psychology test 2

103. The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________. a. Five Factor Model b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) c. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test d. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a. five factor model

113. The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles. a. Julian Rotter b. Rorschach c. TAT d. TEMAS

b. Rorschach

52. Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________. a. egocentrism b. Moro reflex c. preoperational stage d. stranger anxiety

b. moro reflex

44. Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? a. egocentrism b. object permanence c. reversibility d. stranger anxiety

b. object permanence

91. Self-efficacy is ________. a. a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar b. our level of confidence in our own abilities c. the belief that one's environment can determine behavior d. the belief that we have power over our lives

b. our level of confidence in our own abilities

108. After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? a. reaction formation b. regression c. repression d. sublimation

b. regression

102. Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify? a. archetype b. collective unconscious c. Freudian slip d. repressed memory

c. Freudian slip

41. People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs. shame/guilt b. industry vs. inferiority c. intimacy vs. isolation d. trust vs. mistrust

c. intimacy vs isolation

117. Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________. a. extrovert b. humanist c. introvert d. neo-Freudian

c. introvert

114. During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports? a. anal b. genital c. latency d. phallic

c. latency

128. When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using? a. detachment b. extroversion c. moving against people d. moving with people

c. moving against people

22. A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home. a. case studies b. experiments c. naturalistic observation d. surveys

c. naturalistic observation

63. Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage? a. egocentrism b. language development c. object permanence d. pretend play

c. object permanence

110. According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development. a. anal b. genital c. oral d. phallic

c. oral

62. When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________. a. a pound of feathers weighs the same as a pound of dirt b. hidden objects are still there c. others have false beliefs d. what goes up must come down

c. others have false beliefs

14. In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. postformal d. sensorimotor

c. postformal

38. In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

c. preoperational

68. According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language? a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

c. preoperational

56. It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this? a. avoidant b. disorganized c. resistant d. secure

c. resistant

136. According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. a. good parenting b. love c. self-actualization d. self-efficacy

c. self-actualization

17. A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage. a. contaminant b. mutagen c. teratogen d. zygote

c. teratogen

118. Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person. a. choleric b. melancholic c. phlegmatic d. sanguine

c.phlegmatic

74. Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true? a. American children benefit the most from authoritarian parenting. b. Authoritarian parenting is never as beneficial as authoritative parenting. c. Authoritative parenting is never as beneficial as authoritarian parenting. d. In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

d. In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

69. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord. a. The phrase "the umbilical cord" should be changed to the word "mitosis." b. The word "embryo" should be changed to the word "germinal." c. The word "uterus" should be changed to the word "fetus." d. The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

d. The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

60. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature. a. The name "Erik Erikson" should be changed to the name "Sigmund Freud." b. The word "sexual" should be changed to the word "biological." c. The word "theory" should be changed to the word "hypothesis." d. The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.

d. The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.

140. Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist? a. He tried to become a psychologist, but he could not pass the required exams. b. He tried to become a psychologist, but no university would admit a Jewish student. c. His theories were too radical, so he trained as a physician to give himself creditability. d. There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.

d. There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.

125. What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions? a. autonomy vs. shame/doubt b. generativity vs. stagnation c. identity vs. confusion d. integrity vs. despair

d. integrity vs despair

32. After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. generativity vs. stagnation b. identity vs. guilt c. initiative vs. guilt d. integrity vs. despair

d. integrity vs despair

143. Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following is not one of them? a. moving against people b. moving away from people c. moving toward people d. moving with people

d. moving with people

95. An archetype is a ________. a. balance of opposing forces within one's personality b. collective consciousness c. feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society d. pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

d. pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

58. Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. Freudian d. permissive

d. permissive

50. Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify? a. conventional b. formal operational c. post-conventional d. pre-conventional

d. pre- conventional

10. ________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. a. mental b. physical c. psychological d. psychosocial

d. psychosocial

49. Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify? a. abstract thinking b. abstraction c. preoperational stage d. reversibility

d. reversibility

12. ________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. a. categories b. cognitions c. facsimiles d. schemata

d. schemata

54. Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? a. avoidant b. disorganized c. resistant d. secure

d. secure

82. The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs. a. discrimination emigration b. elective immigration c. personality location d. selective migration

d. selective migration

9. Ego identity is our ________. a. early personality b. nature c. primary character d. sense of self

d. sense of self

36. During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

d. sensorimotor

46. Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify? a. conservation b. egocentrism c. pretend play d. stranger anxiety

d. stranger anxiety

61. Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage? a. egocentrism b. fine motor skills development c. pretend play d. stranger anxiety

d. stranger anxiety

24. Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period. a. assessments b. case studies c. naturalistic observations d. surveys

