Psychology Test

Which quote can be best attributed to Gestalt Psychology?

"The whole is other than the sum of its parts." -Koffka

If the experimenter says one of the following statements, which do you think is most likely to make the child feel frustrated?

"These are the very best toys, but we don't let just anybody play with them. We have decided to save these toys for other children."

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?

-.90

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

. Tissues of different densities give off different signals

Francis is studying the relationship between personality traits and drug abuse. If she determines that there is a significant relationship between these two variables, that means her study would have a p-value of ________ or less.

.05

Researchers generally use a p-value of ________ as a cutoff for determining if data is statistically significant.

.05

If two different variables are not related at all, they probably have a correlation coefficient of ________.

0

The group with food on every trial is making about ________ wrong turns on the average on Trial #6.

16

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure.

2/3

The audible range for humans is ________.

20-20,000 Hz

Humans have ________ pairs of chromosomes.

23

A circadian rhythm is a biological clock that dictates fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature over roughly

24 hours.

All three groups are making about ________ wrong turns on the average on Trial #1.

30

The visible spectrum includes light that ranges from about ________.

400-700nm

Adults generally need ________ hours of sleep.

7-9

Which of the following best describes how you perceive a 16,000 Hz tone?

A specific section of the basilar membrane will fire maximally to signal the pitch of the tone.

________ focused on the potential of humans to be creative, have a positive outlook and pursue higher values through a process of self-actualization.

Abraham Maslow

________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs.

Abraham Maslow

________ refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy required to be detected 50% of the time.

Absolute threshold

Who proposed observational learning?

Albert Bandura

________ is considered a depressant because it suppresses central nervous activity.

Alcohol

Descriptive

Allows researchers to gather more information about a topic

Which is primarily responsible for regulating our perceptions of and reactions to aggression and fear?

Amygdala

Based on the data above, were children (boys and girls) more likely to show physical aggression if they had seen an aggressive model or a non-aggressive model?

An aggressive model

Based on the data above, were children (boys and girls) more likely to show verbal aggression if they had seen an aggressive model or a non-aggressive model?

An aggressive model

Which test designed for the Army was used for recruits who were not fluent in English?

Army Beta

Which of the following items is not a part of KSAs?

Aspiration

The ________ says that memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

A psychologist would like to study the effects of premarital education on marital quality. He identifies 30 couples, half of whom attended a 4-week premarital course 10 years ago. Some of the couples have since divorced and some have remained married for 10 years. All of the couples complete a marriage satisfaction scale in which a marriage happiness score is obtained. Which of the following hypotheses represents the testable hypothesis for the psychologist to use to conduct his research?

Attendance at a four-week premarital course will increase marital satisfaction as determined by couples who have remained married for 10 years and self-report a high marriage happiness score on a marriage satisfaction scale.

________ presented ideas and techniques for rewarding and punishing behavior.

B. F. Skinner

Which person was most interested in studying learned behavior?

B.F. Skinner

________ is well known for his research on animals and pigeons. He even created an operant conditioning chamber designed to reward animals for specific behaviors.

B.F. Skinner

________ study how the interaction of genes and the environment cause individual differences in behavior.

Behavioral geneticists

Which of the following is true about REM sleep?

Both that it occurs later in the night and accounts for about 20-55% of our total sleep time

What did Sigmund Freud believe about dreams?

Both that they can be analyzed in order to understand unconscious needs and desires and that the primary function of dreams is wish fulfillment (the idea that dreaming allows us to act out the desires that we must repress during the day).

Based on the data above, did boys or girls on the average show more physical aggression toward the Bobo doll?

Boys

What conclusions can we draw from the results of the research done by Robert Michael and his colleagues? Select all that apply.

Brain images might not influence a person's judgement about articles they read. The McCabe and Castel study did not replicate.

________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.

Cataplexy

Which of the following describes parasomnia?

Characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity during sleep.

________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.

Circadian

Emily's mouth starts to water whenever she gets ready to eat fresh baked pizza. Recently she noticed that she now salivates when she drives past her favorite pizza shop on the way to school even though she cannot see or smell the pizza from inside the car.

Classical conditioning

Frank goes out with some friends to a new restaurant near campus. He gets fish-and-chips, but he also drinks a few too many mixed drinks and gets sick. The next time he goes to the restaurant, he avoids the fish-and-chips because the very thought of them makes him feel nauseous.

Classical conditioning

________ psychology is the field within psychology that focuses on studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions.

Cognitive

When airline captain Chelsey Sullenberger "Sully" made the decision to land his plane in the Hudson river after the airplane's engines died, more research was done to examine how pilots make decisions and what mental steps they take when faced with danger. This is an example of:

Cognitive task analysis

Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive theory contends that solutions to problems take the form of algorithms, heuristics, or insights. Major areas of research in cognitive psychology include perception, memory, categorization, knowledge representation, numerical cognition, language, and thinking.

Erma sells hotdogs for one dollar each in the stands at the local professional baseball stadium. For every hotdog she sells, she puts 25 cents in her pocket and 75 cents in her boss's change purse.

Continuous

If you had to choose a descriptive label for the reasoning error that was intentionally embedded in this article, which one of the following would you choose as the best?

Correlation does not imply causation.

Which of the following is the correct order of events describing the movement of an electrical charge through a neuron?

Dendrite, cell body, axon

The study of cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan is known as

Developmental psychology

John got terribly sick after eating a burger at a local fast-food chain. He cannot even drive past that restaurant without feeling nauseous. Oddly enough, he can eat at and pass several other fast food burger joints and not feel ill. What is most likely happening here?

Discrimination

Which of the following describes sleep apnea?

Disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least ten seconds during sleep.

Which of these groups of questions would a biopsychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

Does stress or lack of exercise affect the nervous system and hormones to activate or progress Alzheimer's disease? What medications could influence the chemicals in the brain to slow down the progressive loss of memory, mood, and bodily functions?

Which questions would a biopsychologist most likely address when studying depression?

Does stress or lack of exercise affect the nervous system and hormones to either cause or prevent depression?

The Five Psychological Domains

Domain 1: Biological (includes neuroscience, consciousness, and sensation) Domain 2: Cognitive (includes the study of perception, cognition, memory, and intelligence) Domain 3: Development (includes learning and conditioning, lifespan development, and language) Domain 4: Social and Personality (includes the study of personality, emotion, motivation, gender, and culture) Domain 5: Mental and Physical Health (includes abnormal psychology, therapy, and health psychology)

Cooper had a misunderstanding with a co-worker at the Megaplex. That night he dreamt about getting in a fight with him. Which theory of dreaming does that support?

Dreaming serves to discharge emotional arousals that haven't been expressed during the day.

What does the activation-synthesis theory propose about dreaming?

Dreams are our brain's interpretation of the random firing of neurons in our brainstem.

Which of the following statements most closely aligns with humanism?

Each person is inherently good and motivated to be a healthy functioning individual.

Which of the following exemplifies the Hawthorne effect?

Elementary students behave well when observers come watch their class to take note on the effectiveness of discipline.

________ is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression.

Epigenetics

________ psychology seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of a behavior.

Evolutionary

Knowing the word for "flower" in Japanese:

Explicit

Remembering the time you fell out of a tree when you were five:

Explicit

Remembering what present you bought for your aunt:

Explicit

Solving a geometry problem:

Explicit

Based on the data above, were girls more likely to show verbal aggression if they had seen a male model or a female model?

Female model

Ben has a job with a landscape service. He works about 35 hours each week. He is always paid on Friday afternoon, and his salary is always the same.

Fixed interval

Sue makes simple fabric dolls for a local craft store. The store only takes the dolls in sets of 25. For every 25 dolls she delivers, the store pays her $10.

Fixed ratio

Which group seems to have reached the dotted reference line most quickly?

Food on every trial

________ psychologists might help a judge decide which parent should have custody of a child or evaluate a defendant's mental competence to stand trial.

Forensic

Psychosexual Theory of Development

Freud believed that each of us must pass through a series of stages during childhood, and that if we lack proper nurturing during a particular stage, we may become stuck or fixated in that stage. Freud's psychosexual model of development includes five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. According to Freud, children's pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of these five stages.

Id, Ego, and Superego

Freud's structural model of personality divides the personality into three parts id is the unconscious part that is the cauldron of raw drives, such as for sex or aggression ego, which has conscious and unconscious elements, is the rational and reasonable part of personality superego is a person's conscience, which develops early in life and is learned from parents, teachers, and others

The motor cortex sends messages to specific regions of the body to create movement. In which part of the cerebral cortex is it located?

