Psychology Quiz Unit 3
Heritability of most human traits is typically in the range of ____. .10 to 0.40 .30 to 0.60 .50 to 0.80 .70 to 1.0
.30 to .60
If genes play no part in producing phenotypical differences between individuals, heritability is ____. 0 0.25 0.5 1
0
The heritability ratio of having a liver is ____. 0 0.75 1 0.25
0
The hunter-gatherer societies of human beings shifted to an agricultural culture approximately ________ years ago. 25,000 10,000 5,000 20,000
10,000
A single human can produce eggs or sperm with approximately ________ combinations of chromosomes. 34 million 112 million 2.2 million 8.3 million
112 million
In 2014, the average number of children per woman worldwide was _______. 1.35 2.9 1.87 2.45
2.45
How many pairs of chromosomes do we get from our parents? 23 11 46 22
23
Which chromosomal pair is known as the "sex chromosomes"? 23 1 12 21
23
When a parent's cell divides to make an egg or sperm cell, each resulting cell contains ____. 92 chromosomes 46 chromosomes 11 chromosomes 23 chromosomes
23 chromosomes
Tara and Boris, expectant parents, wonder about the endless possibility of traits their unborn son might inherit from them (e.g., Tara's red hair and allergies; Boris's tall frame and poor eyesight). As a genetics expert, you tell them that after cell division, the egg or sperm contains _____ chromosomes; thus, a male or female can produce _____ different combinations of his or her chromosomes. 46; 246 23; 223 23; 232 46; 462
23;223
Despite the belief that human beings are so vastly different from every other species, experts have found that we share about ______ percent of our genes with yeast! 68 44 12 26
26
While the human brain makes up only _____% of the body's weight, it requires about _____% of the body's resources when at rest. 7; 30 .75; 8 4; 25 2; 15
2; 15
The Earth is estimated to have originated approximately ______ years ago. 2.5 billion 200 million 4.5 billion 960 million
4.5 billion
Humans share what percent of their genes with fruit flies? 18% 26% 92% 44%
44%
Homo erectus, which is a species that lived about 1.5 million years ago, had a brain size of about ________ cubic centimeters 960 500 700 250
700
Humans share what percent of their genes with mice? 44% 18% 26% 92%
92%
According to evolutionary psychologists, which male would be most interested in sharing child rearing responsibilities with his spouse? Tomas, who has a strong brow ridge and round chin Milan, who has a soft brow ridge and square chin Chung, who has a strong brow ridge and square chin Ahmed, who has a soft brow ridge and round chin
Ahmed, who has a soft brow ridge and round chin
According to evolutionary psychologists, which male would be most interested in sharing child rearing responsibilities with his wife? Ahmed, who has a soft brow ridge and round chin Jonathan, who has strong brow ridge and round chin Milan, who has a soft brow ridge and square chin Chung, who has a strong brow ridge and square chin
Ahmed, who has a soft brow ridge and round chin
Which statement reflects how culture has influenced the reproductive success of the Waorani and Yanomamo people of the Amazonian Basin? In contrast to other tribes of the same region, the Waorani and Yanomamo people value peace and tranquility and thus have had the greatest success in passing along their genes. Although male aggression is highly valued in both societies, aggressive Yanomamo men are more successful than Waorani men in passing along their genes because Yanomamo men stand down between conflicts. In contrast to other tribes of the same region, the Waorani and Yanomamo people value peace and tranquility; however, because the Waorani, but not the Yanomamo people, refuse to defend themselves, their gene pool is dwindling. Although aggression is highly valued for both Waorani and Yanomamo men, the high mortality rates amongst aggressive males is causing these tribe populations to dwindle.
Although male aggression is highly valued in both societies, aggressive Yanomamo men are more successful than Waorani men in passing along their genes because Yanomamo men stand down between conflicts.
Courtney passes on the B blood type allele to her baby, and her husband passes on the O blood type allele. This means that the baby will have which blood type? AO A B O
B
A gene that has a greater impact on a trait of interest than other genes is called a(n) ________ gene. allelic chromosomal heterozygous candidate
Candidate
Which early scientist described how species change in an orderly manner? Gregor Mendel Charles Darwin James Watson Francis Galton
Charles Darwin
Darren suffers from fragile bone X (FBX) disorder. He inherited the FBX allele from his father and the normal allele for bone development from his mother. What can we conclude? Darren's children will most likely suffer from FBX disorder. FBX is a recessive allele. FBX is a dominant allele. Darren's children are unlikely to suffer from FBX disorder.
FBX is a dominant allele
Why are sex-linked characteristics more common in males than in females? RNA replication can take place only when there are two X chromosomes, and as such the absence of this process in males leads to higher levels of sex-linked problems. Females have two X chromosomes, so a problematic gene on one chromosome may be masked by a healthy gene on the other. Different chromosomes (XY versus XX) leads to a greater chance of DNA methylation, which causes genetic abnormalities. The Y chromosome has far more active genes than the female's second X chromosome, leading to a greater likelihood of mutation and problems.