d. surveys

28. Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________. a. experiments b. FASD c. schemata d. teratogens

d. teratogens

127. In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life. a. affirming the sexual identity b. resolving the Electra complex c. seeking positive attention d. the self-realization process

d. the self-realization process

84. ________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. a. character b. Jungian c. Rorschach d. trait

d. trait

30. Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs. shame/doubt b. identity vs. confusion c. industry vs. inferiority d. trust vs. mistrust

d. trust vs mistrust

59. During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________. a. childhood wordlist b. lexicon race c. thesaurus acquisition d. vocabulary spurt

d. vocabulary spurt

101. In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament? a. black bile from the kidneys b. red blood from the heart c. white mucous from the lungs d. yellow bile from the liver

d. yellow bile from the liver

77. Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood? a. changes in the workforce b. changing cultural expectations c. taking longer to complete a college degree d. younger average age for marriage

d. younger average age for marriage

13. A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. a. embryo b. placenta c. protean d. zygote

d. zygote

18. ________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects. a. biological b. cognitive c. manipulative d. motor

d.motor

1. ________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. a. cognitive b. learning c. physical d. psychosocial

physical

90. Who developed social-cognitive theory? a. Abraham Maslow b. Albert Bandura c. Carl Rogers d. Erik Erikson

b. Albert Bandura

27. What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? a. biology b. environment and culture c. genetics d. sexual preference

b. environment and culture

42. Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

b. formal operational

34. Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills. a. fine b. gross c. moving d. physical

b. gross

126. When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using? a. moving against people b. moving toward people c. reaction formation d. repression

b. moving toward people

66. According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment? a. Caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions. b. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's emotional needs. c. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's physical needs. d. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

d. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

85. Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance? a. Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud b. Carl Rogers and Karen Horney c. Erik Erikson and Abraham Maslow d. Hans and Sybil Eysenck

d. Hans and Sybil Eysenck

8. Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages? a. Erik Erikson b. Jean Piaget c. Lawrence Kohlberg d. Sigmund Freud

d. Sigmund Freud

88. Who designed the first comprehensive system of constitutional psychology? a. Abraham Maslow b. Carl Rogers c. Gordon Allport d. William H. Sheldon

d. William H. Sheldon

3. Specific normative events are also called ________. a. age-related standards b. averages c. benchmarks d. developmental milestones

d. developmental milestones

23. Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________. a. culturally specific b. dramatic c. related to language acquisition d. universal

d.universal

2. What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan? a. What do people think about development? b. What is biological about development? c. What is normal development? d. Who decided what constituted normal development?

what is normal development ?

67. Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage? a. conservation b. language acquisition c. object permanence d. stranger anxiety

a conservation

141. What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? a. An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan. b. An individual's personality is determined in childhood. c. Individuals are either introverts or extroverts. d. The Electra complex caused women to be neurotic.

a. An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.

92. Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns. a. B. F. Skinner b. Hans and Sybil Eysenck c. Ivan Pavlov d. Sigmund Freud

a. B. F . Skinner

47. Which of the following illustrates conservation? a. Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels. b. Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower. c. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries. d. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

a. Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels.

120. Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________. a. extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability b. extroversion/stability; introversion/neuroticism c. phlegmatic/choleric; sanguine/melancholic d. phlegmatic/melancholic; choleric/sanguine

a. extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

29. Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills. a. fine b. gross c. hand d. manipulative

a. fine

86. ________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics. a. heritability b. personality c. temperament d. trait

a. heritability

39. Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs. shame/doubt b. generativity vs. stagnation c. initiative vs. guilt d. intimacy vs. isolation

c. intiative vs guilt

98. Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt. a. id b. ideal self c. persona d. superego

c. persona

87. The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private. a. ectomorph b. endomorph c. mesomorph d. somatomorph

a. ectomorph

124. Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max? a. Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview. b. Max has an Oedipus complex. c. Max is an archetype. d. Max is an introvert.

a. Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

139. What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians? a. Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex. b. Neo-Freudians theorized about personality while Sigmund Freud did not. c. Sigmund Freud did not emphasize childhood sexuality while the neo-Freudians did. d. Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not.

a. Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

71. Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________. a. abused b. born addicted to cocaine c. diagnosed with ADHD d. separated from their parents

a. abused

33. 18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________. a. accommodation b. assimilation c. exclusion d. inclusion

a. accomodation

7. Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes? a. achievement gap b. Bell curve c. attrition d. racism

a. achievement gap

112. If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts. a. anal b. genital c. oral d. phallic

a. anal

73. Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________. a. anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy b. creative, moody, and flexible c. disorganized, undisciplined, and sloppy d. quiet, shy, humble

a. anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

122. Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified? a. archetype b. id c. persona d. unconscious anxiety

a. archetype

16. Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known? a. assimilation b. conservation c. egocentrism d. reversibility

a. assimilation

75. Early maturing girls are ________. a. at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders b. less likely to drop out of high school c. more confident d. more likely to go to college

a. at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

76. Late maturing boys are ________. a. at a higher risk of depression b. less likely to experience conflict with parents c. less likely to participate in high school athletics d. more likely to participate in extracurricular activities

a. at higher risk of depression

19. ________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others. a. attachment b. nourishment c. regard d. security

a. attachment

35. As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs. shame/doubt b. industry vs. inferiority c. initiative vs. guilt d. trust vs. mistrust

a. autonomy vs shame/doubt

121. What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops? a. autonomy vs. shame/doubt b. industry vs. inferiority c. integrity vs. despair d. trust vs. mistrust

a. autonomy vs. shame/doubt

55. Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this? a. avoidant b. disorganized c. resistant d. secure

a. avoidant

116. Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively. a. become neurotic strategies b. lose their effectiveness c. result in a complete mental breakdown d. result in obsessive-compulsive behavior

a. become nuerotic strategies

20. In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan. a. case study b. experiment c. naturalistic observation d. secondary analysis

a. case study

70. Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage? a. Children begin to use language. b. Children employ memory strategies. c. Children have a firm grasp of numbers. d. Children think logically about real events.

a. children begin to use language

107. According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold. a. choleric b. melancholic c. phlegmatic d. sanguine

a. choleric

93. The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next. a. collective unconscious b. gestalt c. id d. ideal self

a. collective unconscious

40. During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

a. concrete operational

89. ________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. a. congruence b. egotism c. incongruence d. self-concept

a. congruence

106. Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? a. denial b. displacement c. rationalization d. rejection

a. denial

26. Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________. a. during early childhood b. during puberty c. in late adolescence d. in utero

a. during early childhood

37. When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. generativity vs. stagnation b. integrity vs. despair c. intimacy vs. isolation d. trust vs. mistrust

a. generativity vs stagnation

123. What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family? a. generativity vs. stagnation b. initiative vs. guilt c. intimacy vs. isolation d. trust vs. mistrust

a. generativity vs. stagnation

81. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________. a. in which people are presented with ambiguous images b. that employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards c. that is designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups d. that is similar to a word association test

a. in which people are presented with ambiguous images

133. Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________. a. low self-efficacy b. malfunctioning cognitive processes c. no context d. vicarious learning

a. low self-efficacy

130. When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay using? a. moving away from people b. moving toward people c. regression d. sublimation

a. moving away from people

109. Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires. a. projective test b. psychoanalysis c. self-report inventory d. trait analysis

a. projective test

11. Who developed the psychosocial theory of development? a. Abraham Maslow b. Erik Erikson c. Jean Piaget d. Lawrence Kohlberg

b. Erik Erikson

111. The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile. a. Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB) b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) c. Rorschach Inkblot Test d. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

97. Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________. a. collective unconscious b. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator c. Rorschach Inkblot Test d. Tell-me-a-story thematic Apperception Test (TEMAS)

b. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

78. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Socioemotional discrimination theory suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number as we get older, but they remain as close, if not more close, than in our earlier years. a. The phrase "Socioemotional discrimination theory" should be changed to the phrase "Theory-of-mind." b. The word "discrimination" should be changed to the word "selectivity." c. The word "suggests" should be changed to the word "proves." d. The word "theory" should be changed to the word "hypothesis."

b. The word "discrimination" should be changed to the word "selectivity."

135. Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________. a. a dependent personality b. an external locus of control c. an internal locus of control d. low self-efficacy

b. an external locus of control

134. Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________. a. an external locus on control b. an internal locus of control c. good self-regulation d. poor self-regulation

b. an internal locus of control

131. In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________. a. actions that are not internally motivated b. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded c. reactions that are externally motivated d. specific actions that result in reactions

b. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

72. Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America? a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. disorganized d. permissive

b. authoritative

129. Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________. a. archetypes and personas b. beliefs and expectations c. defense mechanisms and coping strategies d. myths, legends, and stories

b. beliefs and expectations

5. ________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. a. artistic b. cognitive c. emotional d. psychosocial

b. cognitive

115. The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture. a. Contemporary Stereotypes b. Contemporized-Themes c. Cultural Themes d. Thematic Subjects

b. contemporized- Themes

4. The continuous development approach views development as a ________. a. biological imperative b. cumulative process c. series of accidents d. unique progress

b. cumulative process

21. Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________. a. cognitive developments b. developmental milestones c. naturalistic observations d. psychosexual stages