Frontal lobe

________ refers to a person's genetic makeup, while ________ refers to a person's physical characteristics.

Genotype; phenotype

Wilhelm Wundt

German scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist Principles of Physiological Psychology book introspection;a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of similarity, and proximity?

Gestalt

________, which play a supportive role in the nervous system, vastly outnumber ________.

Glial cells; neurons

Ryan is conducting an experiment on the type of breakfast eaten by high schoolers and their wakefulness and alertness during the day. Which is the best way for Ryan to prevent experimenter bias?

He should not know what the students ate for breakfast.

What aspect of an office workstation would a human factors psychologist be concerned about?

Height of the chair

Susan, a college freshman, is taking college algebra. She never liked math and fears she will probably not do well in this first math course. She stays up all night studying for the first exam, and the next morning, she enters the classroom to take the test. As she sits down and takes out her pencils, she feels nervous; she begins to sweat, her stomach is upset, and her heart begins to race. What is happening to Susan?

Her body is preparing to respond to stress.

A researcher is interested in the ability of a certain psychotherapy to reduce a client's anxiety. Read each of the three statements below and determine which statement is a testable research hypothesis.

Her hypothesis is that more psychotherapy sessions will be directly associated with increasingly lower ratings on a 10-point scale when the client self-reports feelings of anxiety.

________ is the major opioid drug of abuse.

Heroin

What is an employer not allowed to ask in a job interview?

How old are you?

What is the brain structure that performs a variety of functions, including the regulation of hunger and sexual behavior?

Hypothalamus

Janice predicts that study habits amongst college students will improve with increased sleep.

Hypothesis

The researchers believe there will be more aggression in males who have consumed alcohol compared to males who have not consumed alcohol.

Hypothesis

Jade plans to major in business then continue on to study ________ so that she can work as a consultant for businesses interested in improving employee motivation and increasing productivity.

I-O psychology

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

Iliana taking her dog to the vet once a year

Climbing a tree:

Implicit

Hearing a French speaker and later noticing French food more often wherever you go:

Implicit

Opening a present:

Implicit

Speaking your native language:

Implicit

Writing using pen and paper:

Implicit

A researcher is testing young children to see if they can learn to associate a red circle with an event that the child enjoys. She sets up an experiment where a toy bear dances. The infants predictably love the toy bear and stare at it when it makes noise and dances. She then trains the child by showing a big red circle on a screen in front of the child and, immediately after that, the bear appears and dances off to the side. The bear is only visible right after the red circle appears and the child must turn their head to see the bear.

In this study, the unconditioned stimulus is dancing bear, the unconditioned response is the baby turns head, the conditioned stimulus is the red circle, and the conditioned response is the baby turns head. The neutral stimulus is the red circle and the response to the neutral stimulus is the baby does not turn head.

________ psychologist may serve as a human resources specialist, helping organizations with staffing, training and employee development.

Industrial-Organizational

Before a university researcher can test their hypotheses by collecting data, a(n) ________ must provide ethical oversight.

Institutional Review Board

Clayton Brothers' law firm is hiring. Which type of interview should the firm use as a predictor of future job performance?

Interviews that are structured.

Experimental

Is the only way to determine if a cause and effect relationship exists

Cognitive psychology is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

It emphasizes introspection

empirical

It is grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing.

Behavioral Psychology

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Pavlov studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex, in which an animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus. "classical conditioning" is only one form of learning behavior studied by behaviorists.

Which practice is an example of Theory X management?

Keystroke monitoring

________ broke the constraints of ________, which emphasized that learning was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli.

Latent learning; behaviorism

Do we need more or less sleep as we age?

Less

________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks.

Light-dark exposure

________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.

Longitudinal research

A(n) ________ uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue.

MRI

Based on the data above, were boys more likely to show physical aggression if they had seen a male model or a female model?

Male model

Based on the data above, were boys more likely to show verbal aggression if they had seen a male model or a female model?

Male model

________ can be used to simulate the effects of nurturing maternal care during early life and cause lower hormonal responses to stress.

Medication

________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.

Melatonin

________ cues require only one eye.

Monocular

For the following question statement, determine the best type of descriptive research design. What kind of behavior do feral cats in your neighborhood engage in at night?

Naturalistic observation

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

Negative punishment

________ is highly addictive and is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers.

Nicotine

________ occur during NREM sleep and often involve screaming, though the individual doesn't remember it in the morning.

Night terrors

________ fire in response to any potential tissue-damaging stimuli.

Nociceptors

The visual cortex processes visual information. In which part of the cerebral cortex is it located?

Occipital lobe

Research has shown that in general students prefer reaching out where?

Online through email or messages

Last week, little Jack got a bag of cookies from the cabinet and ate them all. When his mother found out, she didn't let him watch television that evening as punishment. The next day, Jack thinks about having cookies, but decides that it is not a great idea.

Operant conditioning

Mittens the cat just happened to brush against the refrigerator when Jana, her owner, was in the kitchen. Jana said, "Oh, you want some milk!" and gave her a little bowl. Mittens started hanging out near the refrigerator more often, which meant she brushed against it more often. Jana thought it was cute, so she gave her milk every time she brushed the refrigerator. Soon, mittens learned that brushing against the refrigerator was a sure way to get some milk.

Operant conditioning

Afterimages caused by staring at a blue image then looking away makes you perceive yellow.

Opponent-process

Neurons in the retina are excited by one color but inhibited by another color.

Opponent-process

Which area of I-O psychology measures job satisfaction?

Organizational psychology

As the exam is passed out, Susan takes several deep breaths and closes her eyes. She visualizes herself confidently taking the exam and focuses on her breathing and heart rate. She feels her heart and breathing slow down, and she feels calm and able to focus on answering the questions on the exam. Based on these new physiological responses, what part of Susan's nervous system is now being activated?

Parasympathetic division

Which researcher studied types of conditioned reflexes?

Pavlov

Which of the following describes insomnia?

Persistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep.

Which is not a job-related factor affecting job satisfaction?

Personality

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then they would probably need a ________ degree in psychology.

PhD

Which theory holds that the pitch we hear is determined by the particular location on the cochlea where the hair cells vibrate the most?

Place theory

Which illusion plays on converging lines and convinces your brain that a more distant line in an image must be longer than a line that appears close?

Ponzo illusion

Carbon monoxide poisoning often damages the occipital lobe of the brain. What might we expect when this part of the brain is damaged?

Problems processing visual information

The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills.

PsyD

Which type of psychology degree focuses more on the clinical practice and less on research?

PsyD

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of a person's unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences, and this particular perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades examinations of the first words that came to people's minds, and through seemingly innocent slips of the tongue. interchangeably with psychodynamic theory

________ refers to drug craving.

Psychological dependence

Rita finds her roommate, McKenzie, asleep on the couch when she gets home. She's amused to see that McKenzie's eyes seem to be moving around under her eyelids. She is in which stage of sleep?

REM

Darkness will naturally cause your pupils to dilate, since they are opening up to let it more light from the surroundings. Light causes the pupil to contract. Knowing this, how could you design a classical conditioning experiment forcing the pupils to dilate?

Ring a bell directly before turning the lights off, twenty times in a row. Then ring the bell.

________ believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer.

Rosalind Cartwright

The ________ within the hypothalamus plays an important role in sleep-wake cycles.

SCN

Which statement below is true about psychoanalytical psychology?

Sigmund Freud believed that understanding a person's unconscious or early childhood memories could help a person experiencing anxiety or depression.

The operant conditioning chamber (a.k.a. ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning.

Skinner

B. F. Skinner

Skinner was a behaviorist, and he concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences. Therefore, Skinner spoke of reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behavior. Skinner box

________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.

Sleep debt

________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.

Slow-wave sleep

________ is another word for sleepwalking.

Somnambulism

Which of these does research show is the best study technique?

Spacing out your practice over time

Dave has been working with a therapist to give up smoking. He has learned to stop having cravings when he sees someone about to light up a cigarette and thinks he is free. Then he goes to a party, sees a guy about to light up, and experiences strong cravings. What is going on?

Spontaneous recovery

________ increase overall levels of neural activity.

Stimulants

Which are the main categories of psychoactive drugs?

Stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, opioids

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

Stimulus generalization

Wilhelm Wundt's usage of introspection to measure the workings of the mind is known as

Structuralism

Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam?

Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.

For the following question statement, determine the best type of descriptive research design. When buying clothes for themselves, do men prefer to shop by themselves or with a partner?

Survey

Based on Susan's nervousness and on her physiological responses, what part of Susan's nervous system is being activated?

Sympathetic division

Leo is a human factors psychologist who breaks down the steps in the factory production lines. He recently visited a cheese factory and recorded the process needed for each employee to get to their station. Leo found three recommendations for making the process more safe and effective. This is an example of

Task analysis.

Correlational

Tests a hypothesis to determine whether a relationship exists between two or more variables

Which statement best describes the Hawthorne effect?

The attention of researchers on subjects causes the effect the experimenter is seeking.

Which one of the following is not true of latent learning?

The behaviors are present innately, without experience.

Which best fits the continual-activation theory of dreaming?

The function of sleep is to process, encode, and transfer data from short-term memory to long-term memory.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

The purpose of the IRB is to review proposals for research that involve human participants. The IRB reviews these proposals with the principles mentioned above in mind, and generally, approval from the IRB is required in order for the experiment to proceed.

midbrain

The reticular formation is centered in the midbrain, but it actually extends up into the forebrain and down into the hindbrain. The reticular formation is important in regulating the sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity.

What is the abstract of a scholarly article?

The section with a summary of the whole article.

Which of the following is most likely if a sound source is to your left?

The sound will be slightly louder at the left ear than the right ear.

What is the dependent variable in the McCabe and Castel study?

The three different questions that were rated by the subjects.

What is the independent variable in the McCabe and Castel study?

The visual information that accompanied the stories: the brain pictures, the graphs, or the no-picture version.

Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), Kurt Koffka (1886-1941), and Wolfgang Köhler (1887-1967)

The word Gestalt roughly translates to "whole;" a major emphasis of Gestalt psychology deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception.

For each of the following statements, indicate whether it is a theory or a hypothesis. Dr. Peterson believes people are essentially altruistic based on years of research in this area.

Theory

The principle that children's thinking changes as they develop is essential to the work of many developmental psychologists.

Theory

What happens to testosterone levels of those who lose chess tournaments?

They fall.

What best describes the purpose of the IRB?

To review proposals for research that involves human participants.

Which questions would a cognitive psychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

To what extent does Alzheimer's disease affect one's thinking, memory and language abilities? How does one's memory, decision-making and language usage skills change as Alzheimer's disease progresses?

Which questions would a social psychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

To what extent does Alzheimer's disease affect one's thinking, memory and language abilities? How does one's memory, decision-making and language usage skills change as Alzheimer's disease progresses?

________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.

Tolerance

Lydia is a typical or traditional type of manager who focuses on a workplace incentives like bonus pay for good work and longer hours when his team falls behind on a project. What type of leader is Lydia?

Transactional

________ describes the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses that allow for perception.

Transduction

________ involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses.

Transduction

Perceiving purple is a result of receiving messages from two types of cells: those that perceive red and those that perceive blue.

Trichromatic

There are three types of cone cells, one for each primary color.

Trichromatic

True or False: Ebbinghaus found that memory for information drops off rapidly and eventually levels off after 30 days. He called this the forgetting curve and his research demonstrated that 80% of what you learn is lost in the first 30 days after learning.

True

Who is responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant?

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Don does remodeling for an old man who lives in the big house. He has been working there for eight months, and always puts in 25 hours a week. He is never sure when he is going to get paid. Sometimes the old man pays him twice in a single week and other times he doesn't give him anything for three weeks. On the average, he gets paid about every 10 days.

Variable interval

Myron is a waiter in a college restaurant. Sometimes he gets a tip and sometimes the students leave nothing. Whether the night is busy (Friday) or dead (Tuesday), on the average he gets a real tip from about 50% of his customers, but some nights everyone is generous and other nights everyone is stingy.

Variable ratio

Which is the best explanation of how blindsight can happen?

Visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don't know that they are visually processing information.

How can blindsight happen? Which of the following statements would you pick as the most likely explanation for blindsight?

Visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don't know that they are visually processing.

Who was the first psychologist to use psychology in advertising?

Walter Dill Scott

John B. Watson

Watson thought that the study of consciousness was flawed. Because he believed that objective analysis of the mind was impossible, Watson preferred to focus directly on observable behavior and try to bring that behavior under control Watson was a major proponent of shifting the focus of psychology from the mind to behavior, and this approach of observing and controlling behavior came to be known as behaviorism.

Damage to (the) ________ disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact.

Wernicke's Area

Which questions would a personality psychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

What are the personality characteristics that are displayed by a person with Alzheimer's disease? Are these characteristics the same in all persons with Alzheimer's disease or are there differences? How do these characteristics change as the disease progresses? What conditions could help a person to maintain their personality?

Which of the following questions is illegal to ask in a job interview in the United States?

Which state were you born in?

Which questions would a clinical psychologist most likely address when studying Alzheimer's disease?

Who gets Alzheimer's disease? What are the chances of a person developing Alzheimer's disease based on gender, age, and ethnicity? What kind of therapeutic support is needed for family members of a person with Alzheimer's disease?

This psychologist argued that psychology is independent from philosophy. He believed that the conscious elements of the mind should be scientifically studied and classified.

Wilhelm Wundt

________ focused on examining the physiology of one's behavior and other psychological aspects of the mind.

William James

________ makes overcoming a substance abuse disorder particularly painful.

Withdrawal

A researcher wants to know if creativity can be taught. She designs a curriculum for teaching creative drawing to elementary school children. Then (with the permission of parents and the school) she randomly assigns 30 students to participate in several weekly sessions of creativity training. Another 30 randomly chosen students participate in a weekly session where they can draw, but they receive no creativity instruction. At the end of the six weeks of instruction, she has each child draw a picture. Five local school art teachers, who are also friends of hers, serve as judges. Each picture has a label showing whether the child was in the "creative training" group or the "no creative training" group. The art teacher-judges rate each picture on a 10-point scale, where 10 means "very high in creativity" and 1 means "very low in creativity." The results were that the children in the "creative training" group received an average rating of 8.5 and the children in the "no creative training" group received an average rating of 4.0. Based on these results, the researcher claimed that her creativity training curriculum succeeded in teaching students to be more creative. Was randomly assigning students to the "creative training" and the "no creative training" groups a good method for improving the validity of this study?

Yes

Which of the following statements best represents a fixed mindset?

You are born with a certain level of intelligence, and this isn't something you can really change.

The pituitary gland secretes ________ during sleep, which aids in maturation.

a growth hormone

inter-rater reliability

a measure of reliability that assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

Caroline met a new friend named Wendy. Wendy was wearing a green shirt, which reminded Caroline of Peter Pan, so Caroline plans to remember Peter Pan when she thinks about her new friend's name. This is an example of

a mnemonic device.

There is ________ correlation between the number of hours of sleep a person gets and how tired they feel.

a negative

cross-sectional research

a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time

Predictability

a scientific theory implies that the theory should enable us to make predictions about future events. The precision of these predictions is a measure of the strength of the theory.

thalamus

a sensory relay for the brain. All of our senses, with the exception of smell, are routed through the thalamus before being directed to other areas of the brain for processing

On Trial #1, the rats in all three conditions were ________ in the number of errors they made.

about the same

Where in a scholarly article would you expect to find a concise summary of the entire experiment?

abstract

validity

accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

Jane writes a song to help her remember all of her terms for anatomy class. She is utilizing ________ encoding.

acoustic

When a powerful organization purchases a smaller company, it is called a

acquisition.

When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________.

acrostic

What is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals?

action potential

The ________ gland secretes epinephrine.

adrenal

The opponent-process theory is supported by ________.

afterimages

A(n) ________ facilitates or mimics the activity of a given neurotransmitter system.

agonist

Depressants are ________ of the GABA neurotransmitter, which has a quieting effect on the brain.

agonists

Most stimulants are ________ for the neurotransmitter dopamine.

agonists

Fairness

all data must be considered when evaluating a hypothesis

In order for an experiment to be considered fair, ________.

all data should be considered when evaluating a hypothesis

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

allow better imaging of the activity of neurotransmitter receptors and open new avenues in schizophrenia research

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by ________ waves.

alpha

Maxwell's research group is conducting a study on the relationship between daytime toddler naps and dinnertime appetite. Some groups are assigned to a 1 ½-2 ½ hour afternoon nap, some to a 30-60 minutes nap, or some to no nap at all. The amount they eat for dinner is recorded. In this study, the ________ is the dependent variable and ________ is the control group.

amount of food eaten; no nap

When rats had their ________ removed, they no longer experienced their fear memory.

amygdala

Which example supports the argument that genetics largely influence our behavior?

an adopted child's personality more closely resembles his biological parents than his adoptive parents

Which type of brain imaging is especially helpful in the study of sleep disorders?

an electroencephalograph (EEG)

hippocampus

an essential structure for learning and memory.

