psychology final review

Approximately _____ percent of those suffering from major depression attempt suicide.

10

Matt is awaiting his baby's first words. Matt can expect his baby to say his first word when the baby is around:

12 months old

At fertilization, each biological parent contributes:

23 chromosomes

Every year in the United States, approximately _____ people commit suicide.

30,000

In the United States, average life expectancy for men is about _____ years, whereas average life expectancy for women is about _____ years.

76;81

On the average, each complete cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about:

90 minutes.

Phenotype is to genotype as:

:expressed characteristics are to inherited genes.

Mr. Lester and Mr. Vann are next-door neighbors. Both Mr. Lester and Mr. Vann live alone, both are 75, and both are in good physical health. Mr. Lester spends most of his time watching television and rarely leaves his house. Mr. Vann reads many books and magazines, walks every day, works as a volunteer at the local library, and frequently plays penny poker with some friends. Based on this information, you can predict that:

Because he remains mentally and physically active, Mr. Vann is less likely than Mr. Lester to experience a decline in mental abilities.

Linda is trying to select a high-quality day care center for her two-year-old daughter. Which of the following day-care characteristics is NOT associated with high-quality care?

Caregivers should frequently be reassigned to different groups of children, so that children do not become overly attached to a particular caregiver.

In which of the following scenarios are people MOST likely help another person?

Carla's car won't restart and partially blocks the exit drive as her fellow employees are walking to their own cars.

In terms of daily hassles, what gender differences have been found?

Daily hassles for men most commonly arise from school- or work-related issues, while daily hassles for women are most commonly associated with friends and family.

The acronym DSM-IV-TR stands for:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision

Identify the researcher who proposed that dying people go through five distinct stages.

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

Gillian's club is planning a five-mile race as a fundraiser. Because Gillian had never run in a race before, she is certain that she will not be able to complete the five miles and instead volunteers to screen and register the runners. How might the social cognitive theory be used to explain Gillian's behavior?

Gillian has a strong sense of self-efficacy when it comes to talking to people and writing down information, but she has a weak sense of self-efficacy when it comes to running in a race.

Helena has a large network of social relationships that is comforting to her in times of need. However, because relationships tend to be reciprocal, Helena has to respond to many demands placed on her by friends and family. According to your textbook, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Helena may find these demands physically and psychologically taxing, especially if any are long term.

According to your textbook, the most widely used self-report inventory is the:

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

Hypnagogic hallucinations are:

Occasionally experienced by most people

How are flashbulb memories different from ordinary memories?

People have a higher degree of confidence in the accuracy of flashbulb memories.

Active sleep is to _____ as quiet sleep is to _____.

REM sleep; NREM sleep

What happened after "Little Albert" was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat?

Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.

Regarding the difference between normal and abnormal behavior, which of the following statements is TRUE?

The difference between normal and abnormal is often a matter of degree.

If you shine a bright light directly into a person's eye, the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict. Using Pavlov's terminology, the bright light would be termed the _____, and the pupil constricting would be termed the _____.

UCS; UCR

A female has an _____ combination in the _____.

XX; 23rd pair of chromosomes

Shortly after going to bed, as you are falling asleep, you experience the vividly realistic sensation that you are falling or tripping forward, which jolts you awake. This vivid sensation is a common example of:

a hypnagogic hallucination.

A normal human genotype is made up of:

a set of 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Statistically, women are _____ to be diagnosed with major depression.

about twice as likely as men

Unbeknownst to the rest of the world, Roger was wearing green underwear when he aced his calculus test at the beginning of the semester. Ever since, Roger always wears green underwear on test days in his college classes. In operant conditioning terms, Roger's superstitious behavior is the result of:

accidental reinforcement

According to B. F. Skinner, superstitious behaviors are the result of:

accidental reinforcement.

Natalie suggests that the aggressiveness of her brother's new friend is the result of his friend's low self-esteem. Natalie's inference about the cause of the behavior of her brother's friend is an example of:

an attribution.

