Psychology Final Questions (Ch. 9)

In an experiment, memory researchers convinced participants that when they were 5 they were lost in a shopping mall and were comforted by an elderly lady. This never actually happened to them. The results were that _____ percent of the participants later reported this false memory as if it were an actual memory.

25

_____, from a psychological perspective, refers to the experiencing of one's own mental events in such a way that one can relay them to others.

Consciousness

Ivan sustained a head injury in a car accident resulting in temporal lobe amnesia. After the accident, Ivan learned to play the piano in a therapy program. Which statement describes what is MOST likely to happen to Ivan after he ends the program?

He can play the piano, but cannot remember being in the therapy program.

Janie was having some emotional problems so she went to see a psychotherapist. When Janie told her mother, her mother said to be careful because Dr. _____ demonstrated that psychotherapy can result in false memories of childhood experiences.

Loftus

After playing 10 hours of an action video game, how will men and women perform on attention tasks?

Men and women show about the same ability on attention tasks.

Which of the following is true of encoding?

Mentally organizing information is a means of elaboration and thus, it facilitates encoding.

_____ is the unconscious pre-activation of information that is already stored in long-term memory

Priming

Which example below would NOT interfere with one's ability to keep information in one's working memory store?

Repeating what he is trying to remember out loud

_____ memory is the memory store that holds very brief information received by a person's senses.

Sensory

Rock and Gutman (1981) presented a variety of shapes to participants and asked them to attend to shapes of a particular color. They then tested the participants' recall of the shapes. What did they find?

The subjects recalled shapes that were the color they attended to.

H.M. had temporal-lobe amnesia which was caused because of:

a physical disruption or injury to the brain

Collins and Loftus designed a spreading-activation model of memory organization to explain the results of experiments on people's ability to recognize or recall specific words:

after exposure to other words

The Stroop interference effect illustrates that when a perceptual skill becomes automatic, it:

becomes difficult to avoid doing it

Which phenomena is BEST explained in terms of chunking, according to the textbook? The ability of:

chess masters to remember the arrangement of pieces on a chess board.

Research suggests that _____ memories are more susceptible to distortion by suggestion and imagination than are memories acquired _____ in life.

childhood; later

Suppose participants are asked to listen to the following list of letters and then to repeat them in order: i, n, t, r, o, p, s, y, c, h. Participants who perform the task most accurately and with the LEAST apparent effort probably have used:

chunking

Tad has a hard time conceptualizing the mind, because he cannot see a picture of it nor can he cut open a person and find it. To deal with the inability to see the mind, cognitive psychologists use the metaphor of the mind being a:

computer

The memory of an event is MOST like a:

construction built and rebuilt from various sources of information.

People tend to recall better if tested in the same environment in which they originally learned the information. This illustrates the effect of:

context

While in the living room, Rocco thinks of something he needs from the bedroom but, when he gets there, he forgets what he wanted. Rocco goes back to the same spot in the living room and the memory returns. In other words, Rocco solved his memory problem by taking advantage of:

context

Catina underwent hypnosis because she was unable to remember anything from a particular span of time from her childhood. She hoped it would help her recover these lost memories. Given the research findings discussed in the textbook, one would expect the questioning under hypnosis would:

contribute to her remembering events from this period that did not actually take place.

Within the modal model of the mind are three types of memory stores and four types of _____ processes.

control

The strategy known as chunking increases memory efficiency by:

decreasing the number of items that must be remembered by increasing the amount of information in each item.