b. developmental milestones

6. Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. a. continuous b. discontinuous c. progressive d. regressive

b. discontinuous

57. Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this? a. avoidant b. disorganized c. resistant d. secure

b. disorganized

48. Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Carshis mother does to. What does this exemplify? a. conservation b. egocentrism c. pretend play d. reversibility

b. egocentrism

100. A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes. a. congruent; incongruent b. external; internal c. internal; external d. real; ideal

b. external; internal

119. Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________. a. archetype b. extrovert c. introvert d. neurotic

b. extrovert

51. Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify? a. conventional b. formal operational c. post-conventional d. pre-conventional

b. formal operational

137. How can parents help their children achieve high congruence? a. forcing them to be independent b. giving them unconditional love c. not allowing them to use their defense mechanisms d. pointing out their mistakes

b. giving them unconditional love

132. Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________. a. healthy cognitive processes b. high self-efficacy c. low self-efficacy d. moderate reciprocal determinism

b. high self-efficacy

104. Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive. a. ego b. id c. superego d. unconscious

b. id

43. Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. generativity vs. stagnation b. identity vs. confusion c. isolation vs. intimacy d. trust vs. mistrust

b. identity vs confusion

99. A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society. a. Freudian b. inferiority c. neurotic d. psychosocial

b. inferiority

65. Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage? a. conservation b. moral reasoning c. pretend play d. stranger anxiety

b. moral reasoning

145. What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart? a. Fraternal twins have very similar personalities whether raised together or apart. b. Identical twins have very similar personality when raised together, but not when raised apart. c. Identical twins, whterm-150ether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities. d. Twins of any kind have very similar personalities, regardless of where they are raised.

c. Identical twins, whether raised togetherterm-150 or apart, have very similar personalities.

94. Who proposed the locus of control concept? a. Albert Bandura b. Carl Jung c. Julian Rotter d. Walter Mischel

c. Julian Rotter

96. Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth? a. Abraham Maslow b. Carl Jung c. Karen Horney d. Sigmund Freud

c. Karen Horney

15. Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages? a. Erik Erikson b. Jean Piaget c. Lawrence Kohlberg d. Sigmund Freud

c. Lawrence Kohlberg

147. Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism? a. Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents. b. How we cope with anxiety reflects our personality. c. Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other. d. Our defense mechanisms are formed in childhood.

c. Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

148. How are the principles of reciprocal determinism present in observational learning? a. An individual's behavior is determined by the environment. b. Cognitive processes depend on imitation. c. Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate. d. The environment determines which personal factors a person chooses to observe.

c. Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate.

146. What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality? a. Personality is formed solely in childhood. b. Personality is significantly shaped by the biology of the organism. c. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism. d. Personality theory should be based on social health.

c. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism

80. Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality? a. Hippocrates b. Immanuel Kant c. Sigmund Freud d. Wilhelm Wundt

c. Sigmund Freud

105. The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to Hispanic culture. a. Five Factor Model b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) c. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test d. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

c. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

64. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size and abnormal facial features, poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores. a. The acronym "FASD" should be changed to the word "teratogens." b. The phrase "higher rates of ADHD" should be removed. c. The word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average." d. The word "learning" should be changed to the word "socioemotional."

c. The word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average."

144. What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality? a. They are feminist. b. They are multicultural. c. They can be scientifically tested. d. They use animal research.

c. They can be scientifically tested

149. Which question was central to the marshmallow test? a. Do you think you could accomplish great things even when the fates are against you? b. Is your life more like a marshmallow or more like a rock? c. Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later? d. Would you make the same decisions your parent would make?

c. Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

31. One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________. a. accommodation b. acquisition c. assimilation d. attainment

c. assimilation

142. Accterm-150ording to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization? a. ability of the extrovert to become an introvert in the second half of life b. ability of the introvert to become an extrovert in the second half of life c. balance between extroversion and introversion d. moving past the archetypes of the collective unconscious

c. balance between extroversion and introversion

79. What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood? a. confirming one's sexual orientation b. controlling the id c. developing a positive sense of self d. developing a secure attachment to a caregiver

c. developing a positive sense of self

53. Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy? a. two b. three c. four d. five

c. four

25. What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? a. cognitive capacity b. environment and culture c. genes and biology d. language acquisition

c. genes and biology

138. As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment. a. biological determinism b. feminism c. humanism d. social cognition theory

c. humanism

83. The ________ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings. a. culture b. feminist c. indigenous d. TEMAS

c. indigenous

45. During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs. shame/guilt b. identity vs. confusion c. industry vs. inferiority d. trust vs. mistrust

c. industry vs inferiority