Psychology quiz 1

A correlation coefficient

A statistic that tells the strength and direction of association between two variables in a numerical value?

Debriefing

After a research study has been completed, the researchers should inform the participants of its purpose and the methods they used. This is in accordance with the principle of?

Control group

An experimenter studies the relationship between caffeine and reaction time. She designs her experiment with four groups. Group one receives 100 mg of caffeine each in their cups of coffee; group two receives 200 mg of caffeine each in their cups of coffee; group three receives 300 mg of caffeine each in their cups of coffee; and group four receives no coffee. Twenty minutes later, participants from all the groups are given a reaction-time test. In this experiment, what is group 4?

Control group example

An experimenter studies the relationship between caffeine and reaction time. Which group is the one without caffeine?

Behaviorism approach

Annette is an adolescent with extreme social anxiety. Dr. Benson's treatment plan for Annette focusses on rewarding her whenever she takes a step towards conquering her fears. In the scenario, Dr. Benson and adheres most closely to which psychology approach? (Observable behavior based on environment or experience. External motive, consequences, and responses.)

Structuralism; introspection

If you were a psychologist who adopted the __________ approach (Wilhelm Wundt's approach to discovering the basic elements of mental processes), you would be interested in the structure of the mind, using ________ as your primary research method.

Experimental group

In an experiment, the group that receives the treatment the researchers want to study is known as the __________.

Independent variable; dependent variable

In experimental research, the ________ is a manipulated experimental factor, and the ________ is the outcome.

Independent variable and dependent variable

In experimental research, what are the manipulated variable and the outcome?

Psychodynamic approach

In his practice, Dr. Wagner stresses the role of unconscious processes and unresolved childhood conflicts that influence an individual's behavior. Dr. Wagner's belief aligns with the ________ to psychology.

4 ethical considerations when conducting research

Informed consent, freedom from coercion, confidentiality, and debriefing.

Case Study

It could be difficult to generalize from one person to a larger population. An in-depth investigation of an individual person would be a?

Double-blind experiment

Margaret is appointed as a research director at a well-known pharmaceutical company. She is asked to design a set of research studies that will test the effectiveness of the drugs that are being manufactured by the company. To ensure that experimenter bias and research participant bias do not influence the results, Margaret should design a set of

Mary Calkin and Margaret Washburn

Notable women in psychology (early memory research and the first PhD reward)?

Room color

Professor Stenson is examining the effects of color on patients' anxiety levels. She randomly assigns patients to either a room painted white or a room painted black, and then she records their blood pressure. In this case, the independent variable is the?

Value free

Psychologists are human, therefore they cannot be _______ even if they tried.

Biological approach

Psychologists who adopt this approach examine behavior and mental processes by focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system (Body, Brain, nervous system, and biological mechanisms.)

Cognitive psychologist

Samuel, a psychologist, wants to investigate why people remember their first dates for a lifetime but tend to forget subsequent dates with the same partner. In this scenario, Samuel is most likely a?

Four scientific attitudes

The ________ are critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity.

American Psychological Association (APA); Institutional Review Board (IRB)

The ________ has developed ethics guidelines for its members, and the ________ evaluates the ethical nature of research conducted at their colleges and universities.

Evolutionary approach

The ________ to psychology relies on concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.

Psychology

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It is studied by using systematic methods to gather data and form conclusions. It is multiply determined. Roots in philosophy, natural science, and physiology.

positive; negative; zero; perfect

The variables change in the same direction, different direction, no association, and perfectly predicts (as) the other.

Experimental, correlations, and descriptive

Three types of psychological research are?

Mental processes

What are thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly?

Avoid overgeneralizing based on little information

What can you do to become a better consumer of psychology in everyday life?

Theory

What is a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations?

Random sample

What is a sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected?

The second step in the scientific method

What is formulating hypotheses and predictions?

Evolutionary psychologists

Who believes human behaviour is traceable to problems early humans faced in adapting to their environments?

Experimenter bias

_____ occurs when the experimenter's or participant's expectations influence the outcome of the research.

Confidential data; anonymous data

_______ can be linked back to the individual person, but ______ cannot.

Observing behavior

_______ in real world settings is known as naturalistic observation. People watching. It is important that the researchers not change the situation that they are observing.

Variables; operational definition

_______ is any characteristics of factor that can vary (controlled, measured, and manipulated). _______ defines a variable in terms of the specific producers used to produce or measure it (translates the abstract into observable and measurable).

A research finding; theory

_______ is considered theory of it is found to be a dependable result. A _______ is falsifiable, where an opinion is not.

The sample

_______ is the subset of the population chosen by the investigator for a study.

Replication

_______ means that a researcher has been able to reproduce a study and get similar results as a previous researcher. It refers to the ability to repeat a study and get results similar to those of the original research.

The placebo effect; placebo

_______ occurs when participants expectations, rather than the experimental treatment, produce an outcome. _______ is harmless, inert substance, given to participants of a study instead of a presumed active agent, and had no specific physiological effect.

The peer review process

_______ occurs when researchers submit their research findings to a journal for examination by their colleagues, who make a decision about whether to publish the research paper.

Statistics

_______ refer to the mathematical analyses to describe and interpret data in research.

Descriptive research

_______ serves the purpose of determining the basic dimensions of a phenomenon and defining what it is or how often it occurs, but it cannot provide casual info. It is a category of research that allows researchers to get a sense of phenomenon, even though the research cannot answer questions about relationships or cause-and-effect determination.

Empirical method

________ is gaining knowledge by collecting data and thinking logically about findings.

Wilhelm Wundt

________ is most often regarded the "founding father" of modern psychology. The theorists that primarily uses the structuralism approach to study human behavior.

Critical thinking

________ is the process of thinking deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence. Critically thinking comes into play when scientists consider the conclusions they draw from research. Critical thinkers question and test what some people say are facts. It comes into play when scientists consider the conclusions they draw from research. It is a question and test what some people say are facts.

Operational definitions

________ provide an objective description of how variables are going to be measured and observed in a particular study.

External validity; internal validity

_________ is the degree to which an experimental design really reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address. Do the methods apply to the real world? ________ is the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

Validity

_________ is the soundness of conclusions that can be drawn from an experiment.

Random assignment

_________ of participants to research groups by chance. It reduces the likelihood that the results of the experiment will be due to any preexisting differences between groups.

Correlational research

__________ involves studies that are concerned with identifying the relationships between two or more variable in order to describe how they change together. They use it when they want to use one variable to predict another or if they want to do research in a situation in which they cannot ethically conduct a true experiment.

Objectivity

__________ is the goal of science that the empirical method best fulfils (Gaining knowledge by collecting data and thinking logically about findings).

Experimental method

__________: it allows researchers to draw conclusions about cause and affect to test a hypothesis between 2 or more variables. Random assignment to conditions and manipulation of independent variable.

Survey method; survey research

__________: it allows researchers to study large numbers of people fairly easily. In ____________, people are asked to self-report and a disadvantage is that people may not answer honestly.

Structuralism; functionalism

___________ focused on the elemental parts of mental processes. _________ focused in the purposes of the mind.

An experiment

___________ is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more variables believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other variables are held constant.

Behavior; mental processes

___________ is observable action . _____ is a private experience- not directly observed.

Humanistic approach

___________ is the psychological approach that involving purpose, personal growth, freewill, choice, and responsibility. People need love and acceptance?