The brief memory trace for specific sound is known as a(n):

echo

Auditory sensory memory is also called _____ memory.

echoic

One of the most effective ways to encode information into long-term memory is to think deeply about it. This process is called:

elaboration

Petunia has a story for every keepsake in her home. She can remember each and every one, even though she has hundreds. Which memory technique does Petunia MOST likely use to remember all the things she has?

elaboration

Shalita is actively processing information for her general psychology exam by asking questions, drawing comparisons, and thinking of examples. The method by which this information will be placed into her long-term memory is known as:

encoding

An amnesic patient was told, "Sierra's father was a fireman." When later asked what Sierra's father did for a living, the patient responded, "He was a fireman," but when asked how he knew that, he said, "I don't know." This patient was thereby demonstrating a deficit in _____ memory.

episodic

Being able to recall one's childhood birthdays is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

episodic

Kamal remembers the first time he saw a Spider-Man comic book. Kamal's memory of this experience in his life is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

episodic

People's knowledge of their own past experiences is considered _____ memory.

episodic

The current conclusion drawn from studies of people with deficits in episodic memory is that the hippocampus is essential for encoding _____ memory.

episodic

Blake has constant outbursts and has difficulties reducing his impulsivity. Studies have shown that in the future, Blake will mostly likely engage in socially inappropriate behaviors because he lacks the ability to regulate emotions which has to do with his:

executive functions

Which of the following is NOT a way to distort memories or create false ones?

explanations

For many years, psychologists were content to develop hypothetical models about mental processes without concern about what was happening in the brain. In recent years, the advent of the _____ has changed that.

fMRI

Serena is a participant in a selective listening experiment where she is asked to immediately repeat the words coming into her left ear and ignore the words coming into her right ear. When thinking about what she heard in her right ear, Serena will BEST identify the:

gender of the speaker

Given what researchers know about elaborative rehearsal, it makes sense that the text recommends _____ as a superior method for learning textbook material.

generating questions about the material read

To remember the areas of the brain, one should think of them in terms of the largest structures to the smallest. For example, there is the cerebral cortex, the cerebral cortex has right and left hemispheres, and each hemisphere contains frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes. This memory strategy is referred to as:

hierarchical organization

Long-term memory has a _____ capacity and a _____ duration.

high; long

Terry is a bus driver and in this role is exposed to a multitude of visual stimuli every day. Even though he is not able to attend to all of the stimuli at once, traces in his _____ memory greatly help him attend to the stimuli.

iconic memory

All of these are true about the human span of short-term memory EXCEPT:

it is larger for people who speak slower

All of these are examples of implicit memory EXCEPT:

knowledge of current events

Jimmy remembers his fifth birthday party. The memory store known as _____ memory is where that particular information was stored. This memory is one of the three that comprise the modal model of the mind.

long-term

The phrase "an elephant never forgets" can translate into meaning that elephants typically have great _____ memory stores.

long-term

In order to recite a poem Molly learned in grade school, she must retrieve it from her _____ memory and put it to use in her _____ memory.

long-term; working

Gutman and Rock required participants to attend to one color, red or green, when presented with a rapid sequence of slides containing overlapping forms. Some forms were familiar and others were nonsensical. When participants were tested for their ability to recognize which forms had been shown, they recognized:

more forms in the attended color and performed marginally on those presented in the unattended color, regardless of whether the form was nonsensical or familiar.

The case of H. M. supports the information-processing model proposition that there is a sharp distinction between working and explicit long-term memory because H.M. could:

not encode new information from working memory into explicit long-term memory, although he could retrieve information that entered long-term memory before his surgery.

Research on selective listening shows that participants hearing two messages and shadowing one will:

notice only physical characteristics of the unattended message

A wonderfully adaptive characteristic of the mind is its capacity to perform routine tasks automatically, which frees its limited, effortful, and conscious working memory for more creative purposes. This automaticity is referred to as:

obligatory processing

The _____, which is much larger in humans than in other species and is crucial for planning and complex thought, may be essential for the sense of one's self, including a sense of one's own past experiences.

prefrontal cortex

After studying the planets for her astronomy exam for hours, Lila's friend asked her to guess what kind of car he had just purchased. Lila immediately replied, "A Saturn." Lila's prior exposure to stimuli related to planets influenced her response to her friend's question due to:

priming

John is having a conversation with Stephanie. Stephanie says something that suddenly reminds him of his first birthday. This illustrates the process of:

priming

If one is asked to produce from memory a list of items that are red, one might respond with a list that includes both apple and stop sign. Since apples and stop signs do not normally occur together, Aristotle proposed this aspect of memory is governed by the:

principle or association by similarity

A child shows off its newfound ability to tie its shoe. The child has MOST directly demonstrated an addition to its _____ memory.

procedural

Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory?

procedural memory

Stacy has to study for her college entrance exam that is scheduled a month away. In order to improve the durability and quality of the material she studies, she tries to _____ the information more often by using flashcards.

recall

Kwah damaged his hippocampus and temporal lobes in a serious automobile accident. He retained his memory for events that occurred many years before the accident and was able to form new memories after the accident, but he lost his memories of events that occurred in the days leading up to the accident. This form of memory loss is referred to as _____ amnesia.

retrograde

Luka recently moved to Columbus, Ohio, from Seattle. He was surprised to find Starbucks and skyscrapers downtown. This scene was contradictory to his _____ of a typical Midwest city, as consisting mainly of some low-profile office buildings, and a field with dairy cows.

schema

The term _____ refers to one's generalized mental representation, or concept, of any given class of objects, scenes, or events.

schema

In a typical children's birthday party, there are: games, followed by presentation of the cake, the singing of "Happy Birthday," the blowing out of the candles, the eating of the cake, the opening of presents, and then more games, this is an example of a _____ because _____.

script; it involves the organization of events in time, rather than of objects in space.

Schemas that are involved in organization of events in time, rather than of objects in space, are called:

scripts

Schemas that involve the organization of events in time, rather than of objects in space, are commonly called _____ by today's cognitive psychologists.

scripts

The cocktail-party phenomenon is an example of:

selective listening

Knowing the meaning of the word orchestra and knowing that Vladimir Horowitz was a great pianist are all pieces of knowledge that would be stored in a person's _____ memory.

semantic

Emerson is concentrating on driving though a busy intersection when his passenger asks him a question to which he does not attend. Emerson says "What?" but before the question is repeated, he "hears" it from his own memory. Presumably, a trace still existed in his _____ memory.

sensory

Models of attention include a gate, which allows information from one processing compartment into another. In terms of the information-processing model of the mind, that gate controls the movement of information from _____ memory into _____ memory.

sensory; short-term

This is the basic cause of false-memory construction.

source confusion

According to Baddeley, _____ keeps information in the phonological loop.

sub-vocal repetition

The span of short-term memory is greater for single-syllable words than for multiple-syllable words. This finding _____ the hypothesis that sub-vocal repetition maintains items in the _____ of working memory.

supports; phonological loop

The textbook discussed the case of a man that performed poorly when answering questions such as "Does a bear have a long tail or a short tail?" This man has brain damage to:

the "what" pathway of visual perception

Aristotle's principle of association by contiguity would NOT help explain one's ability to recall:

things that occur at different points in time

Timo Mntyl found that recall of 500 nouns was highest on a surprise memory test (over 90 percent) when, at the time of testing, participants were given a set of:

three related words per noun that the participants themselves had generated at the time of encoding.

Consider the results of Frederick Bartlett's research on culture-specific schemas. If a researcher asked participants of one culture to listen to a folktale from another culture and retell it from memory a few days later, the researcher should expect they would remember some of the details and:

unconsciously replace the details they forgot with details that are culturally more familiar to them.

Any manipulation that interferes with a person's ability to articulate words to be remembered interferes with:

verbal short-term memory.

C. Shawn Green and Daphne Bavelier tested the visual attentional capacity of two groups of men; one group regularly played action video games and the other group never or very rarely played such games. On every measure the:

video-game players outperformed the non-video-game players.

While Nia is studying Spanish, she pictures a pen with a plume (feather) on top of it to remember pluma, the Spanish word for pen. Nia is using _____ in attempts to build her Spanish vocabulary.

visualization

One good way to remember, in order, a long list of names or items is the mental _____, in which the person, as he hears the list of objects, imagines himself taking a walk along a familiar route and leaving each item next to a familiar landmark on the route. When it is time to remember the list, the person imagines walking that route again and inspects each landmark to "see" which object is placed there.

walk

Working memory is:

where all conscious perceiving, feeling, comparing, computing, and reasoning takes place.