Females have two X chromosomes, so a problematic gene on one chromosome may be masked by a healthy gene on the other
Which gene is thought to play a major role on distinctly human behaviors, including the development of language? Nrf2 Sp1 HIF-1a FoxP2
FoxP2
Who is credited for first describing the contrast between heredity and environment as "nature versus nurture"? James Watson Gregor Mendel Charles Darwin Francis Galton
Francis Galton
Who was the first to use the phrase "nature versus nurture"? Francis Galton Wilhelm Wundt G. Stanley Hall William James
Francis Galton
Which of the following is evidence of the adaptation of the contemporary human brain? Although the brain comprises only about 2% of the body's weight, it requires about 15% of the body's resources when at rest. Compared with non-human primates, the human brain uses oxygen more efficiently. Brain size has gradually increased over the last 6,000 years. Genes involved with brain development appear to have changed as recently as 6,000 years ago.
Genes involved with brain development appear to have changed as recently as 6000 years ago
Which early scientist was the first to develop a method to account for variations observed in particular traits? James Watson Gregor Mendel Francis Galton Charles Darwin
Gregor Mendel
Miles has been trying to woo Mandy on their date. According to research, which behavior is he likely to demonstrate that he might not in other, nonromantic situations? He will try to use uncommon words to show off his intelligence. He will mirror her physical behaviors to give the impression that they are in synchrony. He will be more aggressive with other males to try to establish himself as an "alpha." He will understate his accomplishments to give the impression of modesty.
He will try to use uncommon words to show off his intelligence
Deandra and her son Jake are visiting the local petting zoo. Deandra points out a peacock spreading his feathers, and explains to him that the peacock is attempting to attract a mate. What is this process called? intersexual behavior sexual adaptation sexual fitness intrasexual behavior
Intersexual behavior
Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of epigenetics? Jose and Eliana have brown eyes; their youngest daughter has blue eyes Fareed and Asha are fraternal twins; they are often mistaken for identical twins Jacob and Elias are identical twins; Jacob is 4 cm taller than Elias Tobias has Huntington's disease; his son has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease
Jacob and Elias are identical twins; Jacob is 4 cm taller than Elias
Which example best illustrates the concept of epigenetics? Joe and Elaine have brown eyes; their youngest daughter has blue eyes. Toby has Huntington's disease; his son has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease. Fareed and Asha are fraternal twins; they are often mistaken for identical twins. Josh and Jason are identical twins; Josh is two inches taller than Jason.
Josh and Jason are identical twins; Josh is two inches taller than Jason
An error that occurs when DNA is replicated is referred to as a ____. genetic drift mutation splicing event migration
Mutation
Which statement best illustrates the concept of heritability? Naomi inherited the mutated BRCA1 gene, increasing her risk for certain cancers. Selma has a 50% chance of passing the gene for curly hair to her children. Mario is the first person in his family in three generations to have blue eyes. Dara is outgoing, just like her father and older sisters.
Naomi inherited the mutated BRCA1 gene, increasing her risk for certain cancers
What is an argument against the idea that promiscuity is an ideal way to pass one's genes onto successive generations? The quality of the selected mate tends to decrease with increased promiscuity. Fertility rates typically decrease when sexual activity goes beyond a threshold level. Parental care suffers when a parent has too many children. Increased sexual activity introduces a variety of fatal infections to the individual.
Parental care suffers when a parent has too many children
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of adaptation? Plant "D" has a recessive allele that causes a higher rate of photosynthesis; plants with this phenotype have a higher energy reserve. Plant "A" produces either large fruit or small fruit; farmers breed only the large fruit plants, causing them to outnumber the small fruit variant. Plant "C" has a genetic mutation that creates a taller variant; this variant is able to survive and reproduce. Plant "B" has a rare waxy leaf variant; as the environment becomes more arid, the waxy leaf variant becomes more prevalent.
Plant "b" has a rare waxy leaf variant; as the environment becomes more arid, the waxy leaf variant becomes more prevalent
In what way did the cultures of the Waorani and Yanomamo differ with regard to reproduction? Reproductive success was linked to the number of pregnancies a couple could produce prior to their 18th birthdays. Only those who struggled to achieve pregnancy were regarded as being "worthy" of children. They both required parental supervision of first attempts to reproduce, but they differed regarding the requirement of marriage. Reproductive success was linked to higher aggression in one culture, and lower aggression in the other.
Reproductive success was linked to higher aggression in one culture, and lower aggression in the other
Scott suffers from metabolic insufficiency X (MIX) disorder. His mother also has MIX disorder, but his father does not. What can we conclude? Scott will pass down the MIX disorder to his children, but they may not get the disease. Scott may or may not pass down the gene for MIX disorder to his children. The MIX gene must be recessive. The MIX gene must be dominant.
