to job analysis? driver who can operate a forklift in small spaces, drive a cement-mixer, and handle explosive material experienced part-time nanny who loves energetic children motivated and ambitious person to earn money in the comfort of your own home pet sitter familiar with the feeding habits of reptiles and spiders

driver who can operate a forklift in small spaces, drive a cement-mixer, and handle explosive material

Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________? asymptomatic episodic limited in duration to a few weeks reoccurring every few months

episodic

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________. groupthink the self-serving bias the actor-observer effect the fundamental attribution error

the fundamental attribution error

Of the following options, which is not one of the temperaments first proposed by Thomas and Chess (1977)? the easy baby the difficult baby the slow to warm up baby the secure baby

the secure baby

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________. chi focusing biofeedback transcendental meditation the practice of tai chi

transcendental meditation

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. a just noticeable difference subliminal perception top-down processing transduction

transduction

Carlos is a small business owner. Recently, he became the primary caretaker for his aging mother. He works long hours at his business while also making sure that his mother can keep her medical appointments and has company in the evening. This exemplifies ________. theory y management occupational burnout theory x management work-family balance

work-family balance

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. embryo placenta fetus zygote

zygote

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ________. A) Margaret Floy Washburn B) Inez Prosser C) Mary Whiton Calkins D) Mamie Clark

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. A) control B) double-blind C) pilot D) randomly assigned

Mescaline is considered a(n) ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. A) depressant B) hallucinogenic C) opioid D) stimulant

One example of ________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function. A) brain organization B) lateralization C) synaptogenesis D) Wernicke's area

Briefly describe the different processes of rods and cones.

1) Cones are very sensitive to acute detail and provide tremendous spatial resolution. They also are directly involved in our ability to perceive color. Rods are specialized photoreceptors that work well in low light conditions, and while they lack the spatial resolution and color function of the cones, they are involved in our vision in dimly lit environments and in our perception of movement on the periphery of our visual field. OR 2) Cones are a type of photoreceptors known as the photooptic vision meaning daytime.They are very sensitive to detail and provide a lot of spatial resolution.They are located in the fovea and they are directly involved in our ability to perceive color.Rods are the other type of photoreceptors which works best in the night time. It is highly sensitive and are involved in our ability to see in dimly list environments and in our perception or movements in our periphery vision.

List two different functions of glial cells.

1) Glial cells provide scaffolding on which the nervous system is built; they also help neurons line up closely with each other to communicate, insulate neurons, transport nutrients and waste products, and mediate immune responses. OR 2) One function a glial cell has is to insulate one neuron from another. Another function is how they destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons.

What are clear definitions of inductive and deductive reasoning?

1) Inductive reasoning describes the process where empirical observations lead to new ideas, whereas deductive reasoning describes the process of ideas being tested against the empirical world. OR 2) Inductive reasoning can be easily defined as conclusions that can be taken from what is seen,recorded or observed by the scientist. On the other hand, Deductive reasoning is defined as a conclusion drawn from general knowledge.

List and describe at least three different subspecialties within the field of psychology. What are the major emphases of these different areas of study?

1) Industrial Organization is a type of sub-specialty which applies psychological theories and principles to a work related settings. The major emphases of this type of psychology is to understand the way a group o people work together in the environmental work setting. 2) Sports psychology is a type of sub specialty in which a psychologist tries to work with certain aspects of sports and athletes in helping them find at what peak of anxiety will allow for their best physical performance. 3) Forensic Psychology is a psychologist who works within the justice system and generally asses whether a suspect that's been apprehended is mentally fit to be processed and tried.

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall. A) behavioral genetics B) environmental psychology C) evolutionary psychology D) range of reaction

Compare and contrast structuralism and functionalism.

1) While structuralism focused on understanding the conscious experience, functionalism focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment. Wilhelm Wundt, a structuralist theorist, believed that our cognitive experience was best understood by breaking that experience into its component parts using introspection. William James was a functionalist: Functionalism focused on how mental activities served as adaptive responses to an organism's environment. Like Wundt, James also relied on introspection; however, James's research approach also incorporated more objective measures. OR 2) In psychology there are various defining branches which have led to the current psychology we know today. Within it; two of the first we learned about were structuralism and functionalism. Structuralism was founded by Wilhelm Wundt, who tried to understand our conscious experience through introspection however, this branch of psychology is deemed un-quantifiable. Functionalism on the hand, founded by William James, is the functionality of the cognitive process. He tried to show how our traits had a function for survival.Although both scientist used introspection Wundt's process was less objective than James and therefore was said to be substantial.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average American work spends approximately ________ hours working each week. 20 to 24 28 to 35 42 to 54 55 to 62

42 to 54

An intelligence score that falls below ________ indicates significant cognitive delays, and may be indicative of an intellectual disability. 130 100 70 40

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. A) Gestalt psychology B) humanism C) psychoanalytic theory D) structuralism

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example? A) binocular disparity B) bottom-up processing C) oculomotor convergence D) top-down processing

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? A) clinical psychology B) cognitive psychology C)counseling psychology D) social psychology

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________. A) chromosomes; DNA B) chromosomes; genes C) DNA; genes D) genes; DNA

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head. A) case study B) experiment C) naturalistic observation D) survey

Light waves are first transmitted through the ________ at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the ________ before shining onto the retina. A) cornea; pupil B) sclera; lens C) lens; sclera D) pupil; cornea

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. A) circadian B) external C) melatonin D) diurnal

One principle of civil engineering is that when you design a highway you should have traffic flow in the same direction and avoid interruptions to that flow as much as possible. Exit ramps tend to be curved so that cars don't have to stop rather than having 90-degree angles that force stops and starts. This is an application of which Gestalt principle? A) good continuation B) closure C) proximity D) contiguity

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________. A) biopsychologist B) developmental psychologist C) humanist D) social psychologist

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called? A) congenital analgesia B) inherited numbness C) Korsakoff's disease D) Pacinian syndrome

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________. A) confirmation bias B) confounding variable C) correlational research D) observer bias

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived. A) attention B) friendship C) habit D) mood

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________. A) depression B) obsessive-compulsive disorder C) Parkinson's disease D) schizophrenia

Which individual was asked by the French government to create an assessment tool - an intelligence test, of sorts - that would be used to identify schoolchildren who would be more likely to have difficulty in school? Louis Terman Marcelle Curie Sir Francis Galton Alfred Binet

Alfred Binet

How is an emotion different from mood?

An emotion is a subjective, affective state of being that we often describe as our feelings, and mood refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience. OR The emotion is subjective and affective state of being and we describe it own our own, feelings. However, mood refers to a prolonged less intensive affective state of being that doesn't necessarily come as a response to something we have experienced or are feeling.

Explain the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia.

Anterograde amnesia involves loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma, and retrograde amnesia is a loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma. OR Anterograde amnesia involves loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma, and retrograde amnesia is a loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma.

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and worry that is accompanied by disturbances in behaviors. Anxiety Dissociative Affective Personality

Anxiety

Identify two neurodevelopmental disorders.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism are both neurodevelopmental disorders. OR ADHD and Autism

According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology? A) To interpret dreams for their unconscious messages B) Studying the function of behavior in the world C) The manipulation human behavior to the betterment of society D) Examining the structure and characteristics of the mind

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study. A) debrief participants; ageist attitudes B) debrief participants; deception C) pay participants; deception D) pay participants; use of personal photos

As you are talking to a friend on your cell phone, you might find that you can't hear them because they are speaking very softly. If you ask them to "speak up," from a physical perspective you are asking them to ________ of the sound waves they are producing. A) increase the frequency B) increase the amplitude C) decrease the frequency D) decrease the amplitude

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________. A) insomnia B)narcolepsy C) night terrors D) restless leg syndrome

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? A) Broca's area B) hypothalamus C) substantia nigra D) thalamus

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. A) kinesthesia B) nociception C) preconception D) thermoception

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons? A) He had encephalitis as a child. B) He had severe seizures. C) He was born with an extra area of the cortex. D) He suffered serious symptoms as a result of having polio.

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress? Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside. Carrie experiences stress because she notices her car is almost out of gas and worries about being stranded on the highway, but then she feels better when she sees a gas station nearby. Grace experiences stress when she notices her heartbeat increasing in response to being separated from her parents at the amusement park. Laura experiences stress because she gasped and had difficulty breathing when she saw a spider.

Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside.

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study? A) computerized tomography (CT) scan B) electroencephalograph (EEG) C) magnet resonance imaging (MRI) D) positron emission tomography (PET)

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design? A) Longitudinal research is time consuming. B) Marijuana has already been decriminalized in some places. C) Recruitment could be a challenge because people of different ages are difficult to sample. D) Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________. A) blind group assignment, blind sampling B) blind group assignment, random sampling C) blind sampling, random group assignment D) random sampling, random group assignment

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________. A) blind group assignment; blind sampling B) blind group assignment; random sampling C) blind sampling; random group assignment D) random sampling; random group assignment

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies. A) H.O.P.E.S. B) Either-Or C) Fifth Dimension D)Five Factor

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________. A) can be coerced into harming themselves and others by a skilled hypnotist B) report no memory of the events that occurred during the period they were hypnotized C) usually do not have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are not in control of their own behaviors D) usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. A) night terrors B) non-REM C) NREM D) REM

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892. A) The American Psychological Society B) The National Institute of Mental Health C)The Centers for Disease Control D) The American Psychological Association

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion. A) Meissner B) Ménière C) Merkel D) Müller-Lyer

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? A) cones B) fovea C) iris D) rods

When you watch the teacher at the front of the room, you are easily able to distinguish her from the white board (or chalk board) behind her. This demonstrates the Gestalt principle of ________. A) binocular disparity B) similarity C) good continuation D) a figure-ground relationship

Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis? A) An idea that proves a theory B) A means of explaining social phenomena C) A way of looking at the world D) A tentative explanation

Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? A) critical thinking B) hypothesis C)statistical validation D) scientific theory

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury? A) Temporal lobe injury causes people to be incapable of controlling their emotional impulses. B) Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, but specific brain areas are not linked to specific behaviors. C) Injury to the frontal lobe does not affect behavior. D) Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? A) A student in a psychology class writes his term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. B) A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy. C) Dr. Hysock-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. D) Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology? A) how the age of a leader affects the productivity of the group B) what personality traits are present more often in men compared to women C)whether culture influences perception D) whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. A) a just noticeable difference B) subliminal perception C) top-down processing D) transduction

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? - Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. - Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. - Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. - Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Define flow and give an example of a time when you experienced it. Why do you think you were able to feel a sense of flow during that moment?

Flow is an experience or activity that is so engaging that it becomes worth doing for its own sake. An example of when I felt a flow is when I write. I think I was able to sense this flow because I was relaxed and open to letting ideas flow onto the paper.

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify? archetype collective unconscious Freudian slip repressed memory

Freudian slip

Define gender dysphoria.

Gender dysphoria is a diagnostic category in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) that describes individuals who do not identify as the gender that most people would assume they are. This difference in their personal identification leads to significant emotional or personal distress. OR Gender dysphoria is a disorder where the individuals does not identify with the gender most people would assume they are and this leads to emotional and personal distress.

Which statement about groupthink is correct? Group members modify their opinion to go against what they believe is the group consensus. Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus. Group members will never agree if there is a minority influence present. Group members will use brainstorming to discover the solution that most group members agree on.

Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds. higher, louder higher, quieter higher, weaker lower, louder

HIGHER,LOUDER

Which pair of psychiatrists were responsible for developing the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? Selye and Cannon Lazarus and Folkman Holmes and Rahe Diener and Seligman

Holmes and Rahe

Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor? Ava decides to quit her job because her employer is so unpleasant. Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat. Mekhi weighs his options on dealing with the bully who is harassing him. Sophia decides to get a divorce because her husband is cheating on her.

Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat.

Compare and contrast case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation, giving an example of each.

In psychology we have many different types of way to conduct research. One of the three main ways to conduct research is by doing case studies which usually focus on one individual of an extreme psychological circumstance which makes them stand out, such as Genie or Monnier. The second type of research that can be conducted are surveys, which are questions an individual needs to fill out used to collect large data amounts. Lastly, one of the last types of case studies we use is the naturalistic observation where we observe behavior in a natural setting. To study naturalistic behavior best you need to make sure you observe the person or group of people in the experiment in their natural setting or else they're actions will no longer we natural.For example when you see a police car behind you,your more likely to alter your driving behavior.

Identify at least two of the different forms of prejudice and discrimination that were discussed in the textbook.

The textbook specifically discussed racism, sexism, ageism, and homophobia. Instructors may wish to extend the question to ask for a definition and/or example of each provided answer.

Explain the difference between racism, prejudice, and discrimination.

Individual as a result of one's membership in a particular group. Prejudice is not an action you take—it is negative thoughts or feelings about members of a different group. Prejudice and discrimination are not necessarily about race— you can be prejudiced or discriminate against someone for reasons unrelated to race. Racism is a combination of prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on one's membership in a specific racial group. OR Prejudice is a negative thought or feeling about members of a different group.Discrimination is a negative action take towards an individual of a specific group because of this individuals participation in that group. Now both of these are not really about race because you can do it based on other reasons unrelated to race. Racism is a combination of prejudice and discrimination against a person because of their participation in a specific racial group.

Distinguish between industrial, organizational, and human factors psychology in terms of the main focus and goal of each field.

Industrial psych focuses on hiring and keeping their employees. Their goal is to increase diversity in the workplace. Organizational Psych focuses on workers satisfaction and motivation and commitment. Their goal would be to reduce workplace harassment and violence. Human factors psych focus on how to optimize workers productivity and safety regarding tools used in their daily work. Their goal is to decrease workplace accidents.

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important? A good night of sleep inhibits the experience of retroactive interference. It decreases the likelihood of experiencing transience of memories. It makes sure that your neurons are firing at peak speed and efficiency. It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.

It allows for consolidation of studied material in long term memory

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"? It would be unethical by today's research standards. It did not use multiple pairings of an UCS with a NS. They did not have the permission of Albert's mother to conduct the research. The provided no compensation to Albert's mother for his participation in the study.

It would be unethical by todays research standards

Why is it so hard for people to stop smoking?

Its hard to stop smoking because the additive in the cigarettes or e-vapes are highly addictive chemicals(nicotine) which can affect your brain chemistry and trick it into believing it is a necessary part of its survival, and therefore when you try to quit you get a physical response to this called withdrawal and it makes it harder for you to stop.

John survived an earthquake, but now he feels detached from himself, as if he is watching his life on television, and the world feels artificial and unreal. He often describes this as being an "out of body" experience. What is wrong with John?

John is suffering from depersonalization/derealization disorder.

Define learning disabilities and give an example of one of the three specific types, along with a definition of that precise condition.

Learning disabilities are considered specific neurological impairments rather than global intellectual or developmental disabilities. A person with a language disability has difficulty understanding or using spoken language, whereas someone with a reading disability, such as dyslexia, has difficulty processing what he or she is reading. A person with a mathematical disability, dyscalculia, may have deficits in basic understanding of mathematical functions and concepts. OR Learning disabilities are considered as specific neurological impairments rather than global intellectual or developmental disabilities. Someone with a language disability will have difficulty understanding or using spoken language, whereas someone with a reading disability such as dyslexia will have a disability processing what they are reading.A person with dyscalculia will have a mathematical disability and may find it difficult to understand basic mathematical functions and concepts.

Describe the Strange Situation experiment.

Mary Ainsworth wanted to know if children differ in the ways they bond, and if so, why. To find the answers, she used the Strange Situation procedure to study attachment between mothers and their infants. In the Strange Situation, the mother (or primary caregiver) and the infant (age 12-18 months) are placed in a room together. There are toys in the room, and the caregiver and child spend some time alone in the room. After the child has had time to explore her surroundings, a stranger enters the room. The mother then leaves her baby with the stranger. After a few minutes, she returns to comfort her child. Based on how the infants/toddlers responded to the separation and reunion, Ainsworth identified three types of parent-child attachments: secure, avoidant, and resistant. OR The strange situation was done because Ainsworth wanted to know if children differed in the way they bonded. So she studied the attachment between mothers and their children. She placed the mom/caregiver and child in a room together. There were toys in the room and the mom/caregiver and child will spend some time alone in the room. After the child gets a chance to explore the room Ainsworth had a stranger enter the room.The mother/caregiver then leaves the child with the stranger. She will then return to comfort the child. Based on the different responses given by the children Ainsworth was able to find three types of parent-child : secure, avoidant and resistant .

What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory? Intense stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material. Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material. Recall of educational material is best under stress-free conditions. Stress has no effect on remembering educational material.

Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material.

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion. Meissner Ménière Merkel Müller-Lyer

Müller-Lyer

Define negative affectivity.

Negative affectivity is a tendency to experience distressed emotional states involving anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness. OR It is the tendency to experience distressed emotional states involving anger, contempt disgust, fear, guilt and nervousness

You are charged with ensuring that the experiments proposed by your colleagues are consistent with the best practices of ethics with regard to conducting research in psychology. Discuss some considerations you'd take into account for both the human participants and non-human subjects involved in these studies.

One main thing I would focus on during a human psychology research would be to make sure no harm is to come to the individuals participating in the study, no physical or mental abuse of any kind ( given that its also illegal). I would make sure that the individuals who took part in the study are debriefed after the study is over and Id make sure that the IRB approves such testing on human individuals. Another main thing I would focus on for non-human test subjects would be the same thing, making sure little to no harm happens to the animals, as well as getting approval from the IACUC and making sure the animals are okay all throughout the experiment.

Why is social support connected to better health outcomes?

One of the reasons social support is connected to favorable health outcomes is because it has several beneficial physiological effects in stressful situations. It is also possible that social support may lead to better health behaviors, such as eating healthy, exercising, smoking cessation, and cooperating with medical regimens. OR It is connected to better health outcomes because social support may lead to better healthy behaviors such as exercising and eating healthy.

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding social exchange theory? Most people are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits. People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love. People are motivated to maximize the benefits of social exchanges, or relationships, and minimize the costs. People prefer to have more benefits than costs or to have nearly equal costs and benefits.

People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love.

Which of the following is an inaccurate statement about dissociative disorders? People with these disorders become disconnected from their sense of self. People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture. People with these disorders experience memory and identity disturbances. These disorders have a psychological rather than a physical cause.

People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture.

What determines whether we adopt a problem-focused or an emotion-focused coping approach?

Problem-focused coping is more likely to occur when we encounter stressors that we perceive as controllable, while emotion-focused coping is more likely to predominate when we are faced with stressors that we believe we are powerless to change. OR Emotion focused coping approach will be taken when we are faced with stressors we don't think we have the power to change.On the other hand problem focused coping is an approach taken when we face a stressor we think we can control.

Identify two ways in which instincts are different from reflexes.

Reflexes are a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment. Instincts are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events. Reflexes are simpler than instincts, instincts involve the organism as a whole while reflexes do not. OR Reflexes are a motor reaction or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment. Instincts are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events. Reflexes are simpler than instincts because instincts involve the organism as a whole while reflexes do not.

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? Charles Spearman Howard Gardner Raymond Cattell Robert Sternberg

Robert Sternberg

Explain semantic encoding and illustrate it with a real life example.

Semantic encoding is input of words and their meaning. Provided examples will vary.

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development? Erik Erikson Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law? - An individual's belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task influences his ability to complete the task. - Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis. - Humans experience a spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization. - Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

What is the role of skepticism in scientific research?

Skepticism is expected at all levels of research, from study design, to interpreting findings, to peer review, and to thinking about results that are published in scientific journals.It helps scientist remain objective.

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states? memorize five states at a time—group the information into a more manageable size sing the names of the 50 states to the tune of "Happy Birthday" stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study think of something you might do in each state if you were on a vacation in that state

Stay upon the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

Which important legislation protected employees against discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin? The Supreme Court Ruling in the case of Griggs v. Duke Power Company The Equal Pay Act The 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title VII The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

The 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title VII

List some facts about the American Psychological Association.

The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional organization that represents psychologists in the United States. The APA is the largest organization of psychologists in the world, and its mission is to advance and disseminate psychological knowledge for the betterment of people. There are 56 divisions within the APA. Members, affiliate members, and associate members span the spectrum from students to doctoral-level psychologists; they come from a variety of places including educational settings, criminal justice, hospitals, the armed forces, and industry.

Compare and contrast the James-Lange, the Cannon-Bard, and the Schachter-Singer two-factor theories of emotions.

The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, you would only experience a feeling of fear after this physiological arousal had taken place. The Cannon-Bard theory indicates that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently. This emotional reaction would be separate and independent of the physiological arousal, even though they co-occur. The Schachter-Singer two-factor theoryof emotion is another variation on theories of emotions that takes into account both physiological arousal and the emotional experience. According to this theory, emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive. In other words, physiological arousal is interpreted in context to produce the emotional experience. OR James Lange theory of emotions enforce the fact that emotions arise from physiological arousal.This means for example you wouldn't feel fear until after this had taken place.On the other hand the Cannon-Bard theory states the the physiological and emotional experience have simultaneously, together but seperate. The Schachter Singer two factor theory of emotion also takes into account physiological and emotional experience.This theory states that emotions are compose of two factors the physiological factor and the cognitive factor.The physiological arousal is interpreted in context to produce the emotional experience.

What is the Flynn effect? - Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically. - The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic groups. - The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation. - The observation that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation.

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

Cooper trains his boyfriend Patrick to avoid eating cake every day by squirting him with a water pistol every time he sees Patrick moving toward a cake. Eventually, Patrick avoids cakes altogether. In this example, identify the UCR, UCS, CS, and the CR. The UCR is the desire to eat cake. The UCS is squirting Patrick with a water pistol. The CS is present when Patrick associates cake with being squirted by a water pistol. The CR is avoiding cake.

UCR: desire to eat cake UCS: squirting Patrick with water pistol CS: its present when Patrick associates cake with being squirted by a water pistol CR: Patrick avoids cake

Describe how visual information is processed in parallel pathways.

Visual information might be processed in parallel pathways that can generally be described as the "what pathway" and the "where/how pathway." The "what pathway" is involved in object recognition and identification, the "where/how pathway" is involved in location in space and how one might interact with a particular visual stimulus. For example, when you see a ball rolling down the street, the "what pathway" identifies what the object is, and the "where/how pathway" identifies its location or movement in space. OR A way that visual information may be processed in a parallel pathway is two pathways: the "what" pathway and the "where/how" pathway.The "what" pathway is used to recognize and identify things in our daily lives while the "where/how" pathway is used in location of space and how we interact with a certain visual stimulus. An example would be when we see a fast blur speed down the road our "what" pathway will identify that object as a car or motorcycle and our "where/how" pathway will identify the location or movement in space which would be west to east on the road ( in this example).

Which individual was one of the first psychologists to apply the science of the field to advertising, management, and personnel selection? Hugo Munsterberg Walter Dill Scott Lillian Gilbreath Walter Bingham

Walter Dill Scott

What is the difference between a positive correlation and a negative correlation?

When two variables are positively correlated they move in the same direction together: both either increasing or decreasing. When variables are negatively correlated they move in opposite directions: one increasing while the other is decreasing

Explain the difference between a fixed interval reinforcement schedule and a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule.

When using a fixed interval reinforcement schedule, behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time. When using a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule, a predetermined number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded. The difference is when the reward occurs: after a specific time period versus after a certain number of responses. OR A fixed interval reinforcement schedule is behavior that is rewarded after a set amount of time. However, when we use a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule a predetermined number of responses that must happen before the behavior is rewarded. The difference is when the reward occurs, one occurs after a specific time period and the second one occurs after a certain number of responses is achieved.

Several influential early psychologists studied issues that today would be categorized as industrial psychology. These individuals included James Cattell, Hugo Münsterberg, and Walter Dill Scott, who were all students of ________. Frederick Taylor Lillian Gilbreth Wilhelm Wundt Wolfgang Köhler

Wilhelm Wundt

When considering the wavelength of a radio wave - like the kind you hear when listening to music as you drive along - you would be correct to think that the size is this wave is about as long as an atom's nucleus. an atom. a honeybee. a building.