After 20 minutes of waiting outside the baggage claim area for your friend to pick you up, you decide to go inside the airport terminal and phone her. Standing a short distance from you is a kind-looking older woman. "Would you mind watching my luggage so I can go make a quick phone call?" you ask politely. "I'd be happy to watch it for you," she replies, "my ride is not coming for another half-hour." When you return less than five minutes later, the old lady and your luggage (including your laptop) are gone. This example illustrates one of the problems associated with:

an implicit personality theory.

To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, what two elements are repeatedly paired?

an unconditioned stimulus and a voluntarily emitted behavioral response

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale:

attempts to quantify and rank the impact of stress-producing events in a person's life.

Marlene's son begs to go to a baseball game on a school night. After some consideration, Marlene says she will take him as long as he finishes his homework before the game and promises to go to bed as soon as they get home. Marlene is demonstrating what kind of parenting style?

authoritative

Overall, researchers have found that the _____ style of parenting is associated with children who are well-adjusted, competent, receive higher grades, and are less likely than their peers to get into trouble.

authoritative

An individual's false belief that outside forces, such as aliens, the government, or random people, have power over him and can influence and manipulate his actions or thoughts is called a delusion of:

being controlled

As you are reading this question, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is generating _____ brain waves.

beta

"Hal got hit by a car when he was jogging? Really? Well, it doesn't surprise me," Erin commented. "He never wears reflective gear, so I bet the driver couldn't even see him." Erin's response illustrates an attributional pattern called:

blaming the victim

Minor everyday stressors, such as taking an exam:

can temporarily alter immune system functioning.

Erv and Fern continue to care for older relatives and for their young grandchildren even though they are both older adults. This example suggests that:

caregiving responsibilities can persist throughout the lifespan.

After carrying a step stool to the kitchen, five-year-old Laura is able to reach the Scotch tape dispenser on the kitchen counter. What is the operant in this example?

carrying the step stool to the kitchen

Ruth was hospitalized after a concerned co-worker went to her house to find out why Ruth had unexpectedly failed to show up at work. When the co-worker peered through a window, she saw Ruth standing motionless in the middle of her living room, much like a mannequin. Ruth appears to be experiencing the _____ type of schizophrenia.

catatonic

The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that:

children are less likely to imitate someone who has been punished for his or her actions than they are to imitate the actions of someone who has been rewarded

After Judy made a choice between two fairly equal alternatives, she emphasized the negative features of the choice she rejected, which is called a "sour grapes" rationalization, and she focused on the positive features of the choice she committed to, a "sweet lemons" rationalization. This example illustrates:

cognitive dissonance.

Collectivistic cultures differ from individualistic cultures in that:

collectivists are more likely to attribute causes of another person's behavior to external, situational factors rather than to internal, personal factors.

An infant's _____ vocabulary develops faster than his _____ vocabulary.

comprehension; production

According to Carl Rogers, when a child senses that he is loved and valued only when he behaves in a way that is acceptable to his parents, the parents are displaying _____ toward the child.

conditional positive regard

Miss Cantrell began using stickers to reward her first-graders who stayed in their seats and completed their arithmetic worksheets on time. Using operant conditioning terms, Miss Cantrell is using a _____ to reward desired behavior.

conditioned reinforcer

A young child has learned to associate the sight of a nurse's white uniform with the fear and pain of getting an injection. Using Pavlov's terminology, when the white uniform elicits a fear response, it would be termed a(n):

conditioned stimulus (CS).

Steven Spielberg's classic movie Jaws is a thriller about a great white shark that terrorizes tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark's appearance, eerie music begins playing. As the unseen shark comes closer, the tempo of the music picks up. After the audience experiences this a few times, the sound of the music triggers the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still has not appeared. At that point, the sound of the eerie music is a(n):

conditioned stimulus (CS).

Adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that they match the opinions, judgments or behavior of other people or the norms of a social group or situation is called:

conformity.