Scott may or may not pass down the gene for MIX disorder to his children
What is the likelihood of your sharing an allele with a parent or with a sibling? The chance that you share an allele with either a parent or a sibling is one fourth. The chance that you share an allele with a parent is one-half and with a sibling, one fourth. The chance that you share an allele with either a parent or a sibling is one half. The chance that you share an allele with a parent is one-fourth and with a sibling, one eighth.
The chance that you share an allele with either a parent or a sibling is one half
What is the commonly accepted view of current psychologists regarding the nature-nurture controversy? Nature is the stronger factor of the two. Nurture is the stronger factor of the two. Nature, nurture, and the third factor of the environment determine what we become. The interaction of nature and nurture determines what we become.
The interaction of nature and nurture determines what we become
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of genetic drift? The genetic mutation that causes sickle cell anemia also increases resistance to malaria, increasing the frequency of the diseased allele in the general population. There is a higher than average rate of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome in the Amish community because the diseased allele was introduced by some of the original Amish settlers. Twelve thousand years ago Native Americans traversed the Bering Strait to settle in the Americas, causing different genetic traits to be favored over others. The prevalence of depression is greater in populations where the serotonin transporter gene translocated to position q21 along chromosome 17.
There is a higher than average rate of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome in the Amish community because the diseased allele was introduced by some of the original Amish settlers.
Why is hemophilia more prevalent in males? There is no other X chromosome to offset the diseased gene. The diseased gene is located on the Y chromosome. The Y chromosome activates the diseased allele on the X chromosome. Fathers can only pass the diseased allele along to their sons.
There is no other X chromosome to offset the diseased gene
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of migration? The prevalence of depression is greater in populations where the serotonin transporter gene translocated to position q21 along chromosome 17. Twelve thousand years ago Native Americans traversed the Bering Strait to settle in the Americas, causing different genetic traits to be favored over others. The genetic mutation that causes sickle cell anemia also increases resistance to malaria, increasing the frequency of the diseased allele in the general population. There is a higher than average rate of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome in the Amish community because the diseased allele was introduced by some original Amish settlers.
Twelve thousand years ago Native Americans traversed the Bering Strait to settle in the Americas, causing different genetic traits to be favored over others
Jang, who has Type A blood, inherited the gene for Type A blood from his mother and the gene for Type O blood from his father. What is the genotype for Jang's blood type? Type AA Type O Type A Type AO
Type AO
The theories of psychology promoted by _______ were most similar to those of Charles Darwin and the purveyors of evolutionary psychology. Wilhelm Wundt Margaret Mahler G. Stanley Hall William James
William James
Which of the following individuals would be most likely to focus on heritability as a part of their work? a neurobiologist a behavioral geneticist a behavioral neuroscientist a chemist
a behavioral geneticist
What is an allele? a curled tip of RNA that leads to DNA replication a different version of the same gene a gene that is mutated a chromosome that has a homozygous match
a different version of the same gene
What is the relationship between a gene and DNA? A gene is a helical structure, and DNA contains the regulatory elements that decode the structure. A gene is the subset of "turned on" DNA. A gene is a specific segment of DNA. A gene is a static superset of the entire DNA in a specific individual.
a gene is a specific segment of DNA
Why is it that children of parents with different MHC genes than each other have a better chance of survival than if the parents have the same MHC genes? Those with more than one type of MHC gene are less likely to develop auto-immune illnesses like lupus. A person with heterozygous MHC gene alleles is better prepared to fight infections. Heterozygous MHC genes provide protection against cardiomyopathy in adulthood. Those with different MHC genes are less susceptible to influenza A, B, and C strains.
a person with heterozygous MGC gene alleles is better prepared to fight infections
Which of the following scenarios best illustrate the concept of adaptation? a plant produces either large or small fruit; farmers breed only the large fruit plants, causing them to outnumber the small fruit variant a plant has a rare waxy leaf variation; as its environment becomes more arid, the waxy leaf variant becomes more prevalent a plant with a recessive allele that causes a higher rate of photosynthesis; plants with this phenotype have a higher energy reserve a plant has a genetic mutation that creates a taller variant; this variant is able to survive and reproduce
a plant has a rare waxy leaf variation; as its environment becomes more arid, the waxy leaf variant becomes more prevalent
What is the thale cress? A weed with which human beings share 18 percent of their genes. A gene that has been identified as determining who will and who will not develop Alzheimer's disease. A geometric figure used to help assess the heredity of certain traits. A biological procedure designed to repair mutated genes.
a weed with which human beings share 18 percent of their genes
The process of change due to natural selection is referred to as exclusivity malleability adaptation fitness
adaptation
The process or result of change due to natural selection is referred to as ____. exclusivity malleability fitness adaptation
adaptation
What is an argument against using adoption studies for assessing the relative influences of genetics and environment on child development? Adoptive parents go through a rigorous screening process, decreasing their diversity. Because adoptive parents are under constant scrutiny, they tend to downplay the negative behaviors of their children. Children who are adopted are more likely to feel out of place in their adopted home and community. The mere knowledge of knowing they were adopted will alter the behavior of a child.
