Psychology of Grief Review
Who claimed that behavior is controlled by environmental consequences?
B.F. Skinner
According to Daniel Callahan, what percentage of Americans believe that medical technology can always save their lives?
40%
Summary of what appears to happen to intelligence across the lifespan
Fluid intelligence decreases; crystallized intelligence increases
According to appraisal theories, what is likely to influence an individual's emotional experience?
Interpretation of the enviroment
Due to the impact of managed care and greater emphasis on patients' rights, which of the following is true?
The "aesculapian authority" of physicians is being challenged
A statement by a competent person about choices for medical treatment, should he or she become unable to make such decisions or communicate them in the future
advance directive
Associated with mission of modern hospitals
aggressive techniques diagnosis of symptoms care of patients with acute illnesses
Current illness symbolizes the worst fears about dying
cancer
the center of the "ideal caring situation"
patient
Telling the "story" of grief can help in coping with loss in which ways?
sharing the story provides emotional relief and promotes the search for meaning; the story can be told without the constraint of having to conform to a particular model of how it should be; the story brings people together in support of one another
Often, the only task that matters in being with someone who is dying is to
stay close and do nothing
Lullabies and nursery rhymes often contain
themes of death and violence
The emphasis on cure among professional caregivers can result in death being
viewed as a failure
What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?
"Focus on observable behavior."
What term is best used to describe African customs such as prayer, sacrifice or liberation, and other acts of respect shown to deceased members of the community?
Ancestor worship
According to Glaser and Strauss, which of the following communication styles are used by families when a family member is diagnosed with a life-threatening illness?
Closed awareness Open awareness Mutual Pretense
Which psychological perspective had been influenced by the ability of the computer to simulate human thought processes?
Cognitive
Which of the following statements presents a case against euthanasia using the "wedge" or "slippery slope" argument?
Euthanasia may or may not be moral, but by permitting it we may unwittingly pave the way for acts that are clearly immoral
The establishment of death studies, in modern times, can be traced to explorations of death by
Freud
From an evolutionary standpoint, what is the advantage of the sympathetic nervous system involvement in emotional reactions?
It provides a readiness to respond.
Who provided aid-in-dying to more than 100 people and led a crusade to legalize physician-assistant suicide?
Jack Kevorkian
Attachments and the processes by which we relinquish them were central concerns in the work of
John Bowlby
The spiritual needs of dying patients
Need for hope and creativity; Need to give and receive love; Need for meaning and purpose
According to Edgar Jackson, what factors are especially important in a survivor's response to loss?
Personality, social roles, values, and perception of the deceased's importance
Why can psychology be described as a science?
Psychologists uncover the causes of events by collecting empirical evidence systematically
The three major psychological and behavioral patterns that individuals use in coping with the threat of death as identified by Therese Rando?
Retreat and conservation of energy; Attempting to master or control the threat of death; Exclusion from the threat of death
In Celtic traditions, what is the term for the breach in time when supernatural communication with the gods as well as the dead could take place?
Samhain
Common in the practice of the traditional form of recuerdo
Tells the story of a person's life in a heroic manner; Is presented as a written narrative or ballad
Country that spends more on health than any other industrialized country
United States
In Nordic and Celtic traditions, what is the place of heavenly honor and glory called where fallen heroes are welcomed?
Valhalla
The class is playing a game of Jeopardy and it is your turn. "I'll take 'Pioneers in Psychology' for $50." The revealed answer is "Focused on unconscious factors and relied on the case study method." Just before the buzzer sounds, what will yo u say?
Who is Sigmund Freud?
Whose model focuses on four tasks of mourning, including: accepting the reality of the loss, processing the pain of grief, and finding an enduring connection with the deceased?
Wordan
In traditional Hindu households, death is
a communal affair
In general, Native Americans view death as
a normal part of the life cycle
According to Richard Sandor, what is the "single most valuable asset of the skilled doctor"?
accurate communication
In funerals within the Hawaiian culture, children were traditionally
an important part of the family gathering
In Gerbner's "mean world syndrome", the symbolic use of death contributes to
an irrational dread of dying diminished vitality diminished direction in life
According to Leroy Bowman, modern funerals
are overlaid with such ostentation that the essential meaning and dignity of such rites has all but disappeared
After a child's pet kitten runs away, her parents buy a new kitten. Although the new kitten is a different size and color, the child recognizes it as a kitten and understands how to interact with it. The child's response to the new kitten reflects the operation of Piaget's concept of
assimilation
What is an intense, reciprocal relationship between a child and an adult?
attachment
Three principles of medical ethics are
autonomy, beneficence, justice
The stages is Sigmund Freud's theory can be described as _____, whereas the stages in Erik Erikson's theory can be described as____.
biological; social
In Japanese homes, an alter for honoring deceased relatives and ancestors is called a
butsudan
By acknowledging the inevitability of death, we
can prepare for it
anniversaries, birthdays, special occasions, and holidays
can reawaken and reactivate unexpected feelings of grief
According to Therese Rando, what may especially complicate grief?
death of a child; bereaved person's perceived lack of social support; bereaved's perception that the death was somehow preventable
Typical sequence of Kubler-Ross's stages of dealing with and understanding death
denial anger bargaining depression acceptance
In Celtic societies, the intermediary between the world of humankind and the domain of the supernatural was a
druid
Euthanasia comes from the Greek
easy death
Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross wanted to
educate medical interns about dying patients
What is the fallacy of making judgements about others in terms of one's own cultural assumptions and ideas?
