Psychology test 3 review

Emotion-induced blindness

The failure to recognize a stimulus that is presented immediately after an encounter with an emotionally charges stimulus (For example, driving by the scene of automobile fatality):

Selective attention

Focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others is:

- It can be compared to a camera's aperture. - It adjusts to let more or less light enter.

The following about the pupil are accurate:

- Linear perspective - Familiar size - Texture gradient

The following are monocular cues that help with depth perception:

The word "terrorist"

The following is most likely to catch our attention?

- They are not very useful for color vision - They are receptors in the retina - They function well under low illumination

The following statements are correct about rods:

- It travels in waves - It is described in terms of wavelength - It is a form of electromagnetic energy

The following statements regarding light are correct"

Top-down processing

Processing that starts out with cognitive processing at the higher levels of the brain is called:

- The action potentials of all sensory neurons are alike. - Sensory neurons follow the "all or nothing" principle. - The intensity of the stimulus is communicated to the brain by the frequency of the action potential.

The following statements regarding sensory neurons are correct:

Absolute

The _____ threshold is the minimum amount of a stimulus energy that a person can detect.

Optic nerve

The ______ ______ carries visual information to the brain for further processing

Figure ground

The ______ ______ relationship is the principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out and those that are left over in the background.

Gestalt perspective

The ______ includes the principle that the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

Sensory adaptation

The ability of the visual system to adjust to a dark room is an example of:

Binding

The bringing together and integration of what is processed through different pathways or cells is called

Difference threshold

The degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected is the _________ ________.

Difference threshold

The degree of the difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected is the ______ ______.

Subliminal perception

The detection of information below the level conscious awareness is known as

- The smallest change in stimulation needed din order to discriminate one stimulus from another

The difference threshold is:

Disparity, distance

The difference, or ______, between the images in the two eyes is the binocular cue the brain uses to determine the depth or _____ of an object.

Disparity, distance

The difference, or ______, between the images in the two eyes is the binocular cue the brain uses to determine the depth or _____of an object.

Synesthesia

The experience of one sense inducing an experience in another sense (e.g., sight and hearing).

True

True or false: Binding brings together and integrates what is processed through different pathways or cells.

False

True or false: Perception is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy.

True

True or false: Perceptual set is a predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way.

False

True or false: Sensation is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it has meaning:

False

True or false: selective attention is the process of focusing awareness on a narrowed aspect of the environment.

False

True or false: subliminal perception is a theory of perception that focuses on decision-making about stimuli in the presence of uncertainty.

True

True or false: there is no scientific evidence supporting the existence of extrasensory perception.

Weber's law

What best describes the principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceived as difference)

Noise interferes with the perception of stimuli

What is an effect of "noise" on the perception of stimuli?

Perceptual constancy

When a car is moving toward you, the image projected on the retina changes but you recognize the car is not changing shape. This is an example of:

Apparent movement

When we perceive a stationary object as moving:

- They are used for color perception. - They operate best in daylight - They require more light than rods

Which of the following statements regarding cones are accurate?

Bottom-up processing

Which of the following types of processing describes processing where individual elements of a stimulus are combined into a unified perception?

Perceptual set

_____ _____ is a predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way.

Depth perception

_____ _____ is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally.

Depth perception

_____ ______ is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally

Extrasensory perception

_____ ______ is the ability to read another person's mind or perceive future events in the absence of concrete sensory input.

Monocular cues

_____ _______ are depth cues that are available from the image in either eye.

Top

_____ down processing is the operation in sensation and perception that allows the organism to sense what is happening and to apply that framework to information from the world.

Feature detectors

______ ______ are neurons in the brain's visual system that respond to particular features of a stimulus.

Absolute threshold

______ ______ is the minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect.

Cones

______ are receptors in the retina that process information about color.

Binocular,

______ cues are depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes and on the way the two eyes work together.

Sensation

______ is a process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transferring those energies into neural energy.

Extrasensory

______ is the ability to read another person's mind or perceive future events in the absence of concrete sensory input.

Binding

______ is the bringing together and integration of what is processed through different pathways or cells.

Perception

______ is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it has meaning.

Sensation

______ is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment

Sensation

______ is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment.

Sensory adaptation

_______ ______ is a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation

Parallel processing

_______ _______ is the simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways.

Subliminal

_______ perception is the detection of information below the level of conscious awareness.

Stroop effect

An example of an automatic perception whereby it is difficult to name the colors in which words are printed when the words name different colors is called the:

Visual illusion

A discrepancy between reality and the perceptual representation of it is known as

Visual illusion

A discrepancy between reality and the perceptual representation of it is known as:

A perceptual set

A predisposition or readiness, to perceive something in a particular way is

Binding

A topic of great interest in visual perception is _______; the bringing together and integration of what is process by different pathways or cells.