adoptive parents go through a rigorous screening process, decreasing their diversity
Which type of society began to tip the balance of power away from an egalitarian society to one that gave males a more favored status? agrarian hunter-gatherer agricultural combative
agricultural
Approximately 10,000 years ago humans experienced a dramatic change in their social structure because of the advent of ____. religion monogamy agriculture new hunter-gatherer tools
agriculture
Different versions of a single gene are known as ____. homozygotes heterozygotes alleles chromosomes
alleles
What allows for variation within the human species? number of chromosomes alleles genes structure of DNA
alleles
Which of the following best describes the relationship between evolutionary forces and behavior? Although behavior is complex, evolutionary forces influence both physical traits and behavior. Evolutionary forces influence simple physical traits and simple behaviors, but not complex behaviors. The idea that evolutionary forces can mold behavior has come to light only in the last decade. Because behaviors have no genetic component, evolutionary forces are irrelevant in shaping behavior.
although behavior is complex, evolutionary forces influence both physical traits and behavior
Which of the following statements describes the relationship between evolutionary forces and behavior? evolutionary forces influence simple physical traits and simple behaviors, but not complex behaviors although behavior is complex, evolutionary forces influence both physical traits and behavior the idea that evolutionary forces can mold behavior has come to light in only the last decade because behaviors have no genetic component, evolutionary forces are irrelevant in shaping behavior
although behavior is complex, evolutionary forces influence both physical traits and behavior
Steve and Allie, who work at the same research institute, are competing to be the first scientist to isolate novel protein X from cancer cells. They run into one another while signing up for the same lab microscope and discuss their research progress. The end result is that Steve's research project benefited from the interaction but Allie's did not. Which set of interactional styles could have occurred between Steve and Allie? altruistic or spiteful cooperative or altruistic altruistic or selfish spiteful or selfish
altruistic or selfish
Your university is hosting an interdisciplinary conference entitled "Contemporary Perspectives on Evolution." Two leading psychologists have been invited to debate the effects of nature and nurture on human behavior. They would most likely reach the consensus that these two entities ____. have a negative correlation are not mutually exclusive maintain distinct and equal functions compete to influence behavior
are not mutually exclusive
In what way did early scholars consider the issues of nature and nurture in psychology? as a question of nature "versus" nurture by examining how nature and nurture affect each other reciprocally by assuming that neither nature nor nurture would explain important developmental concepts by recongizing that only nature or nurture could affect a specifc domain of development
as a question of nature "versus" nurture
Harry would like to take a paternity test to determine if he is Maia's father. He asks Maia's mother, Julia, to provide DNA samples for both her and Maia. Which technique will most likely be used to compare the three DNA samples? western blots high performance liquid chromatography autoradiographs immunocytochemistry analyses
autoradiographs
Dr. McInerny is interested in studying the amount of heritability shared by different individuals. She is most likely working in the field of ________. gene-environment interactions behavioral genetics molecular genetics functional genomics
behavioral genetics
Heritability takes into account ____. both environmental and genetic factors neither environmental nor genetic factors only genetic factors only environmental factors
both environmental and genetic factors
Vestigial wings (very small wings) are a recessive trait of the fruit fly. For a fruit fly to have a vestigial phenotype, it must inherit the gene(s) for vestigial wings from ____. both parents either parent the father the mother
both parents
Over the 7-million-year period of hominin evolution, ____. agriculture replaced hunting brains grew very rapidly ecological complexity shaped modern intelligence quadrupeds became bipeds
brains grew very rapidly
Stephanie's mother died of breast cancer, so Stephanie wants to eat foods that may have anti-cancer properties. Which of the following would she want to include in her diet on a regular basis? carrots with cilantro green beans with thyme asparagus with rosemary broccoli with garlic
broccoli with garlic
In one study, rats licked frequently during infancy by their mothers were calmer than rats licked infrequently when faced with stress later in life. What is the most likely explanation for this? Because mothers who chose to lick their pups had a calmer demeanor, their pups were raised in less stressful environments. By licking their pups, these mothers had influenced the expression of genes that influenced responses to a stress hormone. The rat pups that were frequently licked learned to engage in the licking behavior as a coping strategy during times of stress. The "licking" prone mothers only cared for the calmest pups of the litter, causing the more aggressive pups to die prematurely.
by licking their pups, these mothers had influenced the expression of genes that influenced responses to a stress hormone
The process of gene expression involves ____. influencing the behavior of a segment of society chromosomal recombination during gamete formation converting genetic instructions into a feature of a living cell replicating a cell's genetic makeup during division
converting genetic instructions into a feature of a living cell
The practices, values, and goals shared by groups of people is referred to as ____. culture mores civilization society
culture
The new field of nutrigenomics studies the epigenetic influences of _______. radiation social network and internet use diet teratogens
diet
Change that occurs from one generation to the next, either through change or accident, is called genetic ________. drift assimilation accommodation mutation
drift
What term references a society where the power differential between men and women is minimal, and power is shared in a more equal manner? patriarchal matriarchal egalitarian agrarian
egalitarian
Dominant alleles determine a phenotype when an individual is ____ for that particular gene. neither homozygous nor heterozygous either homozygous or heterozygous only heterozygous only homozygous
either homozygous or heterozygous
An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that the function of a tradition, such as wearing green on St. Patrick's day, is to ____. attract a mate by showing commitment to a group show pride in one's native culture enhance the sense of group membership intimidate others who are considered outsiders
enhance the sense of group membership
Ron and Don are identical twins who were raised in the same household by the same parents. The fact that they may have different phenotypes is attributable to environmental influences on their unique genetic expressions, which is called ________ influences. heritable nutrigenomic epigenetic relatedness
epigenetic
The study of gene-environment interactions in the production of phenotype is called ____. phenomics biogenics epigenetics genospherics
epigenetics
What psychological perspective assumes that our current behavior exists because it provided survival and reproductive advantages to our ancestors? behavioral genetics adaptive psychology biological psychology evolutionary psychology
evolutionary psychology
The X sex chromosome has about 2,000 active genes on it. How many active genes are found on the Y chromosome? about 50 only about 1,500 fewer than 100 between 600 and 1,000
fewer than 100
The ability of one genotype to reproduce more successfully relative to other genotypes is referred to as ____. exclusivity malleability adaptation fitness
fitness
The branch of genetics that would be most interested in the links between a global genome and particular traits is ________. functional genomics behavioral genetics gene-environment interactions molecular genetics
functional genomics
The early psychology perspective of ________ shares with evolutionary psychology the notion that behavior is seen as promoting survival. humanism structuralism gestaltism functionalism
functionalism
Epigenetic change influences ________, which is the process by which DNA builds proteins that contribute to features of living cells. gene replication RNA transcription genetic mutation gene expression
gene expression
What do humans share that allows them to be so similar to one another, but different from other animals? alleles genes number of chromosomes structure of DNA
genes
A magazine cover recently had the headline "Scientists Identify the Gene for Alcoholism." What is the major mistake about this headline? there are no behaviors that are explained by the influence of a single gene alcoholism has no genetic contribution genes encode for proteins, not for behaviors scientists can isolate chromosomes, not genes
genes encode for proteins, not for behaviors
A change in a population's genes from one generation to the next due to chance or accident is referred to as a ____. genetic drift migration mutation splicing event
genetic drift
A change in the gene alleles from one generation to the next due to chance or an accident is called genetic drift splicing event mutation migration
genetic drift
The fact that contemporary populations of Native Americans have almost no incidence of Type B blood is an example of ________. sexual selection genetic mutation heritable selection genetic drift
genetic drift
Two groups of students (Group A and Group B) participate in standardized agility tests. The results show that Group A is considerably more agile than Group B and that agility is heritable. What can we conclude? The genetic variability between the two groups is high. Environment has no effect on agility. Genetic factors play a role in agility. The genetic variability within each group is low.
genetic factors play a role in agility
Evolutionary psychologists suggest that sacrificing yourself for others is much more likely when the "others" are ___. genetically related relatives members of the opposite sex genetically diverse individuals members of the same sex
genetically related relatives
As human beings, we each have a personal set of instructions, or alleles. What term best describes this set? phenotype genotype heterotype homotype
genotype
Statements about heritability always apply to: strangers, not relatives. groups, not individuals. individuals, not groups. relatives, not strangers.
groups, not individuals
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of intersexual selection? the tendency to view close relatives as unattractive ensuring species continuation via heterosexual behavior having characteristics that are likely to attract a mate of the opposite sex choosing a mate with genetic diversity
having characteristics that are likely to attract a mate of the opposite sex
The statistical likelihood that variations observed in a population are due to genetics is referred to as ____. selectability covariation heritability inheritance
heritability
The term given for the statistical likelihood that variations in a population are due to genetics is covariation selectability heritability inheritance
heritability
Dr. Pohlson is studying the heritability of self-confidence. Because all of his research participants are upper-middle class adolescents from the same private school in New York City, the heritability of self-confidence will appear to be ____. nondiscrete constant low high
high
The first species that walked on two feet, had large brains, and are related to modern humans was a species called ________. hominin homo erectus homo habilis australopithecus
hominin
Animals who have longer legs and ears will tend to have an advantage in which settings? cold, snowy climates hot, desert climates settings with low amounts of available water settings with greater numbers of predators
hot, desert climates
From an evolutionary psychological perspective, why would social structures be more important for humans than for other animals? Humans lack impressive claws or teeth. Humans are able to empathize. Humans are able to express emotions. Humans are highly intelligent.