ethnocentrism
Avoiding words like "dead" or "dying", instead using phrases in which loved ones "pass away", the deceased is "laid to rest" and the corpse is "remains", is an example of
euphemisms
The "principle of symmetry" advocated by Daniel Callahan states that a technology should be judged by a balance between the
extension and saving of life and the quality of life
Funerals in the United States are mainly
focused on the welfare of the survivors
The emotional reaction and responses of anguish, anger, or relief to the death of a loved one are collectively termed
grief
Drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducing the drive, thereby returning the body to a more normal state called
homeostasis
Holistic program of care for the dying
hospice
Until the nineteenth century, the customary deathbed scene
included family
Elderly persons who look back on their lives with regrets, wishing they could relive their lives, have not successfully resolved Erikson's psychosocial crisis of
integrity vs. despair
Participants in research early in psychology's history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, texture, and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a method called
introspection
One aspect of an "invisible death" is that death is
less part of common experience
bereavement is defined as
loss of a loved one
BEST describes the process of a person who questions "Am I responsible for bringing this illness on myself?"
magical thinking
Even when curative treatments have ended, the effort to control circumstances around death and dying so that it comes out "right" is termed
managed death
In contrast to the reaction to loss, what is the PROCESS by which a bereaved person integrates a loss into his or her ongoing life?
mourning
The funeral business is generally viewed as
mystery business
Important variables that affect grief
nature of the death nature of the deceased nature of the bereaved
"Out of sight, out of mind" is a good summary of the view of a child who has not yet mastered
object permeance
According to Ira Byock, just over ____ of Americans are at home when they die.
one-fifth
Which division of the nervous system returns the body to normal resting levels after the fight-or-flight response?
parasympathetic component of the autonomic nervous system
What is the correct sequence of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from the lowest to the highest?
physiological, safety, belongingness/love, esteem, self-actualization
According to Norman Cousins, the style of medical communication is important because it can
play a role in the patient's healing
The traditional African attitude towards death is essentially
positive because it is part of the totality of life
Sequence of stages of moral development identified by Lawrence Kholberg
preconventional conventional autonomous (postconventional)
Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches you, you roll the ball of clay into a long snakelike shape. He begins to cry because he thinks that he has less clay now. Which of Piaget's stages is your brother likely to be in?
preoperational
In order to shed light on some of the factors that might have influenced the holocaust, Stanley Milgram asked participants to administer electrical shocks to others as part of what was described as research on learning. Today, this research would violate which ethical principle?
protection from harm
According to Avery Weisman, coping with life threatening illness involves tasks of maintaining a sense of optimism and hope and confronting the problem and
revising one's plans as necessary
The controversy surrounding the Karen Ann Quinlan case centered on the
right to forgo life-sustaining treatment
Funerals are akin to other major transitions in a person's life in that they all involve
rites of passage
Typically occurs during the initial period of grief
sense of confusion and disorganization
Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. What stage of Jean Piaget's model of cognitive development does this behavior suggest?
sensorimotor
Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development in correct sequence
sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational
Usually identified as physical symptoms of grief
shortness of breath; muscle weakness; empty feeling in the abdomen
The acquisition of a mature understanding of death is part of the developmental process known as
socialization
The model of human development devised by Erikson focuses on
stages of psychosocial development
Tammy is a psychologists interested in studying the influence of alcohol of domestic violence. What will she do if she follows the scientific method in devising a study?
test the hypotheses she generates from her theory and initial observations
According to Kastenbaum, what is defined as "the study of life with death left in"?
thanatology
The roots of modern emergency and trauma care can be traced back to
the Civil War
There are those who believe that substituting a memorial service for a traditional funeral is lacking in respect of
the body is not present, so the fact of death is not fixed in the minds of mourners
What do some commentators call the new "porn star" of popular culture?
the corpse
A mature concept of death involves
universality irreversibility causality
Dia de los Muertos, the Mexican Day of the Dead, blends Catholic, Spanish, and Indian rituals. This celebrations exemplifies an attitude toward death that
views death in an open, humorous, ironic manner
Surveys indicate that most people diagnosed with a life-threatening illness
want to be told
What was Wilhelm Wundt's major contribution to the discipline of psychology?
He founded the first psychological laboratory
Which psychological perspective focuses on creative potential and psychological health?
Humanistic
A riverboat gambling company wants to increase the amount of money that patrons gamble while on board. A researcher suggests that the scent of ginger in the air might increase interest in gambling. What would a researcher select as the most likely independent variable and dependent variable in an experiment designed to test this idea?
The independent variable would be the amount of ginger in the air; the dependent variable would be the amount of money bet
A psychologist evaluated Ann, an eight-year-old child who has experienced difficulty in school. Ann seems to have an unusual learning disability. The psychologist sent questionnaires to 100 teachers to determine if they had ever seen similar cases. Based on the teachers' responses, the psychologists hypothesized that a particular diet might cause the learning problem. Therefore, she designed a study that would tell her if diet was the actual cause. *In order*, which research methods has this psychologist used?
case study, survey, experiment
According to Neimeyer, Prigerson, and Davies, what is the "inability to reconstruct a meaningful personal reality" after loss?
complicated grief
Grief that is longer lasting, much more intense, and much more debilitating is known as
complicated grief
The viewpoint expressed in Jessica Mitford's book "The American Way of Death"
conventional funerals are bizarre and morbid