Shaquallah suffered a head injury in a soccer game and can remember everything from her past, but can no longer make new memories. What type of amnesia does she have?

anterograde

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________.

archival research

Scientific theories

are supported by evidence

Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that ________.

as height increases, typically weight increases

parasympathetic nervous system

associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body

Matthias watched his older brother get arrested for selling drugs. He followed the steps of the modeling process to know that he doesn't want to get involved with selling drugs himself. These steps are:

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________.

attrition

The type of memory processing that is done without conscious awareness is known as

automatic.

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school?

bachelor's degree

The organ of Corti on the ________ within the ________ changes vibrations into impulses that travel to the auditory nerve.

basilar membrane; cochlea

When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should

be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information.

Slow-wave sleep typically occurs during the ________ stage of the sleep cycle.

beginning

A psychologist who studies the interaction between hormones and behavior is called a

behavioral endocrinologist.

Proponents of the early school of ________ psychology argue that our thoughts, feelings, and motive are unimportant in understanding human behavior and that only observable actions should be studied.

behaviorism

Vashna's parents give her an allowance every day that her bed is made and her room is picked up. Her parents are utilizing principles from which school of psychology?

behaviorism

Which school of thought emphasized observable behavior and objectivity?

behaviorism

Which school of thought in the early 20th century focused on observable behavior and relationships between stimuli and responses?

behaviorism

Which is an example of a positive reinforcer?

being told "nice work!" after completing your homework

If your memory of the home run you hit in the softball game becomes exaggerated to enhance your own performance, then you have fallen prey to a common memory tendency to distort your memories to fit your feelings about the world. This is called

bias

Cues that require two ears are referred to as ________ cues.

binaural

Using the different images that each eye receives in order to perceive depth is called using ________ cues.

binocular

________ depth cues require the use of both eyes.

binocular

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.

biological

Which psychological domain would include a study of neuroscience?

biological

Which of the following are the main psychological domains?

biological, cognitive, developmental, social and personality, mental and physical health

According to the ________ model, health and illness are determined by psychological, biological, and social factors.

biopsychosocial

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________.

blocking

double-blind study

both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments

The central nervous system is comprised of the ________.

brain and spinal cord

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

dendrite

branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons

What is the most commonly used stimulant in the world?

caffeine

Subliminal messaging

can mildly influence behavior.

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________.

case study

When a neuron receives a signal, it travels down the dendrite to the -------, where it is processed.

cell body

soma

cell body

semipermeable membrane

cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules

neuron

cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system

An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.

central sleep apnea

The wrinkly surface of the brain is called the ________.

cerebral cortex

neurotransmitter

chemical messenger of the nervous system

Because taste and smell have sensory receptors that respond to molecules, they are considered ________.

chemical senses

If Tyson, a track athlete, likes to apply a menthol rub to his legs after a hard workout. What skin receptors are activated by the cream?

chemoreceptors

Individual differences in circadian rhythms are known as a person's

chronotype.

Cillian can remember a great deal of numbers because he groups them all in sets of 3 and thinks of them as batting averages. He is using the technique of ________.

chunking

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

classical conditioning

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

________ psychology focuses on the causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of different types of behavioral and emotional disorders.

clinical

Which area of psychology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior?

clinical psychology

Over-the-counter ________ poses a risk for abuse because of the way it mimics the body's natural pain-reducing ________.

codeine; opioids

Proponents of the early school of ________ psychology argue that our thoughts, feelings, and motives are important in understanding human behavior and that more than just observable actions should be studied.

cognitive

This school of thought studies the mental processes of thinking, memory, and judgment.

cognitive

Which psychological domain would include a study of memory and intelligence?

cognitive

Zoe is planning to apply to graduate schools next semester, but isn't sure which field of psychology she likes the best. She enjoyed learning about learning, children, and language, but is most of all interested in the way people approach and solve problems. Which field of psychology would you recommend she study?

cognitive

A human factors psychologist who studied how a worker interacted with a search engine would be researching in the area of ________.

cognitive engineering

Which school of thought emphasized how people process information?

cognitive psychology

Which is the most statistically valuable way to examine the reading levels of cancer patients with the readability of typical cancer pamphlets?

compare the two distributions

Abstract

concise summary of the article.

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the "psychic secretions" were ________.

conditioned responses

Hearing loss resulting from damage to the bones of the middle ear is called ________ hearing loss.

conductive

Hearing aids might be effective for treating ________.

conductive hearing loss

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, ________ in the retina are responsive to red, green, and blue.

cones

________ operate best under bright light conditions.

cones

Awareness of internal and external stimuli is

consciousness.

reliability

consistency and reproducibility of a given result

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

consists of institutional administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members. This committee is charged with ensuring that all experimental proposals require the humane treatment of animal research subjects.

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

autonomic nervous system

controls our internal organs and glands

The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables is expressed by the ________.

correlation coefficient

Research studies designed to determine whether a relationship exists between variables is known as ________ research.

correlational

Julie majored in Psychology for her undergraduate degree, then pursued a masters degree in early childhood education to become a teacher. She credits her background in psychology with helping her as a teacher as she communicates with the children, better understands their behavior, and also teaches them ________, such as making observations and judgements with skepticism.

critical thinking skills

According to the text, psychology students are most likely to benefit from exposure to

critical thinking skills and the scientific method.

Research that compares multiple segments of the population at the same time is known as ________.

cross-sectional research

Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses.

deception

Jake is in a deep sleep, which is characterized by ________ waves.

delta

The ________ receive(s) incoming signals from other neurons.

dendrites

The input sites of neurons where signals are received from other neurons are known as

dendrites

Alcohol and barbiturates are examples of

depressants.

Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.

depression

________ research is generally preliminary and non-experimental research intended to gather information.

descriptive

Research studies that do not test specific relationships between variables are called

descriptive studies.

Is the only way to determine if a cause and effect relationship exists

descriptive, correlational, and experimental

How could you design an experiment around the social learning theory?

determine how long it takes someone to master a complex yoga move by looking at someone else.

statistical analysis

determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance

A psychologist is interested in observing and recording infants' temperaments for changes and stability as the children age to young adulthood. He plans to study these children's temperaments as they evolve into personalities for 18 years. This psychologist's perspective is most likely the ________ perspective of psychology.

developmental

Which psychological domain would include a study of learning and conditioning?

developmental pyschology

If you live in a city with lots of buildings, walls, and straight lines, you will probably perceive the lines in the Müller-Lyer illusion as being

different lengths.

Damage to Broca's area may cause

difficulty speaking.

Light energy with very low amplitude would be perceived as ________.

dim

While Julie was hypnotized, she acknowledged the fact that her arm was in ice water and knew that it should hurt, but didn't actually feel pain. Which theory of hypnosis does this support?

dissociation view

A wavelength is measured by the ________ between one wave peak and the next wave peak.

distance

The pattern of variation in data is called the

distribution

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.

dopamine

When both the researchers and the participants do not know which conditions the participants are assigned to, the research design is known as ________.

double-blind

The rational and reasonable part of personality is known as the

ego

________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.

egocentric bias

A technique that records the electrical activity produced by the brain's neurons through the use of electrodes placed on the surface of the head is called ________.

electroencephalograph (EEG)

Carl Rogers

emphasized the potential for good that exists within all people client-centered therapy involves the patient taking a lead role in the therapy session. Rogers believed that a therapist needed to display three features to maximize the effectiveness of this particular approach: unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy.

Scientific knowledge is ________.

empirical

The three functions of memory are ________.