humans lack impressive claws or teeth
Which of the following traits has been found to be subjected to sexual selection? neuroticism psychoticism narcissism humor
humor
Although it would seem that male promiscuity provides reproductive advantage for men, this tends not to be the case because: the more sexual encounters a man has, the less likely his semen is to contain motile sperm that can create a pregnancy. women who suspect that males will not stick with them to raise a child are less likely to be sexually receptive. cultural constrictions override genetic and biological behavioral tendencies. if children are not cared for and protected, their survival is less certain.
if children are not cared for and protected, their survival is less certain
Why does Huntington's disease have a heritability ratio of 1.0? If someone inherits the gene for Huntington's disease, it is inevitable that he/she will acquire the disease. In families where Huntington's disease is prevalent, it tends to appear at least once every generation. The gene that causes Huntington's disease is dominant. Because of environmental influences, it is difficult to predict if someone will acquire the disease despite having the diseased allele.
if someone inherits the gene for Huntington's disease, it is inevitable that he/she will acquire the disease
As an example of the costs of adaptation, it has been found that while the much higher levels of testosterone in human males provide a reproductive advantage, they are also associated with greater levels of cardiovascular disease. an increased risk of stomach and colon cancer. a susceptibility to dementia. impaired immune functioning.
impaired immune functioning
Researchers believe that humor attracts potential mates because it signifies ____. self-confidence the ability to nurture intelligence empathy
intelligence
The textbook gives the example of a male peacock's colorful tail features as an instance of ________ selection. intrasexual transexual intersexual asexual
intersexual
Research finds that in human beings, dominant and successful males are likely to attract more females, and dominance among males is often decided on the basis of occupational stature and financial earnings. intrasexual competition in risky endeavors. external details, such as the clothes one wears or the type of car one drives. physical strength to hypothetically kill other males.
intersexual competition in risky endeavors
In ________ selection, members of the same sex compete with each other for the affections of the other sex. transexual intrasexual intersexual asexual
intrasexual
On a field assignment with her students, Professor Miller observes two male elephant seals engaged in a fierce battle. She explains to her students that they are fighting for mating control of the female harem, a process termed ____. intrasexual selection sexual adaptation intersexual selection sexual fitness
intrasexual selection
What has happened to the average number of children that women are having between 1960 and 2014? it is impossible to tell, as the trends differ based on geographic region it stayed very stable It increased by 20% it dropped by about 50%
it dropped by about 50%
In which way does epigenetic change alter the development of a given person's phenotype? It inhibits the ability of a sperm cell and an egg cell to correctly "match" each of the 23 gene pairs, leading to chromosomal distortions. It increases the likelihood that specific genes will work in singular form to cause a specific phenotype. It enhances the "strength" of recessive or mutated genes, so that they can no longer be masked by dominant alleles of the same gene. It influences gene expression, the process by which DNA forms proteins that contribute to the features of living cells.
it influences gene expression, the process by which DNA forms proteins act contribute to the features of living cells
The gene for nerve deterioration X (NDX) disorder is located on the X chromosome. What can we conclude? It is more prevalent in males. Only mothers can pass down the gene for NDX. Only fathers can pass down the gene for NDX. It is more prevalent in females.
it is more prevalent in males
What change in the English peppered moth demonstrates the process of adaptation? it developed the ability to see in the dark because it lived in an environment that got very little sunlight it developed an acidic skin so that predators would not want to eat it its color changed to increase its ability to camouflage with the bark of the surrounding trees its wings narrowed so that it could fly in and out of tiny holes in rock formations
its color changed to increase its ability to camouflage with the bark of the surrounding trees
Which of the following is offered by your textbook as an explanation for why the human brain has not changed in size as compared to our homo sapien ancestors? the human skull has no more room to accommodate a larger brain size the human brain does not need to get larger because maximum cognitive potential has been achieved with the current brain mass larger brains require more energy, so the current brain size has achieved a balance of advantage versus drawback the brain has actually decreased in size from previous species of human beings, so an increase would represent a de-evolutionary stage
larger brains require more energy, so the current brain size has achieved a balance of advantage versus drawback
Research has found that rats who were ________ were calmer when faced with stress later in life. fed a high protein diet separated from their parents raised with their siblings licked more by their mothers
licked more by their mothers
Dr. Mahr is studying the heritability of shyness. Because her research participants are adolescents from different socioeconomic groups across the county, the heritability of self-confidence will appear to be ____. variable low constant high
low
According to evolutionary psychologists, what traits do women subconsciously look for in a potential mate to maximize the survival of their children? low levels of testosterone low levels of progesterone high levels of progesterone high levels of testosterone
low levels of testosterone
As societies became larger, humans devised new cultural systems to ____. weed out the weakest members promote rugged individualism maintain group cohesion foster innovation
maintain group cohesion
In a study where participants rated the pleasantness of T-shirt odors, what gene alleles influenced their odor preference? serotonin transporter blood type phosphatase enzyme major histocompatibility complex
major histocompatibility complex
Which statement is most consistent with the evolutionary psychology perspective? Men are promiscuous because of increasing societal pressures. Men are promiscuous because of the need to spread their genes. Men are promiscuous because of the high levels of testosterone in Western culture. Men are promiscuous because they have adapted to low impulse control behaviors.