Physical attractiveness is:

correlated with intelligence, happiness, and self-esteem.

Kathleen overslept, got caught in rush hour traffic, and was late for work. During lunch she spilled coffee on her clothes. When she left work that afternoon she got caught in a sudden downpour of rain. By the time she arrived home she felt drained, grumpy, and stressed out. Kathleen's present state is the result of the cumulative effect of:

daily hassles.

After her husband died last year, Sophia moved to a new city, started a new job, and returned to school part time after an absence of 10 years. These major life events may create a ripple effect and generate a host of _____ that could significantly _____ Sophia's stress level.

daily hassles; increase

Although Karen's divorce was finalized several months ago, she still refers to Jonathan as her husband rather than her ex-husband when talking with friends. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Karen's behavior?

denial

Alcohol is classified as a:

depressant.

Although he stayed calm during the conversation, Mark was angry as he left Professor McArthur's office because he felt he had been treated unfairly. A short while later, Mark snapped at a fellow student who asked if she could borrow his notes. Which ego defense mechanism best accounts for Mark's behavior toward the other student?

displacement

Dennis, a New York City investment broker, quit his job in a fit of rage after being accused of embezzling thousands of dollars of his clients' money. Four months later, the police discovered Dennis driving a cab in Los Angeles. Dennis claimed that his name was actually Michael Hart, that he had always been a cab driver in Los Angeles, and that he had no knowledge of Dennis. Even after he was positively identified as Dennis, "Michael Hart" insisted that he was someone else. Assuming that he was not faking his condition to escape arrest, Dennis probably had:

dissociative fugue.

After carefully considering the pros and cons of each college that had accepted him for admission, Conner decided to attend Blackwater State College. The next day, Conner discovered that three of his closest friends had also decided to attend Blackwater State College. In this example, Conner's behavior:

does not reflect conformity.

Jasmine is a police detective. To cope with her high level of stress, she goes to aerobic classes and works out in the gym four or five times a week. Jasmine is using a(n) _____ coping strategy called _____.

emotion-focused; escape-avoidance

If you cannot remember which United States president is pictured on a $5 bill, the reason is most likely:

encoding failure.

Brandon vividly remembers when he had to go to the emergency room to get stitches on his left thigh. This is an example of:

episodic memory.

Miguel is a typical male. Compared to the average female, Miguel:

experienced his first sexual intercourse at an earlier age.

According to Carl Rogers, most psychological problems result from:

experiencing conditional positive regard, rather than unconditional positive regard.

Every Friday, Dr. Cruz would give a quiz in his psychology class. Students quickly learned to be nervous on Friday mornings, just before each quiz. Halfway through the semester, Dr. Cruz stopped giving quizzes on Fridays and the students' anxiety began to diminish with each passing week in which there was no quiz. The decrease in the students' anxiety may be attributed to the process of:

extinction.

In an operant conditioning experiment, a pigeon learned to peck at a blue disk to get a food pellet. The researcher then withheld reinforcement, and eventually the bird stopped pecking the disk. This example illustrates:

extinction.

Elizabeth is in the fifteenth week of her pregnancy. In terms of prenatal development, Elizabeth's pregnancy is in the _____ period.

fetal

A relatively common symptom in schizophrenia is that the person responds with greatly reduced emotional expressiveness, including facial expressions. This particular symptom is referred to as:

flat affect

Proactive interference is to _____ as retroactive interference is to _____.

forward-acting memory interference; backward-acting memory interference

Abby's husband was critically injured in a car accident. He survived, but Abby had to care for him at home for several months before he was able to regain normal functioning, which was very stressful for Abby. After he was able to return to work, Abby felt completely exhausted. According to Hans Selye, Abby probably experienced the:

general adaptation syndrome

Altruism is to _____ as prosocial behavior is to _____.

helping another person with no expectation of reward; either selfless or self-serving behavior

After establishing a classically conditioned response to a tone, an experimenter sets up a second trial using a new conditioned stimulus, a red light. He repeatedly pairs the new conditioned stimulus (the red light) with the conditioned stimulus from the first trial (the tone). This procedure results in the conditioned response being elicited by the red light alone, even though it was never paired with the unconditioned stimulus. The experimental results demonstrate:

higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning).

