Psychology - Study Guide # 1

18.Two key figures in the development of humanistic psychology include: A)Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. B)Sigmund Freud and B. F. Skinner. C)Mary Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn. D)John Watson and B. F. Skinner.

A) Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

11.The first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States was: A)Francis C. Sumner. C)G. Stanley Hall. B)Abraham Maslow. D)Margaret Floy Washburn.

A) Francis C. Sumner.

27A hypothesis is: A)a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables. B)a geometrical construct often used in statistical analyses. C)a theory that has been proven. D)the operational definition assigned to the independent variable.

A) a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables

26.Psychologists assume that: A)behavior and mental processes have a cause or causes. B)there are no parallels between human and animal behavior. C)human behavior can be accurately predicted in any situation. D)most aspects of behavior and mental processes cannot be understood by scientific means.

A) behavior and mental processes have a cause or causes.

14.Sigmund Freud: A)believed that experiences in early childhood were critical in the formation of adult personality. B)promoted functionalism during his lecture series at Clark University in 1909. C)stated that psychology should be the study of overt measurable behavior, especially as it pertains to learning. D)founded humanistic psychology.

A) believed that experiences in early childhood were critical in the formation of adult personality.

30.The basic goal of the experimental method is to: A)demonstrate that one variable causes change in a second variable. B)describe and predict naturally occurring phenomena. C)investigate a single subject in depth. D)discover new operational definitions.

A) demonstrate that one variable causes change in a second variable.

15The early school of psychology called behaviorism: A)grew out of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov's pioneering research - he conditioned dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell. B)was the 1st of the early schools to disappear. C)was flatly rejected by John Watson and B. F. Skinner in the early 1900s. D)was rejected as a pseudoscience in the early 1930s by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).

A) grew out of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov's pioneering research in which he conditioned dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell.

38The purpose of using a double-blind research design is to: A)guard against the possibility that the researcher will treat subjects differently or communicate the behavior that is expected of the subjects. B)guard against the release of confidential information. C)guarantee the anonymity of the subjects. D)determine which subjects will be exposed to the dependent variable.

A) guard against the possibility that the researcher will treat subjects differently or communicate the behavior that is expected of the subjects.

33A case study is a(n): A)in-depth investigation of a single individual or a small group of individuals, often involving information from a wide variety of sources. B)method of determining whether an experiment reflects natural conditions. C)survey involving only people who are likely to confirm the experimenter's hypothesis. D)study involving multiple subjects who all suffer from the same psychological problems and are given the same experimental treatment.

A) in-depth investigation of a single individual or a small group of individuals, often involving information from a wide variety of sources.

39The purpose of the control group in an experiment is to: A)serve as a baseline to which changes in the experimental group can be compared. B)provide substitute participants if people drop out of the experiment. C)ensure that ethical standards are maintained. D)make sure that experimental procedures are correctly followed and that results are accurately reported.

A) serve as a baseline to which changes in the experimental group can be compared.

24.When researchers create questions to investigate, generate evidence, and draw conclusions, they are guided by a set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that is (are) called: A)the scientific method. C)ethical guidelines. B)guesses and hunches. D)pseudoscientific assumptions.

A) the scientific method.

28.Descriptive research methods: A)typically answer: the "who, what, where, when, and how often" questions about behavior. B)are no longer used in contemporary psychology. C)have been replaced by sophisticated brain imaging techniques. D)provide the most compelling evidence of cause-and-effect relationships.

A) typically answer: the "who, what, where, when, and how often" questions about behavior.

13.Psychoanalysis emphasized: A)unconscious causes of behavior. B)overt behavior and principles of learning. C)psych growth and conscious experience. D)the perception of whole figures.

A) unconscious causes of behavior.

20.Which of the following people emphasized conscious experiences and each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction? A) Carl Rogers B) B. F. Skinner C) Sigmund Freud D) John B. Watson

A) Carl Rogers

16."My goal is to discover how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences." Such a statement would most likely be made by: A) John B. Watson. B) William James. C) Sigmund Freud. D) Carl Rogers.

A) John B. Watson.

9.Which of the following psychologists founded the American Psychological Association and established the first journal devoted to psychology in the United States? A)William James C)John B. Watson B)G. Stanley Hall D)Mary Whiton Calkins

B) G. Stanley Hall

10 The first U.S. woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology was: A)Mary Whiton Calkins. C)Renee Descartes. B)Margaret Floy Washburn. D)Francis C. Sumner.

B) Margaret Floy Washburn.

25.Psychologists are guided by the basic scientific assumption that events are lawful. What does this mean to psychologists? A)Psychologists are required to obey the law in all of their professional activities. B)Psychologists assume that behavior and mental processes follow consistent patterns. C)Psychologists recognize that behavior typically follows the laws created by society. D)Psychologists assume that abnormal behavior is unlawful whereas normal behavior is lawful.

B) Psychologists assume that behavior and mental processes follow consistent patterns.

34.Professor Nelson wishes to investigate the relationship between stress and visits to the college mental health clinic. Which of the following research methods would be most appropriate? A)pseudoscientific research C)meta-analysis B)a correlational study D)a naturalistic experiment

B) a correlational study

23.Which of the following best represents psychology's basic goals? A)investigate and treat mental illness B)describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior C)listen to, counsel, and console people with problems D)apply the findings of animal research to abnormal behavior

B) describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior

32.The primary goal of naturalistic observation is to: A)conduct an experiment in a nonartificial environment. B)detect natural behavior patterns. C)improve the survival rate of endangered species and preserve threatened habitats. D)disrupt natural behavior patterns and observe the results.

B) detect natural behavior patterns.

36.The experimental group is the group of: A)participants exposed to the dependent variable. B)participants exposed to the independent variable. C)psychologists who are collaborating on an experiment. D)variables that require operational definitions.

B) participants exposed to the independent variable.

37.In a study on the effects of caffeine on memory, participants drank a bottle of tasteless water containing 100, 50, or 0 milligrams of caffeine. The participants assigned to the group that got bottled water with no caffeine represented the _____ in this study. A)dependent variable C)meta-analysis B)placebo control group D)experimental group

B) placebo control group

19Which of the following people developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth? A) John B. Watson B) Abraham Maslow C) G. Stanley Hall D) Ivan Pavlov

B) Abraham Maslow

6 At which university was the very first psychology research laboratory established? A)Johns Hopkins University C)The University of Leipzig B)Harvard University D)Cornell University

C) The University of Leipzig

21.Which of the following approaches was referred to as the "third force" in American psychology? A)psychoanalysis C)humanistic psychology B)functionalism D)cognitive psychology

C) humanistic psychology

31.When psychologists systematically observe and record behaviors as they occur in their natural settings, they are using a descriptive method called: A)case study survey research. C)naturalistic observation. B)meta-analysis. D)the experimental method.

C) naturalistic observation.

17With which behaviorist would you associate the procedures of reinforcement and punishment and operant conditioning? A) Ivan Pavlov B) Abraham Maslow C) B. F. Skinner D) William James

C) B. F. Skinner

12.The founder of psychoanalysis was: A)American psychologist B. F. Skinner. B)American psychologist Carl Rogers. C)German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt. D)Austrian physician Sigmund Freud.

D) Austrian physician Sigmund Freud.

8 Who was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States? A)B. F. Skinner C)Francis C. Sumner B)John B. Watson D)G. Stanley Hall

D) G. Stanley Hall

7 It took more than ten years to write and was 1,400 pages long when it was published. Who wrote the landmark textbook, Principles of Psychology? A)John B. Watson C)B. F. Skinner B)Margaret Floy Washburn D)William James

D) William James

22.Humanistic psychology emphasized: A)the active role played by mental processes in organizing sensations into meaningful perceptions. B)the experimental study of overt, observable behaviors. C)unconscious determinants of personality and behavior. D)free will, self-determination, psychological growth, and human potential.

D) free will, self-determination, psychological growth, and human potential.

29.In contrast to the experimental method, the basic goal of the descriptive methods is to: A)investigate and refute "common sense" notions about human behavior. B)manipulate variables in a meaningful way. C)deduce valid operational definitions and generate new experiments. D)observe and describe behavior.

D) observe and describe behavior.

35. A correlational Study: a) examines how strongly two variables are related to one another b) can be used to establish a cause and effect relationship c)is no longer allowed under today's ethical guidlines d) has little utility, since it is merely descriptive

a) examines how strongly two variables are related to one another

3 Wilhelm Wundt outlined the connections between physiology and psychology: a) in his famous text titled Principles of Physiological Psychology, pub in 1874 b) in a series of famous lectures at Clark University in 1909. c) in a public debate with William James at Harvard University d) in his famous book Pinciples of Psychology, pub in two volumes in 1890

a) in his famous text titled Principles of Physiological Psychology, published in 1874

2 Wilhelm Wundt: a) was a German Physiologist who established the first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig b) was a French philosopher who proposed the idea of interactive dualism. c) is credited with the discovery of unconscious mental processes. d) was an Austrian physician who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology.

a) was a German Physiologist who established the first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig

4 Which of the following events do most historians consider mark the formal beginning of psyc as a scientific discipline? a) Aristotle's landmark essay in 335 B.C., entitled "On the Soul" b) The 1924 publication of John Watson's book, entitled Behaviorism c) The establishment of the first psychology research lab by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 d) Sigmund Freud's discover of the unconscious mind in the early 20century

c) The establishment of the first psychology research laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879

1 Psychology is formally defined as: a) the scientific study of mental processes in human and non-human animals. b) the scientific study of the cause and treatment of mental illness. c) The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. d) the scientific investigation of unconscious mental processes.

c) The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.

5 It was _____ who opened the first psychology laboratory in _____. a) Sigmund Freud; 1904 b) Williams James; 1890 c) Edward B. Titchener: 1892 d) Wilhelm Wundt: 1879

d) Wilhelm Wundt: 1879