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Typically, REM cycles are concentrated toward the ________ of a night of sleep.

end

This physical trace of memory is known as the ________.

engram

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________.

essentially limitless

Which of the following are the best examples of skills that psychology students will develop during their course of study?

evaluating information and using the scientific method

The belief that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day is consistent with ________ theories about sleep.

evolutionary

Existing theories ________.

evolve, change, can be expanded, modified and even replaced

The margin of error describes the ________.

expected amount of variation in a reported outcome

The only way to determine if there is a cause and effect relationship between two variables is to do ________ research.

experimental

Informed consent means clearly explaining all of the following EXCEPT

explaining the hypothesis to the participants.

Episodic memories and semantic memories are both examples of ________ memory.

explicit

Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are

explicit memories

Psychologists use illusions to

explore what people experience and what parts of the brain are involved in perception.

Psychologists use illusions to ________.

explore what people experience, what parts of the brain are involved in perception, and how to alter the illusion

Research indicates that sensorineural hearing loss is usually caused by ________.

exposure to loud noise

The recall of false autobiographical memories is known as

false memory syndrome.

As Susan enters the classroom and prepares to take the math exam, her bodily changes represent ________.

fight-or-flight response

The main point of focus in a visual display is known as the ________.

figure

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.

flashbulb memory

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event, such as 9/11, is a ________.

flashbulb memory

Structuralism

focused on understanding the conscious experience through introspection introduced by Wilhelm Wundt and built upon by his student, Edward Titchener

After Trial #11, the "No Food Until Trial 11" group performed more like the ________ group.

food on every trial

The biggest part of the brain, called the ________, contains the cerebral cortex, which is ________ in humans that other animals.

forebrain; larger

Which type of psychologist may be involved in mediating a custody battle?

forensic psychologist.

Which type of psychologist would most likely be asked to serve as an expert witness during a court case?

forensic psychologist.

The ________ is a small indentation of the retina that contains cones.

fovea

Pitch is determined by the ________ of sound waves.

frequency

A noninvasive neuroimaging technique that produces very clear and detailed images of the structures and activities in the brain in response to magnetic fields is called ________.

functional MRI (fMRI)

Stephen has a tumor in his brain and doctors want to assess what areas are impacted. They want a clear picture of the brain, but also want to see changes in the brain's blood flow. What imaging technique will they use?

functional MRI (fMRI)

In the late 1800s, this approach examined how the mind operates and how conscious thoughts in the mind have continually evolved since the beginning of time.

functionalism

In the late 19th century, the early school of psychology that was heavily influenced by biology was ________.

functionalism

The focus on how mental activities help a person adapt to his or her environment is known as

functionalism

Which school of psychology was more likely to focus on the operation of the entire mind instead of specific parts?

functionalism

The focus on how mental activities help a person adapt to their environment is known as

functionalism.

William James's focus on how mental activities help a person adapt to their environment is known as

functionalism.

According to research by Hoogendoorn, Oosterbeek, & van Praag, which type of sales team is likely to bring in the most profits?

gender-balanced

A CS and UCS are associated so the CS now produces a CR without presentation of the UCS. If a new stimulus that is similar to the CS also produces the CR, we have an example of ________.

generalization

A light and a shock are associated so the light now produces a fear response without presentation of the shock. If a new light that is similar to, but not identical to the original light produces the fear response, we have an example of ________.

generalization

Pavlov conditions a dog to salivate when he rings a bell. Now he changes the bell to one with a much deeper tone and the dog salivates, even though the bell is clearly different from the original one. Responding to a new stimulus as if it were the original CS is ________.

generalization

When Anna's old roommate would go to the kitchen first thing in the morning, she would always make coffee. Anna would stay in bed a few extra minutes and grab a cup of coffee as she left for class. Now Anna hears her new roommate go to the kitchen, so she stays in bed a few extra minutes. As she leaves for class, she is surprised that there is no coffee. Anna's mistaken assumption that her roommate would make coffee is based on ________.

generalization

Political attitudes, how much television people watch, and whether or not people get divorced are all influenced by

genetics

Two people may look at the identical image but perceive different things. This phenomenon is studied by

gestalt psychologists.

Which is an example of operant conditioning?

giving yourself one piece of candy after you complete one math problem

The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are:

glucagon and insulin

According to the principle of ________, objects that occur close to one another tend to be grouped together.

good continuation

Which are most likely to cause altered sensory and perceptual experiences?

hallucinogens

Grandma had a stroke that damaged her left frontal lobe. We can expect she will ________.

have difficulty controlling movements on the right side of her body

Health Psychology

health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. This particular approach is known as the biopsychosocial model.

The temporal lobe specializes in

hearing.

A/an________ affects the CNS and leads to dizziness, nausea, and eventually a loss of consciousness.

high dose of alcohol (BAC=0.25% to 0.50%)

A popular, new personality test consistently yields the same results when given to the same people over a period of several months and when administered to similar people. The test asks so many cultural questions, however, that many think the test does not accurately measure personality. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity.

high; low

The medulla, pons, and cerebellum are collectively called the

hindbrain

The "I knew it all along" phenomenon is known as

hindsight bias.

David was hospitalized after a car accident, and due to injury to his ________, he has trouble with newer memories but still retains older memories.

hippocampus

The chemical substances that are secreted into the bloodstream by the endocrine system are known as

hormones

Jessica Witt's study tested ________.

how the perception of the size of a golf hole affects golfing performance

Which perspective within psychology emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all people?

humanism

This school of thought, developed in the 1950s and 1960s, focuses on the potential of individuals and each person's unique viewpoint.

humanistic

Which school of thought emphasized the development of a healthy and effectively-functioning person?

humanistic psychology

An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to the ________.

hypothalamus

The body's biological clock is located in the ________.

hypothalamus

Which part of the brain plays a critical role in regulating homeostasis?

hypothalamus

The ________ play a role in controlling slow-wave sleep.

hypothalamus and thalamus

Ryan notices that a lot of people he sees avoid making eye contact while they walk by him on their cell phones. He develops a tentative explanation that people are too focused on their conversation to be distracted by an outside passerby. Ryan's observation is an example of a

hypothesis

A(n) ________ is a testable prediction that is arrived at logically from a(n) ________.

hypothesis; theory

The unconscious part of personality responsible for drives like sex and aggression is the

id

Industrial/organizational psychology is essentially the study of people:

in the workplace

Failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention is called ________.

inattentional blindness

Participants in Daniel Simons' and Christopher Chabris' study were asked to watch people pass a basketball. Because they were focused on doing so, the didn't see a gorilla walk across the screen. This phenomenon is called ________.

inattentional blindness

Mother rats who licked and groomed their pups during the first week of life showed which of the following physical changes?

increased expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in the hippocampus

Which variable is manipulated by the experimenter?

independent variable

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.

independent variable; dependent variable

Temporal theory cannot be used to account for why we hear higher pitched sounds because ________.

individual neurons cannot fire fast enough

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?

infant sucking on a nipple

Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form.

informed consent

An action potential involves Sodium moving ________ the cell and Potassium moving ________ the cell.

inside; outside

Sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are examples of ________.

instincts

amygdala

involved in our experience of emotion and in tying emotional meaning to our memories

frontal lobe

involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language. It contains the motor cortex, which is involved in planning and coordinating movement; the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning; and Broca's area, which is essential for language production.

sympathetic nervous system

involved in stress-related activities and functions

What area of the eye controls the size of the pupil?

iris

temporal lobe

is associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language. The auditory cortex, the main area responsible for processing auditory information, is located within the temporal lobe. Wernicke's area, important for speech comprehension, is also located here.

Random assignment is important in grouping participants in a research study because ________.

it balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants

The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________.

it is closest to 0

If you are conversing in a noisy environment,

it is helpful to watch the mouth of the person speaking to you.

In order for an experiment to be considered verifiable, ________.

it must be replicable by another researcher

In order for an experiment to be considered predictable, ________.

it should make assumptions about future events

When internal circadian cycles do not align with the environment, the result is known as

jet lag.

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.

kicked and threw the doll

empirical method

knowledge is one based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities.

KSAs describe the ________ required for a job.

knowledge, skills, and abilities

Which of the following statements is true regarding lateralization?

language ability has different roles in each hemisphere.

