Psychology Test 2

Which theory can lead to memory distortions because as the brain stitches together bits and pieces of stored information in reconstructing personal experiences, our memories may not be as accurate as we think?

Constructionist theory

Which statement accurately describes the difference between declarative memory and procedural memory?

Declarative memory can be thought of as "knowing that" and procedural memory can be thought of as "knowing how."

Which one of the following statements is true regarding improving one's memory?

Don't try to remember everything.

When trying to remember time change and directions, the saying "spring forward, fall back" to remember which way to reset the clocks is an example of what memory tool?

Popular sayings and rhymes

What principle of operant conditioning occurs when you receive recognition for a job well done, motivating you to continue to do a job well?

Positive reinforcement

Which of the following terms describes how a response is strengthened by the introduction of a stimulus after the response occurs?

Positive reinforcement

After December 31, 2021, Kaia has a hard time remembering to use 2022 instead of 2021. What term best describes what she is experiencing?

Proactive interference

Which term best describes a learning method in which complex material is broken down into a series of small steps that learners can master at their own pace?

Programmed instruction

You lay in bed and, before falling asleep, make a list of all the things in your mind you need to do tomorrow. What memory system are you using?

Prospective memory

Mr. Bacelis was in the supermarket and trying to remember which brand of frozen peas he had bought the last time by looking at the different boxes of peas in the store. What kind of task is he engaging in?

Recognition task

What is the meaning of Thorndike's law of effect?

Responses with satisfying effects will be strengthened while those that lead to discomfort will be weakened.

Which term applies to forgetting that results from failure to access stored memories?

Retrieval theory

Which one of the following processes of memory involves remembering what you've learned to answer questions on a test ?

Retrieving

Marco got a new phone number. After a few years, he had a hard time remembering his old phone number. What term describes what he is experiencing?

Retroactive interference

After getting into a bad car accident, Azim is not able to remember details of the accident itself. Which one of the conditions describes his condition?

Retrograde amnesia

Jaime walked into a sign while watching her toddler and was knocked unconscious. Now, Jaime has trouble remembering any past events. Which term describes this specific loss of memory?

Retrograde amnesia

What do you think would occur if parents exhibit parental warmth and responsiveness?

-they are likely to display decreased levels of aggression. -They are likely to report an increase in prosocial behavior.

Misty learned her ABC's by singing the alphabet song in kindergarten. Which encoding strategy did she use?

Acoustic encoding

Which one of the terms describes the memory tool "ROYGBIV" when trying to remember the colors of the rainbow?

Acronym

Which one of the terms describes the memory tool "King Phillip Came Over for Good Soup" to remember the classification of animals?

Acrostic

What does a "significant, small, positive relationship between trait anxiety and fear generalization" refer to?

As participants' level of trait anxiety increases, so does their level of fear generalization.

Who was the most popular and controversial psychologist of his time because of his work with operant conditioning?

B. F. Skinner

Maria was trying to recall all the people in her graduating class. She was able to remember some of them, but not all of them. What kind of task is she engaging in?

Free recall

What did Thorndike discover when working with animals?

Cats found their way out of a puzzle box through trial-and-error.

Social security numbers are broken down into three groups of numbers. This illustrates which memory concept?

Chunking

Which of the following is referred to as learning by association?

Classical conditioning

What type of learning involves mental processes such as thinking, information processing, and problem solving?

Cognitive learning

Little Albert's learned fear is called by what term?

Conditioned emotional reaction (CER)

The accuracy of eyewitness testimony includes which factors?

Ease of recall, degree of confidence, general knowledge about a subject, racial identification, types of questions, and facial characteristics

Which of the following people is correctly matched to his contribution to psychology?

Edward Thorndike and Law of Effect

Which one of the following processes of memory involves converting information into a form that we can store in memory?

Encoding

Turning on a furnace in the winter to remove the cold from the house is an example of what kind of learning?

Escape learning

Which term corresponds to using a fan to cool down from the summer heat?

Escape learning

Which one of the following principles is utilized during a gradual exposure treatment?

Extinction

Which emotional response did John Watson first attempt to explain through principles of conditioning?

Fear

Which one of the following schedules of reinforcement is illustrated by an employer who pays $3 for every 10 assembled boards?

Fixed Ratio

Ivan Pavlov conducted an experiment where he wanted to train his dogs to drool at the sound of a bell. Which one of the following is the unconditioned stimulus?

Food

Which one of the following is true about the decay theory?

