Psychology Final Exam

Most adults reach their peak physical development during their

20s.

Which of the following is true of Adler's individual psychology?

Adler argued that people have the ability to take their genetic inheritance.

Maria is a generous and altruistic woman who has a strong religious faith. According to the big five model of personality, Maria would likely score high on which of the following traits?

Agreeableness

Which of the following statements is true of generalized anxiety disorder?

An individual suffering from generalized anxiety disorder is nervous most of the time.

_____ is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

Anorexia nervosa

_____ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.

Borderline personality disorder

_____ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

Cognitive dissonance

Which of the following statements is true of the sociocultural factors involved in depression?

Depression increases as standards of living and employment circumstances worsen.

Which of the following is true with regard to development?

Development is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two.

The _____ was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

_____ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.

Dissociative identity disorder

Ernie is an extrovert. Bert is an introvert. What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research?

Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert.

Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of extraversion?

Ethan, who communicates with all the members of his choir group lightheartedly

_____ is reflected in a person's conscious and openly shared attitude, which might be measured using a questionnaire, whereas _____ refers to attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level, thus they must be measured with a method that does not require awareness.

Explicit racism/implicit racism

Which of the following statements is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time.

Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior?

It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.

Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion?

Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative emotion.

Four-month-old baby Oscar is a participant in a preferential-looking experiment. Researchers show Oscar two photos, one of which is of his mother's face, and the other which is of a female stranger's face. The photos are presented repeatedly in differing locations, and the amount of time Oscar spends looking at the photos is recorded. What will researchers conclude if Oscar shows a reliable preference for his mother's face over the stranger's face?

Oscar can discriminate his mother's face from a stranger's face.

_____ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality.

Positive illusions

_____ is a defense mechanism that involves pushing threatening impulses out of conscious awareness.

Repression

Which of the following is true of Carl Rogers's approach to personality?

Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment.

Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory?

Self-concept

Catherine, a 15-year-old, has an elder sister and a younger sister. According to Adler, which of the following is most applicable to Catherine in the context of birth order?

She is likely to be inspired by her elder sister and strive for success.

Which of the following is true of Horney's sociocultural approach?

She viewed psychological health as allowing individuals to express their talents freely.

Michelle was reared in a home where high moral principles dominated. She has attended Sunday school and church since early childhood. In high school, her boyfriend asked her to miss school and go on a cruise with him, but something from inside her told her not to. She felt very proud of herself afterward for holding her ground. Which Freudian personality structure made Michelle feel proud of her response?

Superego

Which of the following statements is true of teratogens?

The effects of chemical teratogens depend on the timing of exposure.

Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage?

The symbolic thinking of children in this stage is limited.

Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic perspectives of personality?

They are too optimistic about human nature.

_____ are enduring characteristics of our personality. _____ are briefer experiences.

Traits/States

A schizophrenic patient who falsely believes that he is Jesus Christ is experiencing

a delusion.

Individuals with dissociative disorders have

a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala.

Which of the following individuals is likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?

a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals

adjust their schemas to new information.

A superficially charming person who is indifferent to the pain of others and has spent his life in and out of prison for violent crimes would most likely be diagnosed with which type of personality disorder?

antisocial personality disorder

Ian came home after curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. Which of the following types of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate?

authoritarian

Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking antidepressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the

biological approach.

The thinking style called splitting is associated with which of the following disorders?

borderline personality disorder

According to _____, as we age our cells become less capable of dividing.

cellular-clock theory

Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reason. After slowly and carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Alison finds that this person's idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the

central route to persuasion.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development?

conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period

Most children successfully acquire conservation skills during the _____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior. According to Rogers, Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of

conditions of worth.

Which of the following is most likely to reduce the kinds of group biases that exist in face-to-face groups?

crowdsourcing

A man who believes that he is the reincarnation of a famous preacher is exhibiting the schizophrenic symptom of

delusion.

Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder?

dissociative identity disorder

Twelve-year-old Jennifer believes that she is unique and cannot be harmed. She thinks others are preoccupied with her and that they are watching her always. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of

egocentrism.

In the course of prenatal development, by the end of the _____ period, the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appears in human beings.

embryonic

Recent research on prosocial behavior has found that

empathic parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in children.

According to social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is

equity.

According to James Marcia, the two dimensions of identity are

exploration and commitment.

Children of permissive parents

fail to learn respect for others and have difficulty controlling their behavior.

All of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT

flat affect.

Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is. He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine the correct answer. According to Piaget, Bob has most likely reached the _____ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression.

frontal lobes

You come to a conclusion that Carla is a naturally anxious woman. You ignore the fact that Carla is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. You are demonstrating the

fundamental attribution error.

A(n) _____ is a mental framework for understanding what it means to be male or female in one's culture.

gender schema

When an individual hears and sees people who are not actually there, the individual is likely to be experiencing

hallucinations.

Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.

humanistic perspective

Which structure of personality did Freud refer to as the "it"?

id

Nelly's friends attempt to convince Nelly to try cocaine at a party. Even though Nelly is tempted, she resists because she knows that the consequences of her actions would be disastrous for her body. In the context of Freud's structures of personality, Nelly's temptation to take cocaine is most likely dictated by her _____. Her decision not to take the cocaine is most likely dictated by her _____.

id; ego

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's

inability to take another person's perspective.

Sammy is in third grade. When he won the spelling bee, he felt proud of his accomplishment. But when he could not complete his arithmetic assignment on time, he felt incompetent. Which of Erikson's developmental stages does this reflect?

industry vs. inferiority

Central route persuasion

involves engaging someone thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, formal operational thought is

logical, systematic, abstract, and idealistic.

In a female embryo, what allows for the normal development of female sex organs?

low levels of androgens

According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?

low levels of conscientiousness

The Americans with Disabilities Act

made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions.

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the leading cause of disability in the United States is

major depressive disorder.

With respect to the three characteristics of abnormal behavior, when a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered

maladaptive.

A depressive disorder is classified as a(n) _____ disorder.

mood

In the context of human development, _____ refers to the individual's environmental and social experiences.

nurture

Robert, a nine-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night, he used several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior?

observational learning

Alex cannot control his impulse to wash his hands every five minutes. He washes his hands almost 100 times a day because he is terrified of being contaminated by germs. If Alex doesn't wash his hands, he experiences overwhelming anxiety. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Alex is most likely to be diagnosed with

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

In a(n) _____, a person experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

panic disorder

As other children in his school line up for lunch on the first day of kindergarten, Ben demands to be at the beginning of the line. He is most likely receiving _____ parenting.

permissive

Abnormal behavior is

personally distressful over a long period of time.

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, castration anxiety occurs during the

phallic stage.

The _____ of schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function, whereas the _____ reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions.

positive symptoms/negative symptoms

Dissociative disorders often occur in individuals who also show signs of

post-traumatic stress disorder.

Jerome was held hostage by gunmen along with 30 others in a 5-star hotel. He had witnessed the gunmen shoot other hostages and was denied food and water for two whole days. Since then, Jerome has had trouble sleeping and focusing on his work. Sometimes, Jerome loses track of where he is and feels like he is back at the hotel. These flashback episodes terrify Jerome and disturb his peace of mind. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Jerome shows symptoms suggestive of

post-traumatic stress disorder.

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, an individual who recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly personal moral code is operating at the _____ level of moral development.

postconventional

If Tony shares his toys with his little sister because he is afraid of being punished, he is reasoning at the _____ level of moral development.

preconventional

The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction.

proximity

Learned helplessness and pessimistic attributional styles are two ways of understanding the _____ factors associated with depression.

psychological

Harry, a behavioral psychologist, is in the process of analyzing his patient Maria Valentine's report. Maria has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID). According to Harry, severe physical abuse in childhood could serve as a plausible explanation for Maria's psychological disorder. Maria is emotionally damaged and forms alternate identities in order to shut out past memories and to cope with the trauma. In the context of theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Harry's explanation of Maria's condition conforms to the to psychological disorders

psychological approach.

Which of the following refers to a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence?

puberty

All of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder EXCEPT

reduced awareness.

Benjamin loves putting together puzzles. He has recently mastered putting together a 10-piece Sesame Street puzzle. His mother claps at his accomplishment but wants to continue challenging Benjamin just beyond his current abilities. The next time they play, she gives Benjamin a 15-piece puzzle and offers some guidance on how to sort the pieces out. According to Vygotsky, Benjamin's mother provides _____ that allows Benjamin's cognitive abilities to be built higher and higher.

scaffolding

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the first stage of cognitive development that lasts from birth to about two years of age is the _____ stage.

sensorimotor

Eric has an extreme fear of being humiliated in public. As a result, he avoids public gatherings and functions. The thought of speaking in front of the crowd induces panic in him. Which of the following best describes Eric's disorder?

social phobia

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is

testosterone.

Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence

the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex.

Which theory of attraction suggests that long-term relationships are likely to continue when both partners are committed and put a lot into the relationship and when there are few attractive tempting alternatives around?

the investment model

According to Horney, women might envy the penis but what they really want is

the status bestowed to those who have one.