If you dream about your teeth falling out and your friend tells you it is really about anxiety over your new job, her interpretation represents the ________ content of your dream.

latent

Keshawn has a dream about getting booed off of stage during an impromptu standup performance. His friend tells him the dream is probably just about his nervousness for his upcoming graduation speech. His friend's analysis represents the true meaning of the dream, also known as the ________ content.

latent

Jeffrey always enjoyed cooking simple meals for himself. When he was preparing a meal, he would frequently read new recipes and he liked to wander around the local Whole Foods store. When his friend Marsha asked that he help her with food for a party she was having, Jeffrey amazed everyone, including himself, when he prepared a feast that looked and tasted like it was done by a professional caterer. Jeffrey's newfound skill is an example of ________.

latent learning

Learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed is called

latent learning

Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called ________.

learning

People born with a high genetic risk for schizophrenia were ________ likely to develop schizophrenia if they were raised in a healthy family environment than if they were raised in a disturbed family environment.

less

Which idea says that if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information?

levels of processing theory

Surveys

lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally

Cocking your head would be most useful for detecting the ________ of a sound.

location

If Kayla is interested in personality psychology, she is most likely to study

long-standing traits and patterns that propel behavior.

A/an________ acts to remove social inhibitions by slowing activity in the sympathetic nervous system.

low dose of alcohol (BAC=0.03% to 0.12%)

If Javier is in a deep sleep, an EEG would show his sleep as

low frequency, high amplitude waves.

axon

major extension of the soma

The self-referencing effect refers to ________.

making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

Based on the data above, were girls more likely to show physical aggression if they had seen a male model or a female model?

male model

John ate something at a party and afterwards saw bright colors on the wall and had a strange sensation that he had turned into an ant and that the people around him were huge. John probably consumed

marijuana

One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist.

master's

Typically, an adjunct psychology professor will have a

master's degree in psychology.

positive correlation

means that the variables move in the same direction

Merkel's disks and Ruffini corpuscles are examples of ________.

mechanoreceptors

What skin receptors are activated while holding hands?

mechanoreceptors

hindbrain

medulla controls the automatic processes of the autonomic nervous system, such as breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate. The word pons literally means "bridge," and as the name suggests, the pons serves to connect the hindbrain to the rest of the brain.

The processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over time is known as

memory.

Which psychological domain would include a study of abnormal psychology?

mental and physical health

When two organizations of equal power and status join together, it is called a(n)

merger

Which section of a scholarly article would be most valuable to another researcher wanting to replicate the experiment?

method

If Miguel wants to replicate Sara's study, which section of Sara's research article will be most valuable to him?

methods

The substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and reticular formation can all be found in the

midbrain

Jazmin tells her best friend, Ella, about a time in middle school when she went to the mall and spilled an entire bottle of ketchup onto her lap. Ella is surprised at the story and says, "No, that didn't happen to you---that happened to me! We were there together, remember?" This is an example of when the source of the memory is confused. This is known as

misattribution.

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________.

mnemonic devices

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

model

A/an ________ acts on the cerebellum to interfere with coordination and balance, producing the staggering gait of drunkenness.

moderate dose of alcohol (BAC=0.09% to 0.30%)

Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?

money

Teenagers need ________ sleep than adults.

more

When Brad got into a minor car accident, he hopped right out of the car to assess the damage. He didn't notice until later that night that he had a pretty serious cut on his leg. The fact that he didn't notice is consistent with the ________.

motivation-decision model

REM sleep is part of the sleep cycle, and so it occurs ________ during the night.

multiple times

A(n) ________ is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA.

mutation

Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the ________.

myelin sheath

myelin sheath

myelin sheath: fatty substance that insulates axons

The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.

narcolepsy

Dr. Briggs is interested in whether there is a difference in the way males and females carry objects such as backpacks and computer cases, so she sets up a hidden camera on the main mall of the college and videotapes students at various times throughout the day. Which type of study is this?

naturalistic observation

________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments.

naturalistic observation

During resting potential, before the electric charge is sent, the inside of a neuron has a ________ charge.

negative

When resting, the inside of a cell has a ________ charge. During action potential, the cell briefly has a ________ charge.

negative; positive

peripheral nervous system

nerves in the rest of the body

glial cell

nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport

Which of the following topics are included in the biological domain of psychology?

neuroscience

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

neutral stimulus

When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet and starts to pack up her bag because she has been conditioned to think the ringing bell signifies the end of class and the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a

neutral stimulus.

Before Trial #11, the "No Food Until Trial 11" group performed more like the ________ group.

no food on any trial

A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories were ________.

not testable

correlation coefficient

number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between variables The closer the number is to 1 (be it negative or positive), the more strongly related the variables are, and the more predictable changes in one variable will be as the other variable changes. The closer the number is to zero, the weaker the relationship, and the less predictable the relationships between the variables becomes.

The dependent variable in this study was ________.

number of errors made while running through the maze

Which aspect of organizational culture is identified by a company's language (jargon, slang, and humor) and narratives (stories and legends)?

observable artifacts

naturalistic observation

observing behavior in its natural setting

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

occurs as a result of experience

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

often used to compare the brains of healthy individuals to the brains of individuals diagnosed with psychological disorders. This comparison helps determine what structural and functional differences exist between these populations.

Olfactory receptor cells pick up odor molecules which activate electrical impulses that send messages to the brain via the ________.

olfactory bulb

Correlation means all of the following EXCEPT that ________.

one variable causes another

Susanna's parents give her an allowance every day that her bed is made and her room is picked up. Her parents are utilizing principles of

operant conditioning.

Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.

operationalize

Which category of drugs mimic endogenous pain-killing systems within the body?

opiates

Our bodies naturally produce ________ to reduce pain and produce euphoria.

opioids

The ________ carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

optic nerve

When determining how often an event will happen by chance, researchers look at the ________.

p-values

After a stressful day at school and work, Kristen attends a yoga class. At the end of the class, Kristen lays quietly on her mat while paying close attention to her breathing. Her ________ nervous system is activated.

parasympathetic

If your ________ is activated, you will feel relatively at ease.

parasympathetic nervous system

As Larry and Claire begin to run, they hear the man calling them. He yells, "Wait! I didn't mean to scare you. I am a forest ranger, trying the clear part of this trail. Please don't run away." Larry and Claire stop running and turn around to look at the man. They notice that he is dressed in a typical forest ranger uniform and see his identification badge. Not feeling threatened any longer, both Larry and Claire begin to feel "calmed down" and walk back toward the forest ranger to resume their hike on the trail. Their heart rate and breathing began to return to a natural balance in their bodies. These new feelings were triggered by the ________ division of the ________ nervous system, which communicated with the activated ________ gland to stop secreting the energy-producing hormones.

parasympathetic; autonomic; adrenal

The somatosensory cortex is an area just behind the motor cortex that receives information from the skin's sensory receptors and movements from different body parts. In which part of the cerebral cortex is it located?

parietal lobe

Students were asked about the speed of cars involved in an accident. When the verb was changed from "contacted" to "smashed", ________.

participants estimated the speed of the vehicle involved in the crash to be higher.

Because eating cereal and maintaining a healthy weight are positively correlated, one can infer that

people who eat cereal regularly maintain healthier weights.

________ occurs when sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

perception

Which of the following are major areas of interest in cognitive psychology?

perception and language or knowledge and memory

Which of the seven sins of memory occurs when you simply cannot forget a traumatic event?

persistence

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________.

personality

Humanism

perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers hierarchy of human needs

Chemical messages often sent between two members of a species to communicate something about reproductive status are called ________.

pheromones

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________.

philosophy

Psychologist Abraham Maslow introduced the concept of a hierarchy of needs, which suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. Consider how this may influence our development, motivation, and accomplishments. Choose which level of needs would best explain the following scenario. Mario has not been doing well in his third grade classroom. His teacher noticed that he wasn't focusing in class and mistakenly thought he was being lazy. In fact, the truth was that Mario's family couldn't afford enough food to feed their family and therefore, he regularly goes to school without any breakfast. Which level of need would best describe what is going on with Mario?

physiological

The ________ gland in the endocrine system is important in releasing ________, which helps regulate biological rhythms.

pineal; melatonin

The most visible part of the ear is the

pinna

Which correctly describes the process of hearing?

pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles - cochlea - auditory nerve

The ________ secretes hormones that regulate the body's fluid levels.

pituitary

The ________ secretes messenger hormones that direct the function of the rest of the endocrine glands.

pituitary

Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep.

pituitary gland

The fact that the base of the basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies supports the ________ theory of hearing.

place

Amanda has a severe hearing loss and recently received a cochlear implant. The implant has several electrodes that are surgically placed into her inner ear. The electrodes differ slightly in length so that each electrode stimulates a different area in the cochlea. Electrode #1 stimulates a certain area when a sound at 5000Hz is presented. Electrode #2 stimulates a different area when a sound at 6000Hz is presented. Electrode #3 stimulates yet another spot when a sound at 7000Hz is presented, etc. This manner of encoding pitch is most like which strategy used by listeners with normal hearing?

place theory

If you participate in a study and find out that the medication you received did not contain actual medication inside, then that pill is considered a(n) ________.

placebo

Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment.

placebo

Most traits are controlled by more than just one gene, meaning that they are

polygenic

This activity will introduce you to some common monocular cues. Take a guess as to which monocular cue enables you to interpret depth in the following images. For this image, select the monocular cue that lets you know that the animal is closer than the mountain. Note that for this picture, multiple cues may apply, but only one correct answer will be presented.

position

A psychologist discovers that the more control people feel they have over what happens in their work environments, the more productive they are. The psychologist has discovered a ________ correlation between perceived control and productivity.

positive

In his correlational research, Dr. Martin discovered that university graduates earn significantly more money than high school graduates. He also found that the more education people had, the less likely they were to be diagnosed with psychological problems. In this research, it appears that there is a ________ correlation between education and income and a ________ correlation between education and number of psychological problems.

positive; negative

An invasive imaging technique that provides color-coded images of brain activity by tracking the brain's use of a radioactively tagged compound, such as glucose, oxygen, or a drug, is called ________.

positron emission tomography (PET)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that

prevent unused neurotransmitters from being transported back to the neuron.

Derek's email log-in forced him to create a new password, but now when he logs on, he only remembers his old password. This is an example of ________ interference.

proactive

Arianna was an accomplished gymnast in her youth but hasn't been to the gym for nearly 10 years. Despite this, with some prompting from her old coach, she's able to do almost her entire uneven bar routine. This is an example of

procedural memory.

limbic system

processing both emotion and memory

parietal lobe

processing information from the body's senses. It contains the somatosensory cortex, which is essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain.

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________.

proposed explanation

Abraham Maslow is best known for

proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior.

Joanna is competing on Jeopardy!. She doesn't have to think about the distance between her finger and the buzzer and knows just how hard to press because of ________.

proprioception

receptor

protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach

informed consent

provides a written description of what participants can expect during the experiment, including potential risks and implications of the research.

Which school of thought examined mental processes that are in the unconscious mind to explain behavior?

psychodynamic

The unconscious and early childhood experiences are emphasized by the ________.

psychodynamic school of psychology

If a person has an emotional need for a drug, they probably have a ________.

psychological dependence

William James

psychology's purpose was to study the function of behavior in the world, and as such, his perspective was known as functionalism Functionalism focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment

Drugs designed to restore neurotransmitter balance in the brain are known as

psychotropic medications

Using a p-value of .05 means that there is a 95% chance that the results of a study are truly statistically significant. This means that there is still a 5% chance those results are due to chance. This, combined with ________, are two main contributing factors to the reproducibility crisis.

publication bias

Sympathetic activation is associated with ________.

pupil dilation and increased heart rate

The scientific discipline in which similarities among individuals are analyzed based on how biologically related they is called

quantitative genetics.

If every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate in a study, then it is considered a ________.

random sample

In order for a sample's results to be generalized to the entire population, that sample should be a ________.

random sample

________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study.

random sampling

The idea that Sophia is born with high genetic potential for intelligence that determines the boundaries of her intelligence, but that her environment interacts with those genes to determine wherein her intelligence falls within those bounds is known as

range of reaction.

Mason has a cochlear implant. He is able to hear because the implant

receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

Agonists and antagonists mimic or impede neurotransmitters by binding to ________.

receptors

Which type of memory is tested on a multiple choice test?

recognition

A multiple choice quiz question will test ________ while an open-ended question will test ________.

recognition; recall

If you were to stare at a green dot for a relatively long period of time and then shift your gaze to a blank white screen, you would see a ________ negative afterimage.

red

hypothalamus

regulates a number of homeostatic processes, including the regulation of body temperature, appetite, and blood pressure. The hypothalamus also serves as an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system and in the regulation of sexual motivation and behavior.

Reinforcement differs from punishment in that ________.

reinforcement is any outcome that leads to an increase in a behavior and punishment is an outcome that leads to a decrease in a behavior

somatic nervous system

relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS

Archival research

relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships.

replicate

repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliability

Longitudinal research

research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time.

Cross-Sectional Study

researchers gather participants from different groups (commonly different ages) and look for differences between the groups.

What part of the eye contains photoreceptor cells?

retina

Bryson remembers nothing before his concussion happened, meaning he has ________ amnesia. If he were unable to learn new things, he would have ________ amnesia.

retrograde; anterograde

Sean wants to teach his dog to turn the light on. What would be the best way to train his dog, utilizing the idea of shaping? What might he do that using the concept of shaping?

reward his dog when the dog looks at the light switch, when she touches the lightswitch, when she pushes it, and when she turns it on by command

Chelsea wants to know if the room temperature in the testing center affects participants test scores. In this experiment, the independent variable is ________.

room temperature

Money is an example of which type of reinforcer?

secondary

Stickers on a sticker chart are an example of which type of reinforcer?

secondary

pituitary gland

secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system

pancreas

secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar

thyroid

secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite

gonad

secretes sexual hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior

In the McGurk illusion, what you ________ overrides what you ________.

see; hear

evolutionary psychology

seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of behavior. Just as genetic traits have evolved and adapted over time, psychological traits can also evolve and be determined through natural selection

According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following is a way to access the unconscious mind?

seemingly innocent slips of the tongue

Thinking about the meaning of a word and categorizing it into the context of other words you already know is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

What are the three types of encoding?

semantic, acoustic, and visual

Hearing aids are ineffective in treating ________, which is caused by damage to the hair cells in the cochlea that impairs the transmission of signals about sound to the brain.

sensorineural hearing loss

Before a memory makes it to long-term memory, it must first pass through ________ and short-term memory.

sensory

Decreased sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as ________.

sensory adaptation

The longitudinal fissure

separates the brain into two halves.

endocrine system

series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones

LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.

serotonin

A theory is a(n) ________.

set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

Jarren wants his dog to play dead when he says "bang, bang!" so he begins by giving him a treat each time that he crouches down after giving the command. Eventually he'll get him to roll over and then to lay on his back with his legs outstretched. This is an example of

shaping

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.

shaping

adrenal gland

sits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response

synapse

small gap between two neurons where communication occurs

When surrounded by larger circles, a center circle will appear ________ than if surrounded by smaller circles.

smaller

Which psychological domain would include a study of motivation and gender?

social and personality

During action potential, positively charged ________ ions move inside the cell.

sodium

Conscious and voluntary movements are associated with the ________ nervous system.

somatic

Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the ________ nervous system.

somatic

The ________ nervous system is involved in the relay of sensory and motor information to the central nervous system.

somatic

The peripheral nervous system is composed of the

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Devin processes the pain of a fresh paper cut on his finger in the

somatosensory cortex

Psyche is a Greek word meaning

soul

Scarlett has slept terribly the past 3 nights as some neighbors have had visitors in town and been up making noise all night long. When she finally does get to sleep again, it is likely that she will

spend more time in REM sleep.

As a sprinter on the track and field team, Shaun knows that the way he visualizes and thinks about his race can have a major impact on his performance. His coach encourages him to talk to the

sport psychologist.

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.

stage 2

Sleep spindles appear in ________ sleep.

stage 2

________ is described as slow-wave sleep.

stage 3

If Maria conducts a study and discovers the results seem consistent enough to not have been caused by chance, she can conclude that her findings are ________.

statistically significant

If the results of a study are not likely to be caused simply by chance, it is considered ________.

statistically significant

synaptic vesicle

storage site for neurotransmitters

Greg has one employee, Sasha, who is a weak presenter and gets incredibly stressed out about presenting in workshops, but is an excellent writer. Greg decides to emphasize Sasha's writing abilities and gives her opportunities to shine outside of the spotlight. Greg is practicing

strengths-based management.