men are promiscuous because of the need to spread their genes
A group of ducks living in New Hampshire decided to fly to Georgia to live in a warmer climate. This change of location is called ________. migration geographical settling repositioning imprinting
migration
An error that occurs in the replication of DNA is called a mutation genetic drift migration natural selection
mutation
The process by which survival and reproduction pressures act to change the frequency of alleles in subsequent generations is referred to as ____. randomized lineage coercive inheritance genetic exclusion natural selection
natural selection
In psychology, ________ refers to our heredity and innate predispositions. nature nurture maturation character
nature
Our genes influence the development of ____. emotional characteristics only physical characteristics only mental characteristics only nearly all of our characteristics
nearly all of our characteristics
The curly wing trait of the fruit fly is carried by a dominant gene. What is the minimum number of curly winged genes that a fruit fly must have to exhibit a curly wing phenotype? one three two four
one
You are attending a family reunion of your dad's extended family. You often wonder how you could be related to any of them based on their physical and behavioral characteristics. What is the chance you share an allele with your first cousins? one eighth one fourth one half one sixteenth
one eighth
Your sister-in-law frequently comments on how many traits you seem to have in common with your eight-year-old niece. You share your extensive knowledge on genetics and explain that the chance you share an allele with your niece is ____. one fourth one half one eighth one sixteenth
one fourth
Recessive alleles determine a phenotype when an individual is ____. either homozygous or heterozygous for a particular gene only homozygous for a particular gene neither homozygous nor heterozygous for a particular gene only heterozygous for a particular gene
only homozygous for a particular gene
The allele for hemophilia, a potentially dangerous blood clotting disorder, is found ________. only in females only on the X chromosome only in candidate genes only on the Y chromosome
only on the X chromosome
The ____ is a part of the prefrontal cortex located right behind the eyes that participates in our emotional lives. orbitofrontal cortex parietal cortex frontal lobe occipital lobe
orbitofrontal cortex
Compared with hunter-gatherer societies, agricultural societies are more ____. matriarchal patriarchal homogenous egalitarian
patriarchal
Which statement best reflects the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) theory of sexual selection? People tend to choose mates with similar MHC genotypes to prevent their offspring from acquiring autoimmune disorders. People tend to choose mates with different MHC genotypes to prevent their offspring from acquiring autoimmune disorders. People tend to choose mates with different MHC genotypes to increase the immune capacity of their offspring. People tend to choose mates with similar MHC genotypes to increase the immune capacity of their offspring.
people tend to choose mates with different MHC genotypes to increase the immune capacity to their offspring
Molly, whose eyes are brown, inherited a gene for blue eyes from her mother and a gene for brown eyes from her father. Molly's brown eyes are part of her ____. heterotype phenotype allelotype homotype
phenotype
The physical expression of one's genetic code refers to his or her ________. genotype heredity maturation phenotype
phenotype
Gene expression results in the synthesis of what component of a living cell? carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids
proteins
Mark and MaryAnn have just met, and are having a nice conversation as they get to know each other. It does not occur to them that early in their respective family trees, they may have a common ancestry and that they both share an allele from that individual. In other words, Mark and MaryAnn are unaware of the potential ________ between them. relatedness attachment genetics homogeneity
relatedness
The probability that two people share the same allele from a common ancestor is referred to as ____. degree of origin familiality gene lineage relatedness
relatedness
The major factor distinguishing human intelligence from the intelligence of other species is the ____. size of the human brain richness and complexity of social behaviors ability to recognize the self ability to combat environmental factors
richness and complexity of social behaviors
The term intrasexual selection refers to ____. procreation within the same family same-sex competition for a mate choosing a mate from a genetically similar population homosexual behavior
same-sex competition for a mate
Sexual ________ was Darwin's term for the development of traits that help an individual compete for mates. dominance coupling selection compatibility
selection
Mutations of the FoxP2 gene can lead to ________. neurofibromitosis Down Syndrome severe speech disorders congenital adrenal hyperplasia
severe speech disorders
Which of the following statements is true of sex-linked disorders? Hormonal fluctuations lead to a great prevalence of sex-linked disorders in women than men. Childbirth and the stress of raising children contributes to the prevalence of sex-linked disorders in women. Sex-linked disorders are caused by genetic mutations on the X chromosome for females and on the Y chromosome for males. Sex-linked disorders, which are more prevalent in males, are typically caused by recessive diseased alleles found on the X chromosome.
sex-linked disorders, which are more prevalent in males, are typically caused by recessive diseased alleles found on the X chromosome
The cluster of genes call the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been found to be subject to ________. sexual selection adaptation heritability cultural influence
sexual selection
The development of traits that help an individual compete for mates is referred to as ____. procreative agility reproductive ratio fertility fitness sexual selection
sexual selection
Which statement regarding the role of genes on human behavior is accurate? In general, a single gene drives behavior and small differences in auxiliary genes modify that behavior. Genes play a negligible role in driving human behavior. Typically, one to two particular genes drive specific patterns of human behavior. Small differences in a cluster of genes typically drive specific behaviors.
small differences in a cluster of genes typically drive specific behaviors
Which of the following facial features is a woman most likely to be drawn to if she prefers to choose a male mate who she feels will participate in raising children? softer features correlated with lower testosterone levels a very "masculine" appearance a strong brow ridge a square chin
softer features correlated with lower testosterone levels
Which type of interaction is most likely to result in a negative outcome for both parties in a relationship? selfishness cooperation spitefulness altruism
spitefulness
The concept of fitness includes survival to adulthood and the loss of recessive traits adaptation to multiple environments successful reproduction diversification of the genetic pool
successful reproduction
The concept of fitness includes survival to adulthood, the ability to find a mate, and ____. diversification of the genetic pool the loss of recessive traits successful reproduction adaptation to multiple environments
successful reproduction
Janelle inherited the allele for muscle fiber X (MFX) disorder from her mother and the normal allele for muscle fiber formation from her father. Janelle does not suffer from any variant of MFX disorder. What can we conclude? Janelle's mother has MFX disorder. MFX disorder is a sex-linked disorder. The MFX gene is dominant. The MFX gene is recessive.
the MFX gene is recessive
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of natural selection? the gene for sickle cell anemia has been passed down for generations because those with the sickle cell anemia allele are typically resistant to malaria farmers typically breed only the strongest animals to ensure that the offspring will retain the most desirable characteristics as identical twins age, they show more physical differences because of epigenetic effects the gene for brown eyes is dominant, therefore the most common eye color in the world is brown
the gene for sickle cell anemia has been passed down for generations because those with the sickle cell anemia allele are typically resistant to malaria
Which example illustrates the "nature" effect on development? the culture one comes from the type of discipline used by parents the genes inherited from parents the climate in which one is raised
the genes inherited from parents
Each cell type in the human body has ____. the same set of genes, but different gene expressions a different set of genes the same gene expression a different set of genes, but the same gene expressions
the same set of genes, but different gene expressions
Even when genes are duplicated on the X and Y chromosomes, they can still have different funtions based on which of the following? their protein bases parental genetic expression their "attachment" to their chromosome their location
their location
Simon has curly hair. If he is homozygous for the gene that determines curly hair, what is true of his parents? One, but not both, of his parents, have contributed an allele for curly hair. They have together contributed four dominant alleles for this gene. They have contributed the same type of allele for this gene. They must each have a recessive allele for straight hair.
they have contributed the same type of allele for this gene
Leena and Leia are identical twins. Which of the following is true of their genetic makeup? They have identical phenotypes but not identical genotypes. They have identical genotypes but not identical phenotypes. They have identical genotypes and identical phenotypes. They have neither identical phenotypes nor genotypes.
they have identical genotypes but not identical phenotypes
Which of the following statements is true about genetic mutations? they generally lead to a survival advantage they typically lead to disease they are a rare occurrence they typically cause no phenotypic change
they typically cause no phenotypic change
What is true of genetic mutations? They typically cause no phenotypical change. They are a rare occurrence. They typically lead to disease. They generally lead to a survival advantage.
they typically cause no phenotypical change
Which of the following is an accurate statement about genetic mutations? Mutations affect RNA molecules as they replicate, but not DNA. We are born with many genetic mutations, most of which have no effect on us. Mutations cause chromosomes to create damaged proteins, eventually leading to failed DNA synthesis. Mutations can occur before birth, but not after.
we are born with many genetic mutations, most of which have no effect on us
Reciprocal altruism is likely to flourish in situations ____. that have a high cost-benefit ratio where individuals are in regular contact of extreme stress where the reward is more emotional than physical
where individuals are in regular contact
Dr. Esper is a modern functional geneticist who is involved in research examining the existence and influence of candidate genes. What type of test is he most likely to use in his research? whole genome sequencing monozygotic twin examination allelic comparitive methylization isolated gene recombination
whole genome sequencing
For what reason do experts note that females have more parental investment in their babies than do males? women are culturally ingrained to be more nurturing than men women are restricted by laws of society regarding their obligations to a new child women bear the majority of the "cost" of reproduction, including pregnancy and delivery women are genetically "wired" to be more interested in their children than are men
women bear the majority of the "cost" of reproduction, including pregnancy and delivery
Reciprocal altruism is best described as helping someone who ____. you expect will help you in the future makes a promise to help you with a specific task in return has an advantageous position with which to return the favor has helped you in the past
you expect will help you in the future