Most cases of specific phobia involve particular categories of objects or situations. Which of the following are people least likely to have a phobia of?

household cleaners, such as dishwashing liquid, soap, toilet cleaners, mops and brooms

Nestor belongs to the cross-country ski club at his college but is not a member of the downhill ski club. In terms of basic social categories, Nestor's cross-country club members are the _____, and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____.

in-group; out-group

Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated, and positive punishment _____ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.

increases; decreases

The most common sleep complaint among adults is:

insomnia

At a loud party, Kimberly met so many new people that when she ran into one of her new acquaintances on campus the next day she was unable to remember his name. The MOST likely explanation for her forgetting the name of her new acquaintance is:

interference.

In contrast to normal anxiety, pathological anxiety:

is irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptive.

Punishment is most effective if:

it consistently follows the operant.

Actress Winona Ryder was convicted of felony grand theft for taking more than $5,000 worth of merchandise from a Beverly Hills Saks Fifth Avenue store. People who, like Winona Ryder, have uncontrollable impulses to steal objects even when they have money to pay for the items are said to have:

kleptomania.

Chronic stress, depression, and anxiety during pregnancy are associated with:

low birth weight and premature birth.

People in the _____ socioeconomic levels of society tend to have the _____ levels of psychological distress, illness, and death.

lowest; highest

Stress can indirectly undermine health and physical well-being by:

making people more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors.

Bipolar disorder used to be officially called _____, and it is still often referred to by that term.

manic depression

A female's first menstrual period, which occurs during puberty, is referred to as:

menarche.

Gayle is very inconsistent in the care she gives her new baby. Often, she neglects the baby's needs and is emotionally cold toward the infant. In terms of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the baby is likely to develop:

mistrust

To keep from getting mosquito bites when he mows the lawn, Kevin always sprays himself with insect repellant before he starts mowing. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

negative reinforcement of avoidance behavior .

To avoid losing any data on his computer, Tom consistently backs up his computer data to a second hard drive. Using operant conditioning terms, Tom's behavior of backing up his data to a second hard drive is an example of:

negative reinforcement of avoidance behavior.

According the five-factor model of personality, the Big Five traits are:

neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

Mindy is in nursing school and is learning how to measure a patient's blood pressure. Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for measuring blood pressure and then demonstrates these same procedures using Mindy as a "patient." Mindy and her class are learning how to measure blood pressure in patients through the use of:

observational learning.

Before leaving her home, Margaret makes sure that every electrical appliance is unplugged and checks that every window and door is securely locked. She checks everything 17 times according to a strict ritual that she has worked out. If she misses one window, door, or appliance, she must begin all over again. If she tries to skip any step of the ritual, she experiences unbearable anxiety. Margaret probably has:

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

According to the activity theory of aging:

older adults will achieve the highest level of life satisfaction if they maintain their previous level of activity.

Narcolepsy is characterized by:

overwhelming bouts of excessive daytime sleepiness and brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep, which are called microsleeps or sleep attacks.

For the third time in two months, Erica's husband rushed her to the hospital emergency room because Erica thought she was having a heart attack. Her symptoms included a racing, pounding heart, weakness, feeling faint, and feeling as if she were unable to breathe. Although her doctor says she is physically healthy, Erica lives in fear of another attack. Erica is most likely has:

panic disorder.