In the late 19th century, this approach to psychology measured basic elements of conscious experiences to provide scientific evidence to understand the mind.

structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener's approach to asking patients to look inward and describe their feelings was a part of their broader strategy to understand consciousness. This was called:

structuralism

Which of the following is not a structure of the forebrain?

substantia nigra

Which of the seven sins of memory occurs if an investigator asks a child leading questions, causing them to make up a memory?

suggestibility

A ________ is an example of a tactical team.

surgical team

A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper or online form.

survey

If you receive a telephone call from someone asking that you explain your preferences for certain kinds of products, you are the subject of a ________.

survey

If Julian is startled by a rat in his kitchen, his ________ nervous system kicks into action.

sympathetic

Larry and Claire are hiking on a trail in the Rocky Mountains. As they walk, the trail becomes less distinguishable and is overgrown with brush. Suddenly, a man holding an axe jumps in front of them. This scares both of them; their hearts begin to pump faster and their breathing increases. They begin running in the opposite direction to get away from the man. Larry and Claire's response to run away was triggered by the ________ division of the ________ nervous system, which stimulated the ________ gland to produce the hormones ________.

sympathetic; autonomic; adrenal; epinephrine and norepinephrine

The part of the nervous system that prepares the body to respond to threatening events is the ________ division, and the part that helps the body to maintain a normal state of balance is the ________ division.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

The space between a sending and receiving neuron is called a

synapse

Gretchen recently reported randomly hearing songs, and voices from the past. An MEG (magnetoencephalography) scan revealed she had a tumor causing neurons in the ________ lobe to occasionally fire at random, triggering these auditory illusions.

temporal

The auditory cortex is responsible for hearing and language. In which part of the cerebral cortex is it located?

temporal lobe

The ________ best explains how we hear at low frequencies.

temporal theory

When you hear a tone of 200 Hz, the hair cells in the cochlea begin vibrating 200 times per second. This is the idea behind the ________.

temporal theory of hearing

The signal travels to the end of the axon, called the ----------, where the signal travels across the synapse to the next neuron.

terminal buttons

Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable.

testable

The ________ is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing.

thalamus

Verifiability

that an experiment must be replicable by another researcher. To achieve verifiability, researchers must make sure to document their methods and clearly explain how their experiment is structured and why it produces certain results.

When other experimenters attempted to replicate the results of the McCabe and Castel study about the effect of an image on the perceived quality of research article, they found ________.

that the results did not replicate

If your eyes see someone saying "ball" but the word you hear is "doll", the struggle to make sense of that information in your brain is consistent with ________.

the McGurk effect

Keesha finds it helpful to unwind at the end of the day by practicing meditation. This is defined as

the act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness of the moment.

Extinction occurs when ________.

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

A therapist develops a new approach to treating depression using exercise and diet along with regular counseling sessions. For all of her new clients who agree to be in her test of the therapy approach, she randomly assigns half to receive her new form of treatment and the other half receive the traditional form of treatment that the therapist has offered for many years. She uses a respected, standardized measure of depression before the beginning of her therapy and then again after 3 months of treatment. She uses the difference between these before and after measures to indicate the change in level of depression. The difference in the level of depression between the before and after measures is ________.

the dependent variable

Based on the data above, did boys or girls on the average show more verbal aggression toward the Bobo doll?

the difference is not clear

Physiological changes such as those activated when Sarah hears spooky sounds while she's out for a run (her pupils dilate, her heart rate and blood pressure increase, etc.) are known as

the fight-or-flight response.

Research on interviewing has shown that

the first impression and interactions before the interview begins have an impact getting a job offer.

The significance of the lesion study of Phineas Gage's damaged brain is that it provided evidence that ________.

the frontal lobe is involved in controlling personality traits, emotion, inhibitory control and goal-setting abilities

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________.

the honesty of the data that are collected in a realistic setting

Raul is having a discussion with his mother about his father, Tomas, and his brother, Hector. Tomas, the father, is an alcoholic and Raul expresses to his mother that he is concerned about his brother, Hector, who is also beginning to drink a lot. Raul does not want his brother to turn out like his father. Raul's mother tells him that there have been several men in the family who are alcoholics such as his grandfather and two uncles. She says that it runs in the family and that his brother, Hector, can't help himself and he will also be an alcoholic. Raul responds that he thinks they could stop drinking if they wanted too, despite the history of alcoholism in the family. "After all, look at me. I don't drink and my friends don't either. I don't think I will become an alcoholic because I have friends who know how to control themselves." Raul's opinion best supports

the idea that nurture can influence nature.

The major limitation of case studies is ________.

the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population

A researcher is interested in the effects of a famous author on the persuasiveness of a message. He recruits 50 college students to be in his study and randomly assigns 25 to be in the "high prestige" group and 25 to the be in the "low prestige" group. All of the students read the same document about the importance of improving mental health services at the college. But the 25 students in the "high prestige" group read on the document that the author is the chairperson of the Psychology Department. The 25 students in the "low prestige" group read on the document that the author is a psychology undergraduate student as part of a class assignment. Everyone was asked after reading the article to indicate how much they agreed with the idea that psychological services should be improved at the college.

the independent variable

The most accurate definition of psychology is the scientific study of ________.

the mind and behavior

If co-witnesses of a crime are permitted to talk to each other, they are prone to contaminate each other's memories. This is an example of

the misinformation effect.

A new animal is discovered that is more sensitive to pain in its toes than its fingers. If we were to examine the brain of this animal we would notice that ________.

the parietal lobe would have more brain area devoted to the toes than the fingers

In Tolman's study, the independent variable was ________.

the presence of food at the end of the maze

In the example of infants choosing to play with the helper toy over the hinderer toy, what does the p-value tell you?

the probability that if infants chose randomly, that so many of them (14 of 16) would choose the helper toy by chance

The left hemisphere of the brain controls

the right side of the body.

psychology

the scientific study of the mind and behavior

negative correlation

the variables move in opposite directions

Perception is ________.

the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and experienced

According to Gestalt psychology, ________.

the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

Phineas Gage's accident revealed that

there is a relationship between the frontal lobes, limbic system, and impulse control.

What skin receptors are activated most when you grab a hot cup of coffee?

thermoreceptors

When the brain receives nociceptive signals from the body, ________.

they can be blocked by the brain's descending pain modulatory system

Which theory suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism?

threat-simulation theory

A sound's purity is called its ________.

timbre

The quality of a sound that is affected by frequency, amplitude, and timing of the sound wave is known as ________.

timbre

In the "climber study" example where the infants chose either the helper or hinderer toy, why did researchers move the helper toy to the infant's right side and left side?

to control for variables

After drinking casually for a few years, Eric finds that he needs more and more alcohol in order to get a "buzz." This is an example of

tolerance

Did you read the second "the" in the sentence in the image? You probably didn't, because your brain doesn't expect to have "the" a second time and skips over it so that the sentence works in the context of what you are familiar with. This is an example of

top-down processing

Mekayla loved her second grade teacher and remembers it being her favorite year of elementary school. When her niece asks her about her favorite part of second grade, Mekayla has a hard time remembering anything that actually happened during that year. This is an example of

transience.

When a memory fades over time, it is called

transience.

Which taste is associated with monosodium glutamate?

umami

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.

unconditional positive regard

Which component of a classically conditioned behavior automatically elicits a reaction? For example, dimming the lights will cause the eyes to dilate.

unconditioned stimulus.

computerized tomography (CT) scan

used to determine whether someone has a tumor, or significant brain atrophy.

If an experiment measures what it is supposed to measure, it is considered ________.

valid

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Which of the following is involved in maintaining balance and body posture?

vestibular system

A person's participation in a research project must be ________.

voluntary

The property that differentiates the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see from the part we cannot see is ________.

wavelength

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a rabbit goes to the bathroom in the litter box, she gets a piece of carrot

Falsifiability

whether a hypothesis can be disproved. For a hypothesis to be falsifiable, it must be logically possible to make an observation or do a physical experiment that would show that there is no support for the hypothesis.

occipital lobe

which is responsible for interpreting incoming visual information

At a football game, your friend from ten rows down yells at you to bring them some of your popcorn. At first you couldn't understand what they were asking, but once you saw their mouth, you could make out the request. This is consistent with the ________.

with the results of the Sumby and Pollack study on the audiovisual advantage

The best predictor of overall job satisfaction is the ________, which includes variety, difficulty level, and clarity of the job.

work-content factor

________ is another name for short-term memory.

working memory

The electromagnetic spectrum includes ________.

xrays infrared light radio waves

Which of the following correctly matches the pattern in our perception of color as we move from short wavelengths to long wavelengths?

yellow to orange to red

You walk by the same billboard on the way to school each day, but have never actually looked at it. When asked to guess which billboard it was from a selection of billboards, you somehow identify the right one because

you subliminally processed the image.