Psychology Midterm

waterbirth

-giving birth in a tub of warm water -likely to be less stressful for the baby and the mother

The maximum life span of human beings is approximately __________ years.

120-125

How much time can newborn Caleb's parents expect him to sleep?

16-17 hours a day

life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

biological age

A person's age in terms of biological health.

Survey/Interview Method

A research technique that questions a large sample of people to assess their behaviors and mental processes.

Renee's baby was born just minutes ago, and the doctor is checking the baby with the Apgar Scale. Renee's baby is being checked for her... heart rate and respiratory effort, reflex irritability, or muscle tone and body color.

All answers are correct

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding puberty for girls and boys? 1. In the United States, children mature up to two years later than children in European countries. 2. Both male and female adolescents are preoccupied with their bodies. 3. The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at the age of 12 for both boys and girls. 4. Testosterone is present in boys only, and estradiol is present in girls only.

Both male and female adolescents are preoccupied with their bodies.

cesarean section

C-section; delivery of offspring through an incision in the abdominal and uterine walls

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

Children actively construct their understanding of the world and goes through four stages of cognitive development 1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

language acquisition device (LAD)

Chomsky's term that describes a biological endowment enabling the child to detect the features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics (ability children are born with to understand concepts)

Despite being 2 years apart, Ethan and Katie are best friends. Ethan, 3 years old, is being raised by strict parents. As he is learning independence, his parents punish him for making mistakes. Katie is 5, and she is learning to have purposeful and responsible behavior. If she does not learn this important trait, she may feel remorseful if she shows instances of irresponsibility. Erikson would argue that Ethan is in the ___________ stage, while Katie is in the __________ stage.

Ethan: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt; Katie: Initiative vs. Guilt

The Intracranial Channel connects the brain's hemispheres and improves the ability to process information.

False

Which of the following statements about teratogens is NOT true? 1. The time of exposure to a teratogen impacts the type and degree of damage to the fetus. 2. Female fetuses are far more likely to be affected by teratogens than male fetuses. 3. The greater the dose of a teratogen, the greater the effect. 4. Differences in placental membranes can affect a fetus' exposure to a teratogen.

Female fetuses are far more likely to be affected by teratogens than male fetuses.

In Freud's theory of development, this stage occurs past puberty where sexual interests mature...

Genital

_____ is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm.

Meiosis

Organogenesis is____________ and occurs in the ___________ stage.

Organ formation; Embryonic

If you believe that development occurs in stages, and you focus on cognitive development, then you are mostly likely to believe the development theory of

Piaget

Which of the following is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics to reduce the risk of SIDS?

Place infants on their backs to sleep

Kangaroo care is most useful for which type of infant.

Pre-term

Development is Multidisciplinary

Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, medical researchers are all involved in development

Moro reflex

Reflex in which a newborn strectches out the arms and legs and cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment

65 year old Herman experiencing "...age-related loss of lean muscle mass and strength." Herman is experiencing ...

Sarcopenia

This lobe is largely responsible for hearing

Temporal

natural childbirth

The act or process of giving birth using limited medication

age of viability

The age (about 22 weeks after conception) at which a fetus may survive outside the mother's uterus if specialized medical care is available.

Pragmatics

The appropriate use of language in different contexts.

germinal period

The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation. (not much happens, zygote attaches to wall)

Semantics

The meanings of words and sentences

cephalocaudal pattern

The sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom.

Syntax

The way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences

Erikson's Theory

Theory that proposes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.

Fetal MRI

Used to obtain more detailed images than ultrasound

In regards to permanent birth control, a man can opt for a ___________, while a woman can opt for a____________, though a ____________ is a far more simple, and easily obtained procedure.

Vasectomy; Tubal Ligation; Vasectomy

A fertilized sex cell...

