Psychology - Humanistic Psychology
When was Humanistic Psychology dominant? (2 Time Frames)
1) 1970 - 1986 2) 1987 - 2000
Name the three most important psychologists in Humanism
1) Abraham Maslow 2) Carl Rogers 3) Rollo May
Maslow critiqued psychology in what three areas?
1) Average person 2) Seriously Mentally Ill 3) Other Species
Name examples of demographic factors
1) Gender/sex 2) Race 3) Ethnicity 4) Age 5) Educational Level 6) Religious Background 7) Political Affiliation
Why does humanistic psychology focus on the present?
Because it is the only time you will have a direct ability to make decisions.
Why can we empathize with others?
Because you've shared a similar experience
Definition of empathy?
Being able to grasp the subjective experience of another person and communicate it backk kto that person.
Self Theory was known as ______ _________ _______ in the 60s and 70s
Client centered therapy
What is the glue of Rogers' thinking?
Congruence.
What did the work of Marcia define? (two answers)
Crisis - time of transition and period of decision making. Commitment - personal investment (ie: identity)
Definition of self efficacy?
Individual belief that one can perform adequately and deal with a situation.
The self as defined by Carl Rogers?
Individuals view or perception of themselves as it relates to three things: Past experiences, present input, and future expectations.
Definition of physical/mental health?
The absence of symptoms
From 1970 - 1986 was called the humanistic period of ________
feelings
In the modern age, self theory is known as ______ ________ _______
person centered therapy
Carl Rogers went from the field of _____________ to humanistic psychology.
psychotherapy
In school systems, humanistic ideas were called ______ ________ _________
student centered education
From 1987 - 2000 was called the humanistic period of ___ ____
the self
According to Maslow, how does a healthy self image need to be fostered? (Three answers)
1) Active, not passive process 2) Earned through personal achievements/accomplishments 3) Earned through altruism/giving back
Whitty's work defined what? (5 answers)
1) Actual self - how individual sees/perceives themselves 2) Possible self - self I can possibly become 3) Ideal self - self I would most like to become 4) Feared self - self one fears or dreads becoming 5) False self - what one actually presents to others does not accurately reflect who they are.
Where did he want to shift psychology from and to? (Three answers)
1) Away from emphasis on unconscious to emphasis on conscious aspects of experience. 2) Away from emphasis on past to emphasis on present. 3) Away from emphasis on unhealthy individuals to what it means to be or stay healthy.
Rosenberg's work defined what? (2 answers)
1) Baseline self image: an enduring, overall sense of self-image or self-worth. Stable, consistent. 2) Barometric self image: self image or self worth that fluctuates or changes. Varies, inconsistent.
What are deficiency needs? (Two answers)
1) Basic needs 2) Must be met consistently if we want to move further in needs. If not fulfilled could die or always put energy into meeting these needs.
What are the 2 types of needs?
1) Deficiency Needs 2) Meta Needs
What are meta needs? (Three answers)
1) Higher order needs 2) Growth needs 3) Being needs
Per Marcia what are Marcia's 4 Pathways to Identity?
1) Identity Foreclosure - aka rigid strength, commitment without crisis thus accepting others plans for one's life 2) Identity Achievement - aka Flexible Strength, crisis leading to commitment. Active struggle. 3) Moratorium - ambivalent struggle, individual is torn. Eventually leads to commitment in most cases. 4) Identity Diffusion - No commitment, apathetic about commitment, actively avoiding commitment.
For humanistic psychologists, what is the role of experience? (Concerned with: 4 answers)
1) Individual experience 2) Subjective 3) Introspective 4) Qualitative
Name 2 types of risk factors
1) Modifiable: have a decision/say in the factor 2) Nonmodifiable: No decision in preventing the issue.
What is the field of experience in the self theory? (2 answers)
1) Phenomenological - reality as experienced by an individual 2) individuals use their field of experience to define themselves.
How do human psychologissts view human beings and nature? (Three answers)
1) Positive 2) Optimistic (human beings are born good) 3) Complex
Name 2 Modern Sub-divisions of Humanistic Psychology.
1) Positive Psychology 2) Health Psychology
What are the four S's?
1) Safety 2) Stability 3) Security 4) Shelter
What does Self-Image consist of? (Two answers)
1) Self Concept 2) Self Esteem
Carl Rogers theory is called what? (3 answers)
1) Self theory 2) Client centered therapy 3) Person centered therapy
What are the cornerstones of Humanistic Psychology? (two answers)
1) Self-Actualization 2) Free-Will
What are the three stages of empathy?