The most common type of schizophrenia is the _____ type.

paranoid

The second phase of the human sexual response cycle is ___ and the third phase is ___.

plateau; orgasm

Even though Mary was not thinking about the events surrounding the day when she graduated from high school, she can easily bring memories about that day to conscious awareness. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, Mary's memories are stored at the _____ level of awareness.

preconscious

Mark was upset because he only got half a sandwich while his older sister got two halves of a sandwich. After his mother cut his half sandwich into two pieces, Mark was perfectly happy. Mark is probably in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

Sexual organs that are directly involved in reproduction, such as the uterus, ovaries, penis and testicles, are called:

primary sex characteristics

Although she had not made one in years, Evelyn carefully folded a piece of paper to make a paper airplane for her grandson. Evelyn's ability to perform this task is an example of:

procedural memory.

The decay theory of forgetting:

proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time

Latency is to _____ as reaction formation is to _____.

psychosexual stage; ego defense mechanism

After getting cactus needles stuck in her hand, two-year-old Rachel no longer touches cactus plants. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

punishment by application.

REM is an acronym that stands for:

rapid eye movements

After Jack's loan application for the new car was rejected, he told a friend that he was glad he had not gotten the loan because his old car was still very reliable and he really didn't want to make monthly car payments. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Jack's behavior?

rationalization

This multiple-choice test question is a good example of using _____ to test long-term memory.

recognition

In Piaget's theory, when a child demonstrates conservation, he or she:

recognizes that two equal quantities remain equal, even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted.

A trait is formally defined as a(n):

relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.

During the short-answer essay part of the examination, Ethan was absolutely certain that he knew the definition of long-term potentiation, but he could not think of it. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Ethan's inability to retrieve the information from his long-term memory?

retrieval cue failure

As Rick was filling out the loan application, he couldn't remember his previous address even though he had lived there for five years. Rick's memory of his current address was interfering with his memory of his old address, which is an example of

retroactive interference.

The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory:

seems to be limitless.

As Tim was swinging his toy hammer, the hammer flew out of his hand and landed behind the couch and out of view. Rather than look for it, Tim acted as though the hammer no longer existed. Tim's behavior suggests that he is in the _____ of cognitive development.

sensorimotor stage

During a lecture on human biology, Professor Sadir described the differences in genetic composition and reproductive anatomy that determine whether a person is classified as male or female. Dr. Sadir was referring to:

sex

During her lecture on human biology, Professor Scott desribes the differences in sex chromosomes, XX or XY, and how these chromosomes help determine whether a person is classified as male or female. Dr. Scott is referring to:

sex

"Okay, that was good! Now this time, don't close your eyes. Keep your eye on the ball, so you know when to close your hands," Mark said in the process of teaching his five-year-old to play catch. In operant conditioning terms, Mark is using _____ to teach his daughter how to catch a ball.

shaping

As you read this question, you consciously process the meaning of the words in:

short-term memory.

Mentally add 37 + 65, then subtract 11. To perform this task, the information must be held and processed in your:

short-term or working memory.

According to interference theory, which of the following factors is most likely to cause the greatest interference?

similarity of information

After Michael studied the chapter on social psychology, he decided to try an experiment. He wanted to see how people on a half-empty bus would react if he politely asked someone to move so he could have a particular seat. But when Michael boarded the bus, he found he was just too embarrassed to carry out his experiment. Michael's behavior appears to be governed by:

social norms

Mrs. Lovejoy thinks that all teenagers are reckless, promiscuous, irresponsible delinquents. Mrs. Lovejoy appears to be associating qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define this particular age group. This example illustrates:

stereotyped thinking.

Sixty-five-year-old Bernice is taking courses at the university with the intention of completing a bachelor's degree. Some members of her family think she is not likely to succeed because she is much too old to learn new information. These family members are demonstrating:

stereotyped thinking.

One aspect of major depression is that thinking becomes globally pessimistic and negative about the self. This pervasive negativity and pessimism are often manifested in:

suicidal thoughts or preoccupations with death.

Exposure to sunlight and other bright lights:

suppresses the production of melatonin.

Compared to early-maturing girls, early-maturing boys:

tend to have more positive experiences, but early maturation is also associated with risks.