Zygote

rooting reflex

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple (wants something to suck onto)

ultrasound sonography

a process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother's womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed

sterotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative sterotype

Fertilization

a stage in reproduction when an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote

The APGAR scale

a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns 0-3 bad, 4-6 decent, 7-10 good

Genotype

all of a person's actual genetic material

Fifteen-year-old Tamara only gets about six hours of sleep each night. Which of the following behaviors may Tamara exhibit due to her lack of sleep? 1. more school abscences 2. irritability 3. lower capacity for attention

all options listed are correct

psychological age

an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age

case study

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. Psychologist do a lot of case studies

Teratogens

any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes

Mitsosis

asexual, splits and duplicates

Development is multidimensional

attention, memory, abstract thinking, speed of processing information, and social intelligence

In the nature/nurture debate, one's _____ is related to "nature," while one's _____ is related to "nurture."

biological inheritance; environment

Someone with an extremely rare psychological disorder would most likely be studied using what method?

case study

In prenatal development, the head and its features grow in size and differentiation before the neck, shoulders, trunk, and limbs. What is this pattern of development called?

cephalocaudal

Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests would involve removing a small sample of the placenta?

chroionic villus sampling

Sally is in middle adulthood and is seeing a decline in fertility, a term entitled:

climacteric

womb to tomb

conception to death

Life-span development covers the period from __________ to __________.

conception; death

social age

connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt

An Apgar Scale score of 3 signals a newborn's condition

critical and that the baby may not survive

Research shows that living in a deprived environment

depresses brain activity

chnage

develop into someone different from who we were at an earlier point in development

discontinuity

distinct stages (change)

Meiosis

egg and sperm meeting

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

nurture

environmental experiences

During sexual reproduction, the egg and sperm meet in a process called

fertilization

Zygote

fertilized egg

Which brain lobe is responsible for voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose?

frontal

Which of the following is the prenatal development period that takes place during the first 2 weeks after conception? This period includes the creation of a zygote, and ends with attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

germinal

Continuity

gradual, cumulative change

child-directed speech

language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences

According to the proximodistal growth pattern, which of the following is likely to show growth earlier?

legs and arms

Girls' first menstruation is called

menarche

prepared childbirth

method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain

climacteric

midlife transition in which fertility declines

At a previous college, I taught development in an education department and here I teach the course in a psychology department. This proves that development is

multidisciplinary

Some species are better adapted to their environment in a way that helps them survive and reproduce, while other species do not adapt well and die. This process is called

natural selection

amniocentesis

needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis (15th-18th weeks)

Liev is a famous musician and appeared in front of large audiences all over the world. This is an example of a

nonnormative life event

Arlene is a "pack-rat" (saves everything). If Arlene was raised during the Great Depression, this is an example of a

normative history-graded influence

chronological age

number of years since birth

physiological measures

operationalizes a variable by recording biological data such as brain activity, hormone levels, or heart rate

Organogenesis

organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development

nature

organism's biological inheritance

Anne describes her friend as short and slender with blue eyes and blonde hair. She is describing her friend's

phenotype

The controversy of stability versus change is closely linked to which of the following concepts?

plasticity

Erikson's theory emphasizes which of the following stages of human development?

psychosocial

What is the brain-neuroendocrine process that stimulates the rapid physical changes of early adolescence known as?

puberty

chorionic villus sampling

sampling of placental tissue for microscopic and chemical examination to detect fetal abnormalities (10th-12th weeks)

While maintaining that children actively construct their knowledge, Vygotsky focused on _____ in explaining child cognitive development.

social interaction

standarized test

tests that are normally designed by professional testmakers for nationwide use and are commerically distributed

menarche

the first menstrual period

sarcopenia

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging

embryonic period

the period from two to eight weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop. (tissues that will become major systems in our body)

dynamic systems theory

the perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting. (baby likes this toy, baby will reach and move to get it)

proximodistal pattern

the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

the sudden, unexpected death of an infant less than 1 year of age that has no identifiable cause (stops breathing) let baby sleep in sort of a bx with nothing around them to cause hazard

fetal period

the time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child. (finish development)

lifespan

the upper boundary of life, the maximum number of years an individual can live (120-125)

telegraphic speech

the use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives

menopause

time in middle age, usually in late forties early fifties, when a women's menstrual periods have ceased for one year

stability

we become older renditions of our earlier selves