Hermann Ebbinghaus's research supported the decay theory some 2,500 years after its first appearance in writings.

Which one of the following is true regarding the role of the hippocampus in regards to memory?

Hippocampus is used temporarily for forming and holding new declarative memories.

explain how memory works

Information must be encoded to be stored and later retrieved from memory.

Cheryl dropped a piece of electronic equipment. She doesn't have the manual to see how the parts go back together. Suddenly, she has a flash of inspiration and remembers how the pieces fit. What type of learning best describes this situation?

Insight learning

What kind of learning involves an "AHA!" moment?

Insight learning

What is a reason why the use of physical punishment may be problematic for the child?

It can model aggressive behavior.

Who left the world of academia to pursue a career in advertising?

John Watson

Four-year-old Rabeya watches her older sister practice her letters. A few week later, Rabeya decides to try writing her letters too, and can correctly form several of them. Which type of learning did Rabeya experience?

Latent learning

Rita's mother has been trying to teach her how to ride a bike, but Rita does not seem to be able to do it well. After a week of lessons, her mother wonders if Rita will ever learn. The next day, Rita rides the bike perfectly and is rewarded with her mother's praise. What type of learning best describes this situation?

Latent learning

When studying for history class, Sierra finds that she better remembers information when she considers the similarities and differences of terms, rather than when she just tries to memorize them. Which term best explains why information is better retained when it is encoded on a deeper level?

Levels-of-processing theory

Which term best describes what scientists suspect is needed for long-term memory to occur at the synaptic level?

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Which option explains why students are better off spacing apart their studying for an exam rather than cramming the night before?

Massed versus spaced practice effect

Why do multiple-choice tests generally produce much better retrieval than essay tests?

Multiple-choice tests rely on recognition so retrieval cues are provided. Essay tests rely on recall memory and no cues are given.

When Alex misbehaves, one of his parents disconnects the video game he likes to play. Which term best explains how operant conditioning is applied in this parenting situation?

Negative punishment

Which term best explains where memories are stored, according to today's researchers?

Neuronal networks

Lee has just transferred to a new university and isn't sure how to address one of his professors. He watches other students in his class to see what they do and how the professor responds. What type of learning best describes this situation?

Observational learning

Which term refers to learning that occurs through imitation?

Observational learning

Which one of the following statements is true regarding eyewitness testimony?

Open-ended questions increase the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.

Superstitious behavior can be explained by what principle?

Operant conditioning

In which way will a stimulus help to strengthen the conditioned response?

Pairing a conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus.

If reinforcement follows each instance of the operant response, under which schedule are responses learned most rapidly?

Schedule of continuous reinforcement

In 6th grade, Raúl's teacher made him use his vocabulary words in sentences. Which encoding strategy did Raul's teacher use?

Semantic encoding

In which stage of memory does information stick around for a very brief time, a few seconds at most?

Sensory memory

Which one of the stages of memory is considered the workspace where we work on and actively manipulate information?

Short-term memory

Zereth is a 6-month-old who can tell the difference between a humidifier hum and a bottle warmer hum. Which one of the following terms describes Zereth's ability?

Stimulus discrimination

Imagine a child visited a farm and was kicked by a sheep. As a teenager, this person is invited to participate in goat yoga, but feels too nervous around the goats to try it. Which term best explains this scenario?

Stimulus generalization

Little Albert was conditioned to be afraid of a white rat. However, his fear extended to everything white and fuzzy. Which of the following terms describes Albert's behavior?

Stimulus generalization

Which retrieval-based strategy resulted in the lowest test score?

Test-generation

Based on what you know about punishment, what would you expect if a child receives physical discipline?

The child is likely to display increased levels of aggression

Why is the recovery of repressed memories of childhood abuse controversial?

The credibility of recovered memories of childhood abuse is questioned because research shows that false memories may seem as real as actual events.

For college students who are not easily distracted by technology during class, which of the following best explains how this contributes to their higher GPA?

They are better able to encode, store, and later retrieve the information presented during course lectures

Which one of the following schedules of reinforcement is likely to produce responses at a steady but modest rate?

Variable-interval

Which one of the following schedules of reinforcement occurs a child gets occasionally gets a special dessert for eating their dinner?

Variable-interval

How does a positive reinforcement modify behavior?

When something rewarding is added into a situation to make a behavior more likely to occur again

Is GPA an accurate measure of academic success in college?

Yes, it is.

In Pavlov's original studies, , a tone that produced salivation after learning has occurred is called a(n)

conditioned stimulus.