1) Sympathy - "Fellow feelings", side by side 2) Pity - Sympathy with superiority 3) Empathy - identification. Deep subjective understanding of another with another. (ie: display a sensitivity)
What are the alternative names for humanistic psychology? (3 Answers)
1) Third Force of Modern Psychology 2) Human Potential Movement 3) Height Psychology
What are cognitive needs?
A need to develop one's mind (exercise for mind and brain)
What is Self-Actualization?
A need to live a self fulfilling way. Develop one's potentials to their fullest. Finding meaning and purpose. Per Maslow, "To live according to one's own lights."
Per humanistic psych, what motivates human beings?
A need/desire to self-actualize
Who is considered the founding figure of humanistic psychology?
Abraham Maslow
The four S's are examples of what kind of need?
Deficiency needs.
Definition of congruence?
Degree of accuracy between one's awareness, communication, and experience. (keyword: consistency.)
What is the philosophical branch that believes human beings are born into absurd, meaningless existence?
Existentialism
An example of a modifiable factor is heart disease or genetic conditions (T/F)
False
An example of a nonmodifiable factor is smoking or exercise. (T/F)
False
One historian called the self period the "blanket of the self" (T/F)
False
Males tend to view themselves very singularly by what they watch on TV (T/F)
False. By what they do for a living.
Humanistic psychology focuses on the future (T/F)
False. Focuses on present.
Maslow felt everything was fine with Psychology at the time. (T/F)
False. He felt it was missing something.
Rogers referred to positive regard as a judgment of the human beings (T/F)
False. Referred to it as a prizing of the human being.
What did Maslow say regarding Freud?
Freud and psychoanalysis provided the sick half, Maslow and humanistic psychology must round it out with the healthy half.
Positive Regard aka Unconditional Positive Regard or Unconditional Positive Acceptance is defined as?
Genuine caring and concern for another human beings. Unconditional means not contaminated by judgement or evaluation.
Definition of Self Transcendence?
Going beyond the limits of their in group membership.
Definition of Self-Esteem?
How you feel about yourself.
Definition of Self-Concept?
How you think about/toward yourself.
Rollo May was a part of the _____ _________ movement
Human Potential
How does one exercise the mind and brain?
Learn new things and teach it to others.
Maslow is an advocate of life long what?
Learning.
What did Maslow believe?
Maintaining and improving health one person at a time can make the world a better place.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a Theory of __________
Motivation
Peak experiences definition?
Mystical or spiritual experience. Per Maslow to have peak experience, one must sweat.
Definition of self-actualization?
Need or desire of an individual to discover and develop one's potentials and possibilities to their fullest.
What are aesthetic needs?
Needs for beauty.
Plateau experience definition?
Our normal stable day to day events and motivations we have that also influence our experience.
Definition of phenomenological?
Reality as it is perceived or experienced by the individual.
Who said "A sound mind must first have a sound body."?
Socrates
What is at the bottom of Maslow's pyramid?
Specific Needs
Definition of Free-Will?
The ability to make conscious and aware choices and decisions for one's self in the face of uncertainty and then be responsible for those choices and decisions.
What was Maslow's goal?
To create a paradigm shift in psychology.
What is the goal of self actualization?
To reach self transcendence.
All humanistic psychology subdivisions emphasize healthy lifestyles. (T/F)
True
An example of student centered education is cooperative group work. (T/F)
True
By self actualizing, an individual finds meaning and purpose for life. (T/F)
True
Humanism is one of the eight pillars of Greek Life (T/F)
True
Humanistic Psychology focuses on prevention first, correction second. (T/F)
True
Humanistic ideas went mainstream in public school education (T/F)
True
Humanistic psychology has its roots in Ancient Greece (T/F)
True
In human psychology, there is an emphasis on risk factors. (T/F)
True
Loving and Belonging is a deficiency need. (T/F)
True
Phenomenology borrowed from existentialism (T/F)
True
To self actualize is to live one's life in a self fulfilling way. (T/F)
True
Women used to define themselves by their being a mother/wife, but this has changed in modern times. (T/F)
True
If meta needs are not met, we won't die but won't be able to reach our fullest potential. (T/F)
True.
Incongruence is the degree of inaccuracy between one's awareness, communication, and experience. (T/F)
True.
Maslow stated that highly self actualized individuals accept both sides of themselves. (T/F)
True.
Self actualization may involve both peak and plateau experiences. (T/F)
True.
The Self is constantly in a process of forming and reforming as situations change. (T/F)
True.
What are specific needs? (Examples)
Water, food, oxygen, sleep. All are deficiency needs.