a building

When you watch the teacher at the front of the room, you are easily able to distinguish her from the white board (or chalk board) behind her. This demonstrates the Gestalt principle of ________. binocular disparity similarity good continuation a figure-ground relationship

a figure-ground relationship

] What is Prader-Willi syndrome? - a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism - an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise - an emotional dysregulation disorder that causes people to have the wrong emotion to a precipitating stimulus - a condition that involves an absence of interest in sexual fantasy or behaviors.

a genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________. accommodation assimilation seriation reversibility

accommodation

According to research, the need for ________ encourages Mr. Blutarski to complete a second PhD., so he can add another accomplishment to his already long list of accolades. achievement affiliation intimacy power

achievement

The need for ________ might explain why we "friend" people on social media websites, join clubs or hobby groups, and spend time with others when we might otherwise feel like being by ourselves. achievement affiliation esteem power

affiliation

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, when is the most efficient time for Carl to mow the lawn? after he has received some exciting news after he is relaxed from finishing his daily meditation during a period of tranquility immediately after his calming afternoon nap

after he has received some exciting news

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? amygdala cerebellum hippocampus prefrontal cortex

amygdala

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion? anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year encouraging your parents to quit smoking by switching to chewing tobacco, then convincing them to chew less tobacco each week supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified? archetypes the id the shadow womb envy

archetypes

Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing, she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality? avoidant personality disorder dependent personality disorder obsessive-compulsive personality disorder schizotypal personality disorder

avoidant personality disorder

Which of the following is an example of instinct? baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked believing that nudity is wrong a teacher demonstrating algebra to students a toddler who is being toilet trained by her parents.

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

Victoria has learned that she has metastatic breast cancer and has only a few months to live. She immediately goes to church and prays that she will "change her ways" and will become a model Christian if God will just heal her illness. Victoria is at the _______ stage of grieving. bargaining denial anger depression

bargaining

Which of the following is not a risk factor for suicide? alcohol dependence history of previous suicide attempts being a fan of violent media (music, television shows, movies, etc.) have access to lethal weapons, such as firearms

being a fan of violent media (music, television shows, movies, etc.)

According to the textbook, which of these events would have the highest likelihood of causing posttraumatic stress disorder? a fire to one's home that left no remains being assaulted and robbed of your cash and credit cards surviving a hurricane that destroyed a city reading about the death of dozens of people in a terrible airplane crash

being assaulted and robbed of your cash and credit cards

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus. Binocular Opponent monocular Trichromatic

binocular

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna. tertiary secondary central cardinal

cardinal

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? amygdala cerebellum hippocampus primary cortex

cerebellum

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. chunking elaborative rehearsal a mnemonic device persistence

chunking

Which of the following is a set of symptoms or behaviors that you might see in a person diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder? instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

Angela transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. She expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. She believes she has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends, therefore, she experiences ________. less stress than someone who has no effective options more anxiety than someone who has no effective options more stress than someone who has no effective options no physiological response to the stressor of having no friends

less stress than someone who has no effective options

Research has found that the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala, both of which are part of the ________, are brain areas that are particularly important in sexual motivation. reward pathway corpus callosum hindbrain limbic system

limbic system

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing a(n) ________ episode. body dysmorphic psychotic manic dissociative

manic

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm equipotentiality hypothesis levels of processing theory misinformation effect paradigm

misinformation effect paradigm

Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg's theory of morality. post-conventional pre-conventional conventional concrete operational

post-conventional

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and he'd get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify? conventional formal operational post-conventional pre-conventional

pre-conventional

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________. discrimination a stereotype prejudice conformity

prejudice

proximity

Ross has learned that he has Parkinson's disease, and that in time he will lose some of his cognitive faculties. He and his wife have a lawyer draw up a document that names her a health care ________ who will be able to make medical decisions for Ross when he is unable to do so for himself. beneficiary designee proxy executor

proxy

According to Carl Rogers, a healthy personality would result from congruence between one's ______ self and their ________ self. guided, achieved internalized, externalized idea, perceived real, ideal

real, ideal

Which choice would you not expect to occur during the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle? erection of a penis lubrication of the vagina reduction in pulse and blood pressure expansion of the vaginal canal

reduction in pulse and blood pressure

Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm? plateau stage refractory period plateau stage priapism stage

refractory period

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