{ PSYCHOLOGY } Test 2

reflexes

- a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment - something physical must stimulate a reflex - inhaling pepper = sneeze; dog's wet fur = shake; air puff in eye = blink

insight learning

- a sudden understanding of how to solve a problem that implies the solution - walk into the room, recognize that there's a problem & immediately know how to solve it

unconditioned response (UCR)

- an involuntary (reflexive) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus - a response that you do not have to learn to make

learning definition

- any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice - when people learn anything, some part of their brain is physically changed to record what they have learned - any kind of change in the way an organism behaves is learning

instinct

- behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events such as aging & the change of the season - more complex than reflexes - involve movement of the organism as a whole - examples: sexual activity, migration

latent learning

- hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs - going to a math class & not getting it then all the sudden getting it with a few formulas

curfew

??

The idea that first impressions are the most lasting is an example of what kind of bias?

anchoring

Which of the following is an artificial concept?

area of a triangle

Encoding information happens through ____________ & ____________

automatic & effortful

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

availability

A research study on memory demonstrates that college students are able to recall random strings or random bits of up to 80 numbers. This study makes a point that _________________

chunking allows us to improve our short term memory capacity

The fact that you can walk around your apartment at night in the dark without bumping into anything is an example of what?

cognitive maps

Julie first learned French, then she learned Spanish. However, she finds that often times when she speaks French, Spanish words seem to creep in. This is an example of _______________.

retroactive

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role schema

Your instructor attempts to provide many examples to help students relate information you're studying to yourself. This is because of the ____________, the tendency for an individual to have a better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance.

self-reference effect

Knowledge of the first person to walk on the moon is probably stored in ____________ while remembering your first kiss is stored in ____________.

semantic; episodic

The idea that the language that you speak can influence or limit the thoughts that you have and can create is referred to as what?

semantics

Erica asks her son to recite the alphabet he just learned at school. He can only remember A,B,C & X, Y, Z which is consistent with what

serial position effect

teaching a squirrel to water ski is...

shaping

Dogs bark at doorbell & then bark at sound of doorbell on TV. This is...

stimulus generalization

spontaneous recovery

sudden, temporary reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR)

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

Which of the following is an example of a nemonic device?

using an acronym

Boyfriend blows air puff in girlfriend's eye which causes her to blink. Air puff is a ____________________

conditioned response

The bell in Pavlov's experiment was the ________________ The salivation was the _________________

conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

Sally notices only what Leah, her assistant does wrong, ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies what type of bias?

confirmation

A mom gives her son $10 every 2 weeks for cleaning his room, this is an example of...

fixed interval

primary reinforcers

food, water, sex

"acept" instead of except; what kind of language notices that that is wrong?

grammar

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

having 1 standard deviation above

renforcement(s)

increase or strengthen

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

indirect

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ___________, organize & utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all the unconscious work that our brains are doing.

integrate

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

interpersonal

Which is true about the process of encoding?

involves transforming information from one form to another to transfer it to storage

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. What is this an example of?

latent learning

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

linguistic

The type of memory that has a limitless capacity & limitless duration is what?

longterm

Sally watches her older sister do headstands. She falls over when she attempts to do one. She watches her sister more carefully and takes notes of what her sister does. Sally is then able to do a headstand. What type of learning is this?

observational learning

What are shemas?

way to organize your information

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

creative

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.

crystallized

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

According to what principle, a student will do better on a test if he/she takes the test in the same room they learned.

encoding specificity principle

Gabby watches her father put batteries in a toy phone. Then she is able to put batteries into the toy phone herself. In this example, Gabby's father is serving as a what?

model

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.

natural

A student is read a list of numbers & asked to recall them. She remembers the first items on the list. This is due to what?

primacy

Remembering how to ride a bicycle even though you haven't rode one for years is what type of memory?

procedural

When taking a multiple choice test, you rely on?

recognition

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

thoughts