As a general rule, the greatest vulnerability to _____ occurs during the _____ period of prenatal development.

teratogens; embryonic

In both men and women, sexual activity and motivation is biologically influenced by bodily levels of:

testosterone only

Sylvester was thrilled when he received a large bonus from his company. Later that day, when he was asked if he could volunteer a few hours to help at the Food Bank, he readily agreed. This example best illustrates:

the "feel good, do good" effect.

The highest rate of suicide in the United States occurs in:

the 15-to-24 age group.

Gordon's five-year-old son has recently become very possessive of his mother, pushing Gordon away whenever he tries to hug his wife. Freud would probably suggest that the little boy's behaviors reflect:

the Oedipus complex.

Terry wants his young daughter, Lauren, to help him with the housework, so he tells her that she can play on his computer as soon as she finishes doing the dinner dishes and putting away the clean laundry. Terry is using a more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity. According to the In Focus box "Changing the Behavior of Others," this behavioral strategy is called:

the Premack principle.

Dr. Romero asks her patient, Glen, to study a brightly colored image made by an inkblot on a card. She asks Glen to tell her what he sees in the image and takes careful notes of his descriptions. Dr. Romero is using:

the Rorschach Inkblot Test.

Dr. Duran showed his patient Adam a series of cards, each of which depicted an ambiguous scene, such as two people talking on a park bench or an older woman looking over a young woman's shoulder. Dr. Duran asked Adam to tell him a story about the picture. What test is Dr. Duran using?

the Thematic Apperception Test

After living in Canada for many years, Shu Fang returned for a visit to Seoul, Korea. As she walked through the neighborhood where she grew up, her mind was flooded with memories of her childhood. The environmental cues that helped trigger Shu Fang's memories illustrate:

the context effect.

By ego integrity Erik Erikson meant:

the feeling that one's life has been meaningful

Social cognition is to _____ as social influence is to _____.

the mental processes people use to make sense of their social environments; the effects of situational factors and other people on an individual's behavior.

One important reason some psychologists are skeptical of dissociative identity disorder is that:

the number of reported cases has increased dramatically in recent decades.

According to Freud, the ego is guided by _____, whereas the id is guided by _____.

the reality principle; the pleasure principle

Janeen touches her newborn's cheek. Her baby turns toward Janeen's hand and opens her mouth. Janeen has triggered:

the rooting reflex.

During stage 4 NREM:

the sleeper's heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate drop to their lowest levels.

During their third year at college, Tammy and Timothy both lost their part-time jobs in the library due to funding cutbacks. Tammy was mildly disturbed, shrugged her shoulders, and said she'd soon get another job. Timothy was distraught and believed he might have to quit college. Their different reactions to the same stressful event emphasize the importance of:

their respective cognitive appraisals of the event.

Most psychoneuroimmunologists are likely to share the view that:

there are interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system.

The onset of schizophrenia:

typically occurs during early adulthood.

In response to a cold temperature, your body will shiver reflexively. Using Pavlov's terminology, the cold temperature would be termed a(n):

unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Norman displays many schizophrenic symptoms, both positive and negative, including random auditory hallucinations that don't follow any particular theme, peculiar thoughts and behavior, frequent inappropriate laughing mixed with aggressive shouting, and echoing words spoken by others. Norman would probably be diagnosed with the _____ type of schizophrenia.

undifferentiated

Chronic, long-term use of marijuana is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

violent or aggressive outbursts.

Of the following senses, which is LEAST developed at birth?

vision

As long as the psychiatric nurse remains very quiet, he can move Robin's arms and legs and gently shift her from standing to sitting. Once she has been moved, Robin remains in the new pose until someone moves her again. This particular symptom of schizophrenia is called _____ and is very _____.

waxy flexibility; rare

Studies have found that adolescents who watched a great number of television programs with a high level of sexual content:

were twice as likely to become sexually active in the next year as adolescents who watched the least amount of sexually oriented television programming.