Two eyes

Binocular cues are based on the combination of the images from the left and right eye and on the way the _____ _____ work together.

Phantom limb pain

Bobby has recently had his left arm amputated due to a tragic accident. Even though his arm is no longer there, he still reports feeling pain and tingling in the arm. Bobby is experiencing:

Top-down, bottom-up

Building a jigsaw puzzle by first looking at the picture on the box is an example of _____ processing; whereas building the same puzzle by trying each piece individually to see how they fit together is an example of ______ processing

Perceptual

Due to _____ constancy, you know that an image projected on your retina by a moving object is not actually changing shape.

Reading another person's mind or knowing future events in the absence of concrete sensory input.

Extrasensory perception, or ESP, is:

Inattentional blindness

Failure to detect unexpected events when our attention is engaged by a task:

Relationship

Figure-ground _____ is the principle by which individuals organize the perceptual fields into stimuli that stand out and those that are left over.

- They are specialized to absorb a particular type of energy and transform it into an action potential - Sensory receptors are selective and have different neural pathways

How can an animal distinguish among sight, sound, odor, taste, and touch considering that all communicate with the nervous system with action potentials?

Inattentional blindness

In the Simons and Chabris (1999) study, participants failed to notice a women dressed in a gorilla suit because they were paying attention to a series of basketball passes. This is because the participants were experiencing ______ ______.

Phantom limb

Individuals who feel pain from a missing limb are experience _______ ______ pain.

Shift able attention

Mary looks from one painting to another in an art museum, focusing on the upper left corner then the lower right area before considering the lower left corner. She is demonstrating:

Visual illusion

On the horizon, the moon looks much larger thwn when it is high in the sky. This is an example of:

Figure-ground relationship

Seeing letters on a printed page, or boats on the horizon, is an example of:

Visual

The _____ cortex, located in the occipital lobe of the brain, is the part of the cerebral cortex that deals with vision.

Gestalt perspective

The _____ includes the principle that the whole is the different from the sum of its parts.

Trichromatic

The _____ theory of color vision outlines three types of cones that work together to form color vision.

- The intensity of the stimulus is communicated to the brain by the frequency of the action potential. - The action potentials of all sensory neurons are alike - Sensory neurons follow the "all or nothing" principle.

The following statements regarding sensory neurons are correct:

- This is the area where the optic nerve leaves the eye - The blind spot has no rods - The blind spot has no cones

The following statements regarding the blind spot of the eye are true

- It bends light falling on the surface of the eye - The lens is flatter when focusing on faraway objects - It works with the cornea to focus image

The following statements regarding the lens are accurate:

- It states that a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green - It explains after images - It states that a given cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue

The following statements regarding the opponent-process theory are:

Contour

The location at which a sudden change of brightness occurs is a:

Shading

The monocular cue that involves changes in perception due to the position of the light and the position of the viewer is called:

The retina

The multilayered light-sensitive surface in the eye that records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain is known as:

Apparent movement

The perception that a stationary object is moving is called:

Blind spot

The place on the retina that contains neither rods nor cones is known as the _____ _____.

Perception

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it has meaning is known as

Iris

The pupil is the opening in the center of the ____ and appears black.

Rods

The receptors in the retina that are sensitive to light but are not very useful for color vision are known as:

Cones

The receptors in the retina that process information about color are known as:

Sensory receptors

The specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to afferent nerves and the brain are called ______ _____.

Signal detection

The theory of perception that focuses on decision making about stimuli in the presence of uncertainty is known as:

Signal detection theory

The theory that focuses on decision making about stimuli in the presence of uncertainty is:

- Chemoreception: detection of smell and taste - Photoreception: detection of light - Mechanoreception: detection of pressure and movement

The three main classes of sensory receptors with their corresponding functions:

- Size constancy - Shape constancy - Brightness constancy

The three types of perceptual constituency are:

Perceive

The visual system allows us to see and, by communicating with the brain, to ____ the world.

Brain's

The visual system is a remarkable process that involves the _____ interpretation of the visual information sent from the eyes.

The sclera

The white, outer part of the eye that helps to maintain the shape of the eye and to protect it from injury is known as:

- Hue - Purity - Amplitude

Three characteristics of wavelengths of light are:

- they are receptors in the retina - they are not very useful for color vision - they function well under low illumination

the following statements about rods are correct: