Psychology Test (Chapters 11, 12, and 13)
A model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness.
Biopsychosocial Model
A ratio of body weight to height, used to measure obesity.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
An eating disorder characterized by dieting, binge eating, and purging.
Bulimia Nervosa
Brian is an American traveling abroad. He is shocked by the extent to which the people in the country he's visiting seem to follow group norms and emphasize family connection and group cohesiveness. Brian is traveling in a country that has a(n) [x] culture.
Collectivist
Tyler loves socializing and is a thrill seeker, whereas Marco prefers to spend time alone and hates partaking in risky activities. According to Eysenck, how can we explain their different personalities?
Tyler is generally less aroused than Marco.
Jerome is aggressive and competitive. What type of behavior pattern does he have?
Type A
Personality traits characterized by competitiveness, achievement orientation, aggressiveness, hostility, restlessness, impatience with others, and an inability to relax.
Type A Behavior Pattern
Phoebe tends to be very competitive at work, and she is constantly trying to outdo her coworkers. She wants to achieve great success and is sometimes impatient and hurried. This description indicates that Phoebe most likely has a
Type A Behavior Pattern
Personality traits characterized by being noncompetitive, relaxed, easygoing, and accommodating.
Type B Behavior Pattern
Cici gave up her dream of becoming an artist because her parents expected her to become a lawyer. According to Rogers, Cici likely did not experience which of the following from her parents while growing up?
Unconditional Positive Regard
Even though DeeDee earned a failing grade on her spelling test, her father gave her a hug and said, "I love you sweetheart. We're going to work hard on that spelling list tonight, okay?" Carl Rogers would call this a demonstration of
Unconditional Positive Regard
Everyday irritations that cause small disruptions, the effects of which can add up to a large impact on health.
Daily Hassles
Researchers have found that a decreased risk of hypertension, diabetes, and respiratory tract infections was associated with higher levels of
Hope
The most integrative model of health psychology considers the influence of many different factors on one's overall state of being. These include physical, cognitive, and environmental factors. This is called the [x] model.
Biopsychosocial
Even though she admits that she fears becoming fat and alternates between binge eating and self-induced vomiting, Rebecca doesn't believe that she has an eating disorder. Although she is not unusually thin her behaviors are potentially dangerous. Rebecca would possibly receive a clinical diagnosis of which of the following?
Bulimia Nervosa
Although several people were nearby when the old man collapsed in the park, nobody immediately stepped forward to help. What term describes this failure of the observers to offer help?
Bystander Intervention Effect
The failure to offer help to people in need.
Bystander Intervention Effect
Marcia and Stanley have been married for many years. Each feels that their relationship is based on trust, intimacy, respect, and friendship. They both feel a strong commitment to care for and support each other. Marcia and Stanley are most likely experiencing [x] love.
Companionate
A type of romantic relationship that includes strong commitment to supporting and caring for a partner.
Companionate Love
Cedric walks into his boss's office and says, "I have a conflict next Thursday. Can I please have the day off?" His boss thinks it over for a minute and then agrees to give Cedric the day off. The boss's willingness to agree to a specific request is an example of
Compliance
The tendency to agree to do things requested by others.
Compliance
The altering of your own behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other people's expectations.
Conformity
Females' tendency to respond to stressors by protecting and caring for their offspring and forming social alliances.
Tend and Befriend Response
Marilyn starts cooking nice dinners for her husband and children whenever she's stressed out. This behavior can be qualified as a form of which response?
Tend and Befriend Response
According to years of research, people witnessing someone in need are less likely to help when what is true?
There are many bystanders.
Jamie tells her doctor that she has been feeling a little down lately. The doctor responds by saying, "I think you should start exercising. Research finds that people can improve their mood and help them feel stronger and healthier by exercising for as little as [x] minutes a day."
10
Research has found that at least [x] minutes of exercise each day is associated with the most positive mental state.
30
Roland was hiking in the Alaskan wilderness when he suddenly encountered a mother grizzly bear and her cubs. He rapidly engaged in [x] to determine whether the bear was a threat. He then engaged in [y], during which he considered curling up in a fetal position and playing dead.
A Primary Appraisal; A Secondary Appraisal
Positive psychology suggests that happiness comes from three specific components. Which is NOT one of those components? Engagement in life. A satisfying career. A meaningful life. Positive emotion and pleasure.
A Satisfying Career.
Apple, who has very high self-esteem, is likely to attribute her failing grade on a test to [x]. However, when she does well, she is more likely to attribute her success to [y].
An Unfair Professor; Her Hard Work
The Sandersons have been married for over 40 years. They are a happy couple, and they tend to overlook each other's bad behavior or respond constructively. What is this process called?
Accommodation
Schuyler is an introvert so she is always choosing activities that lower her internal level of arousal. Angelica is an extrovert so she often chooses activities that increase her internal level of arousal. This personality difference between Schuyler and Angelica is most likely the result of the reticular activating system because it is responsible for
Achieving preferred levels of alertness
Sharon's daughter just got engaged to her longtime boyfriend, Ted, but Sharon is not happy about this news. Ted does not have a stable job, and he is also a bit overweight, both of which lead Sharon to believe that Ted is lazy. Sharon struggles with her weight too, but she blames this on her thyroid problem. Sharon's assessment of Ted is an example of which of the following biases?
Actor/Observer Bias
When interpreting our own behavior, the tendency to focus on situations rather than personality traits.
Actor/Observer Bias
While walking to class one day during the winter, Jeremiah falls on the sidewalk and thinks, "This ice is brutal!" When he sees his friend Ed fall on the same icy sidewalk a few hours later, he laughs and says, "You are really clumsy!" Jeremiah's attitudes in these cases reflect the impact of the
Actor/Observer Bias
Any behavior that involves the intention to harm someone else.
Aggression
Which of the Big Five traits reflects the extent to which a person is trusting, helpful, and softhearted?
Agreeableness
Selye's concept of general adaptation syndrome has three stages. Which one of the following response options lists the stages in their correct order of occurrence?
Alarm; Resistance; Exhaustion
The act of providing help when it is needed, with no apparent reward for doing so.
Altruism
An eating disorder characterized by excessive fear of becoming fat and therefore restricting energy intake to obtain a significantly low body weight.
Anorexia Nervosa
Jenny thinks she is fat and refuses to eat despite being severely underweight. Kevin periodically eats three entire pizzas and then uses laxatives to remove all the food from his system. Based on this information, Jenny most likely has [x] and Kevin most likely has [y].
Anorexia Nervosa; Bulimia Nervosa
Sandy has a terrible fear of becoming fat, and so she starves herself. Rhonda, who also is concerned with her body image, alternates between binge eating and purging. If clinically diagnosed, Sandy would likely receive a diagnosis of [x] and Rhonda would probably be diagnosed as having [y].
Anorexia Nervosa; Bulimia Nervosa
Kelly was evaluated by a developmental psychologist when she was 3 years old and was described as being "undercontrolled." Based on research noted in your text, which two conditions is she at a higher risk for developing by the time she is 21 years old?
Antisocial Personality Disorder and Alcohol Problems
The majority of twin studies have found that genetic influence explains [x] of the variability between individuals for all personality traits.
Around Half
Ease or difficulty of retrieving an attitude from memory.
Attitude Accessibility
People's evaluations of objects, of events, or of ideas.
Attitudes
An eating disorder characterized by binge eating that causes significant distress.
Binge-Eating Disorder
The ratio of one's weight to height is called
BMI
Personality traits that are largely determined by biology and are stable over time.
Basic Tendencies
Traits determined largely by biological processes are referred to as
Basic Tendencies
According to Costa and McCrae, [x] are traits determined primarily by biological processes, and [y] are adjustments to situational demands.
Basic Tendencies; Characteristic Adaptations
Dr. Rickles adheres to the humanistic perspective on personality. Which of the following correctly states what his general view of people might be? Basically good and capable of growth. Basically bad and generally incapable of growth. Basically bad but capable of growth. Basically good but generally incapable of growth.
Basically good and capable of growth.
By viewing only a few seconds of security camera footage, Detective Mata observes thin slices of [x] and uses them as powerful cues for forming impressions of suspects.
Behavior
Mr. Craven lacks imagination and is a complete conformist. With respect to the Big Five personality traits, Mr. Craven probably would score low on which one?
Openness to Experience
During her first week in college, Francesca wondered which people in her hall she would befriend. Which one of the following is Francesca most likely to befriend? Carly, who is the same age and race as Francesca. Nancy, who is a bit older and much more attractive than Francesca. Devon, who is older and appears to be from a much wealthier family. Tina, whose admirable personality characteristics are apparent.
Carly, who is the same age and race as Francesca.
During the election for a new city mayor, Sheila held several news conferences to explain in detail how she would address the important issues that the city was facing. Another candidate, Novia, bought TV advertisements that showed local celebrities supporting her for mayor. According to the elaboration likelihood model, Sheila was attempting to use persuasion by the [x] route and Novia was using persuasion by the [y] route.
Centeral; Peripheral
While Sylvia is watching television, she finds herself paying close attention to an infomercial, which outlines five good reasons she should purchase her own food dehydrator. Sylvia is persuaded and decides to place an order. According to the elaboration likelihood model, this infomercial's persuasion took which route?
Central
A method of persuasion that uses high elaboration—where people pay attention to the arguments and consider all the information in the message. This method usually results in development of stronger attitudes.
Central Route
Changes in behavioral expression of basic tendencies based on the demands of specific situations.
Characteristic Adaptations
An uncomfortable mental state due to a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior.
Cognitive Dissonance
Dr. Barker is an experienced medical professional, but he is also a smoker. In order to reduce the inevitable [x], he probably needs to change his behavior and quit smoking, because it will be very difficult for him to change his attitude and stop believing that smoking is bad for his health.
Cognitive Dissonance
When Urie is out with his friends, he smokes cigarettes because they all smoke cigarettes and regularly offer him one. Even though he does not like smoking and would prefer not to smoke, Urie wants to be like the others in his group so he'll be accepted. Urie's behavior is most likely being affected by
Conformity
Gilbert finds his coworkers intrusive and annoying. When a coworker asks whether Gilbert has seen the stapler, Gilbert responds in a loud, hostile tone, "How dare you accuse me of taking the stapler!" Research indicates Gilbert is most likely to have increased risk for which of the following? Early onset diabetes. The common cold. Coronary heart disease. Alcohol abuse.
Coronary heart disease.
Your friend Sam is overweight, and his health is suffering. He wants to lose weight to prevent long-term health problems. Based on what you know about the causes of obesity, you make all the following suggestions EXCEPT which one? Eat only one type of food at a meal. Shop at a market where there is little tasty, high-calorie food to purchase. Cut back on food severely, then eat as much as you want once you've lost the weight. Reduce the portions you serve yourself at meals.
Cut back on food severely, then eat as much as you want once you've lost the weight.
Jacob needs a few extra bucks to fill his gas tank. His dad doesn't like giving him money, so although Jacob needs only about $20, he asks his dad for $50. The plan works perfectly: his dad scoffs at the request for $50, but he hands over $20 without his usual resistance. Which technique has Jacob used?
Door in the Face
The physiological preparedness of animals to deal with danger.
Fight or Flight Response
When Thomas went to iron his favorite shirt for work one morning, he discovered that the iron was broken. He felt very frustrated by this and ended up choosing another shirt that did not look as good. This stressor is an example of a
Daily Hassle
In psychodynamic theory, unconscious mental strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from distress.
Defense Mechanisms
A state of reduced individuality, reduced self-awareness, and reduced attention to personal standards; this phenomenon may occur when people are part of a group.
Deindividuation
Brenda is usually a very reserved young woman. When she goes out with her friends one night, her friends start dancing wildly on the dance floor. Brenda joins the group, begins to lose her self-awareness, and starts dancing wildly even though it would normally embarrass her. In this situation, Brenda's actions are best explained by
Deindividuation
Patti is fairly reserved and tends to be a wallflower, but last night, while at a rock concert, she felt her inhibitions disappear, and she danced right along with the rest of the crowd. What process affected Patti?
Deindividuation
Willis and Jimbo are leaving work in an elevator with three other people. Later that evening, they are at home with their wives. Which situation is most likely to reveal any differences in their personalities? Differences are more likely to be revealed when they are in the elevator, but only if they are alone in the elevator. Differences are equally likely to be revealed when they are in the elevator or at home. Differences are more likely to be revealed in the elevator, but only if there are other people present. Differences are more likely to be revealed when they are at home with their wives.
Differences are more likely to be revealed when they are at home with their wives.
Julio is stressed because he just lost everything in a major earthquake. Bill is stressed because there was a traffic jam on his route to work, his washing machine just broke, and his landlord recently raised his rent. In terms of the effects of different types of stressors, who will have a harder time coping?
Difficult to say, daily hassles can have as great an impact as major stressors.
Michelle is the department head of an African studies program at a local college. When Carmen, a Latina student, wants to enroll in the program, Michelle refuses to let her and tells her it was designed for African American students. Michelle's unwillingness to admit Carmen to the program is an example of
Discrimination
The inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people based on the groups they belong to.
Discrimination
Hannah has just been diagnosed with terminal cancer. She has been given only 6 months to live and is feeling very stressed. If Hannah uses emotion-focused coping to deal with her stress, what would you expect her to do? Begin to get her affairs in order and prepare for death. Distance herself from the problem by ignoring the diagnosis and continuing to live her life the way she always has. Gather a team of cancer experts to get their best opinion prior to exploring treatment options. Search for a new, experimental treatment and attempt to beat the disease.
Distance herself from the problem by ignoring the diagnosis and continuing to live her life the way she always has.
While walking home from work, Eric notices a group of men standing near the intersection. Eric decides to take a different route home either instinctively because of a
Snap Judgment
Donna is madly in love with Harry. Whenever they are together she has a very strong sexual yearning for him, and when they're apart she longs to be with him. Brain imaging studies show that this sort of passionate love is associated with activity in the [x] reward system.
Dopamine
Sabrina has been recently diagnosed with heart disease. To cope, she compares her own condition to that of her uncle, who has just received a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and has been given only six months to live. Sabrina is apparently engaging in which strategy to make herself feel better?
Downward Comparison
Comparing oneself with another person who is seen as less competent or in a worse situation, which tends to protect a person's high self-esteem.
Downward Comparisons
Grace loves to gossip. She spends most of the time talking about people who are having financial, relationship, or health issues and who are generally doing worse than she is. Grace is engaging in [x] comparison and probably has [y] self-esteem.
Downward; High
In psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the superego.
Ego
After his girlfriend broke up with him, Omar kept telling himself, "I'm not going to let this upset me." His attempts to prevent himself from feeling sad about the breakup demonstrate [x] coping.
Emotion-Focused
A type of coping in which people try to prevent having an emotional response to a stressor.
Emotion-Focused Coping
Vanessa has been diagnosed with breast cancer. To cope, she has been drinking more alcohol, seeking second and third opinions, and telling herself that there must be some mistake. Vanessa is engaging in which of the following?
Emotion-Focused Coping
When 3-year-old Matthew does not get his way, he tends to launch right into a tantrum. He does not just get a little upset but experiences intense anger very quickly. Which aspect of temperament does this refer to?
Emotionality
When she was a baby, Racine had intense reactions to stimuli, cried often, and was easily frightened. Racine's behavior as a baby best reflects which aspect of Buss and Plomin's (1984) model of temperament?
Emotionality
According to Selye, if your body's defenses are declining after dealing with a prolonged period of stress, you're at which stage of his proposed stress-response model?
Exaustion
Jayden wants to do something about his mild depression. In addition, he would like to lose weight and improve his health. Which of the following will help Jayden accomplish all these goals?
Exercising Regularly
After a prolonged period of intense stress, Kerry feels completely exhausted and gets pneumonia. Kerry's stress response is most likely a result of reaching the [x] phase of Selye's general adaptation syndrome.
Exhaustion
An attitude that a person is consciously aware of and can report.
Explicit Attitude
Zack has suffered trauma to his reticular activating system. According to Eysenck's theory, what personality trait might be affected by the injury?
Extraversion
Dr. King is preparing a presentation for his students that addresses the relationship between the reticular activating system in the brain and an individual's level of extraversion or introversion. Whose theory would Dr. King most likely reference in this talk?
Eysenck's
Fatimah was raised by parents who gave her unconditional positive regard. However, for Grayson, her parents' love was conditional on her living up to their expectations. According to Carl Rogers, which one of the following statements is most probably correct? Fatimah and Grayson have around the same level of self-esteem. Grayson has higher self-esteem than Fatimah. Fatimah has higher self-esteem than Grayson. Both women's self-esteem levels will fluctuate, but Grayson's will fluctuate more than Fatimah's.
Fatimah has higher self-esteem than Grayson.
David is about to teach his own class for the very first time and has little experience speaking in front of groups. Shortly before his class begins, his heart rate increases, his palms sweat, and his stomach aches. Which stress response is David experiencing?
Fight or Flight
Someone attempts to mug you and steal your cell phone, and during this attack you notice your heart rate speeding up and your breathing getting heavier. Which type of stress response are you most likely experiencing?
Fight or Flight Response
Kaitlyn's friends were planning to go to a late movie at 11:30 PM, which is past Kaitlyn's curfew. To get permission to stay out late, Kaitlyn plans to use the "foot-in-the-door" strategy. What might she do? First she will butter up her mother by making her breakfast and coffee. Then she will ask to stay out past curfew. First she will ask for permission to take the car and sleep over at a friend's house. Then, after her mother says no, she will ask if she can just stay out past curfew instead. First she will ask her mother if she can borrow the car to go out. Then, after her mother agrees, she will request to stay out past curfew. First she will ask permission to go out. Then she will stay out late without permission and ask for forgiveness later.
First she will ask her mother if she can borrow the car to go out. Then, after her mother agrees, she will request to stay out past curfew.
Bowen has been stuck in traffic all morning, and she's late for an important appointment. Then a man in a blue car has the nerve to cut her off. Bowen honks her horn, pounds her steering wheel, and yells out the window. Which of these explains why Bowen has begun to display road rage?
Frustration Aggression Hypothesis
The idea that the more frustrated a person feels, the more likely the person is to act aggressively.
Frustration Aggression Hypothesis
In explaining other people's behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situations.
Fundamental Attribution Error
While standing in line at the pharmacy, Mitrell notices that a woman walks in, picks up an allergy medication, and cuts in front of everyone who is waiting to pay. She walks up to the register, drops a $10 bill on the counter, and walks out. Mitrell assumes that this woman is very rude, but he does not know that there is a child in her car who is having an allergy attack. Mitrell's judgment in this situation reflects the
Fundamental Attribution Error
In studying the ways our bodies respond to stressors, endocrinologist Hans Selye proposed a three-stage model of physical reactions to stress. This model was called the
General Adaptation Syndrome
A consistent pattern of physical responses to stress that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Huey is a very sociable and funny person. His sociability, but not his sense of humor, is probably influenced by his
Genes
Jeremy has been having sex with several partners without using a condom. Recently, he has begun to experience burning when he urinates. He also has a thick discharge from his penis that looks like pus. Jeremy should see a doctor immediately because he seems to be experiencing the symptoms of a bacterial sexually transmitted infection called
Gonorrhea
Which of the following traits is considered attractive across all cultures?
Good Hygiene
Which researcher identified four interpersonal styles that lead to difficulties and, often, breakups between couples who are romantically involved?
Gottman
The Jingle Belles, an all-female cappella singing group, is considering new members cautiously. Each new member has a big effect on the rest of the group, so tryouts are lengthy, and personality plays a role too. When considering whether to admit Destiny to the group, the current members are initially somewhat skeptical. After discussing Destiny's vocal skills and other social factors, the group becomes even more skeptical and decides not to risk adding Destiny to their roster. What is this phenomenon called?
Group Polarization
Group leaders should refrain from expressing strong opinions at the beginning of discussions. Leaders should also encourage their teams to consider alternative ideas and treat dissenters respectfully. In this way, leaders can prevent what from happening?
Groupthink
According to research, what is a behavior demonstrated by happy couples?
Happy couples express concern for each other even when disagreeing.
Alexander is under a lot of stress at work. Which of the following will not contribute to his well-being and ability to cope? He is single. He feels he can trust others. He has many friends. He is a member of a religious organization.
He is single.
Neil appears to think quite highly of himself. He believes the world would be a better place if he were in charge of it, and he does not like to be challenged. He takes insults very seriously and will defend himself readily. According to what we know about the drawbacks of high self-esteem, we should be concerned about which of the following?
He may become violent if he thinks others are treating him disrespectfully.
A field that integrates research on health and on psychology. It involves the application of psychological principles to promoting health and well-being.
Health Psychology
Research finds that having a type A behavior pattern is a strong predictor of which medical ailment?
Heart Disease
Jenna knows that Johnny doesn't treat her right. She also knows she can find someone who will treat her better. But for some reason, she keeps dating Johnny anyway. What is true about Jenna?
Her attitude toward Johnny is complex
Anika is an Olympic athlete. She is at a loud party where she can hardly hear the person standing next to her, but when someone across the room makes a mention of the Olympics, she hears it and looks to see who might have said it. Anika hears the comment about the Olympics because being an Olympian is part of which of the following? Her sense of self-esteem. Her self-concept. Her self-schema. Her self-image.
Her self-schema.
Olivia has experienced occasional cold sores on her mouth ever since she was a child. Now that Olivia is entering high school, her parents talk with her about the cold sores to make sure that she understands how to not transmit the virus to another person. They correctly tell her that the cold sores are caused by the [x] virus and that the virus [y].
Herpes; Can be spread through kissing or performing oral sex.
Akiva tends to worry a lot, even about things that are out of his control. He is very insecure about the decisions that he makes in his life, and when things don't go his way he tends to pity himself instead of looking for ways to improve the situations. According to the five-factor theory of personality, Akiva would be
High in Neuroticism
Marcy wants to know if she can predict what personality her baby will have when he grows up. Her psychologist friend tells her that she can't predict the baby's exact personality, but she can identify aspects of his temperament. Which of the following traits will they NOT be able to anticipate? How much her child will like to be around other people. How creative her child will be. How strong her child's emotional reactions will be. How active her child will be.
How creative her child will be.
Gerald is a psychologist who assesses the personalities of prison inmates. He takes time to hear each client's story and perspective, working to understand each inmate's perceptions. Gerald's approach to personality assessment is
Humanistic
Ways of studying personality that emphasize self-actualization, where people seek to fulfill their potential through greater self-understanding.
Humanistic Approaches
Cari often has temper tantrums, and she pouts when she can't have her way. She often behaves impulsively and becomes extremely impatient if she can't have the things that she wants immediately. According to Freud's view of the personality, Cari's personality appears to be dominated by her
Id
In psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle.
Id
Mia and Thalia are very similar to each other in the personality trait of openness, whereas Esther and Hannah are less similar to one another in openness. One explanation is that Mia and Thalia are [x], whereas Esther and Hannah are [y].
Identical Twins; Fraternal Twins
Austin and Hallie just witnessed a serious accident where a cyclist crashed while riding through the park. The couple was shocked that none of the nearby people in the crowded park rushed over to help. According to the psychologists who first described the phenomenon of the bystander intervention effect, which factor should increase the chances of the victim receiving help from others? If the victim is female, she is more likely to receive help from bystanders. If the members of the crowd are able to remain anonymous, they are more likely to try to help the victim. If there are fewer bystanders, someone is more likely to help the victim. If the victim is a priest or a nun, he or she is more likely to receive help from bystanders.
If there are fewer bystanders, someone is more likely to help the victim.
The body's mechanism for dealing with invading microorganisms, such as allergens, bacteria, and viruses.
Immune System
Craig said he had forgiven Josh for a past disagreement, but whenever Josh goes out with the group, Craig seems to stay at home. Which of Craig's attitudes toward Josh likely remains negative?
Implicit
An attitude that influences a person's feelings and behavior at an unconscious level.
Implicit Attitude
Cassie often tells her friends that males and females should equally share parental responsibilities, but she unconsciously feels that women are better parents. Even though she's not aware of it, this causes Cassie to work harder at being a good stay-at-home mother. It seems that Cassie's behavior is being influenced by [x] about the roles that women have in the family.
Implicit Attitudes
Ted talks endlessly about the trip he is going to take over the summer. "I'm going to be on my own, traveling across the country as free as a bird," Ted says. His roommate, Jad, is looking forward to spending time with his family and friends in his home town over the summer. Based on these statements, Ted appears to come from a(n) [x] culture, while Jad's background appears to be in a(n) [y] culture.
Individualist; Collectivist
Which of the following is NOT one of the top five qualities that college students rate as the most positive characteristic in people with whom they would want to be friends or romantically involved?
Intelligent
The idea that behavior is determined jointly by situations and underlying traits.
Interactionism
Which of the following statements about the field of health psychology is most accurate? It focuses mainly on applied research. It focuses exclusively on positive psychology. It applies mainly to those in the health professions. It does not define health as being the mere absence of disease.
It does not define health as being the mere absence of disease.
Jamie wants to persuade her parents to let her go to Europe with her school choir. Which statement about persuasion is most accurate? Jamie will be more persuasive if she delivers a strictly one-sided argument. Jamie will be more persuasive if she addresses her parents when they are unable to pay attention to her arguments. Jamie will be more successful if she prevents her parents from thinking too deeply about her arguments. Jamie will be more successful if her arguments are memorable.
Jamie will be more successful if her arguments are memorable.
Jenna is a very difficult child. In the privacy of her home, she routinely argues with and disobeys her mother. However, when she is in church on Sunday, she does not. In this example, which of the following is true? Jenna's home and church are both strong situations. Jenna's home is a strong situation; her church is a weak situation. Jenna's home and church are both weak situations. Jenna's home is a weak situation; her church is a strong situation.
Jenna's home is a weak situation; her church is a strong situation.
Which of these scenarios explains how mere exposure has shaped Jess's attitude toward edamame? Jess never really liked edamame, but her friends love the tiny green beans so much that she now orders them when she is out with a group. Jess was forced to eat edamame as a child, and so as an adult, she really cannot stand the tiny green beans. Jess didn't initially like the tiny green beans, but she kept sampling them when they kept showing up at mealtime, and she no longer minds eating them. Jess's boyfriend loves edamame and always orders it, so now Jess makes a positive association between him and the tiny green beans and has started eating them herself.
Jess didn't initially like the tiny green beans, but she kept sampling them when they kept showing up at mealtime, and she no longer minds eating them.
Raquel is trying to build a new exercise program into her life so that she can become fit and stay that way. Her trainer is emphasizing that Raquel needs to do aerobic activities that will lower blood pressure and improve heart and lung function. What kind of exercises will the trainer most likely suggest Raquel do?
Jogging on a treadmill until her breathing and heart rate increase.
Judy and Mike have just rated themselves on five-factor theory personality traits. According to research on sex differences in personality, which of the following statements correctly reflects the probable results? Judy will rate herself as more assertive and more neurotic than Mike. Mike will rate himself as more assertive and more neurotic than Judy. Mike will rate himself as more agreeable and more neurotic than Judy. Judy will rate herself as more agreeable and more neurotic than Mike.
Judy will rate herself as more agreeable and more neurotic than Mike.
Jim's best friend Denise was sexually assaulted, and Jim was shocked to hear of the event. He was even more surprised by how many people assumed that Denise must have done something to provoke the attack. These people are making an attribution that seems to make the world seem safer and saner, according to the
Just World Hypothesis
Carl's first job was camp counselor. The hours were grueling and he was paid almost nothing. Carl spent most of the summer broke, miserable, and wondering why he'd accepted the job. However, 10 years later, his outlook was different. He remembered this job fondly and considered it a worthwhile life experience. Which effect describes his shift in thinking?
Justification of Effort
Which phenomenon may explain why some people want to join a fraternity or sorority badly enough that they will endure weeks of humiliation and physical discomfort to gain membership?
Justification of Effort
Lily and Pat are both feeling stressed out. Lily has a horrible boss and Pat just lost his job. Lily considers herself a very spiritual person and attends church regularly, while Pat is not at all spiritual or religious. All else being equal, which of the following outcomes is most likely?
Lily will probably cope better than Pat because she is religious.
Wilt and Lim are both stressed because they are preparing to take a test that they believe is critical to their future success. Both are married, but Lim is happily married while Wilt is unhappily married. All else being equal, which of the following outcomes is most likely?
Lim will cope better with the stress than Wilt.
After psychology class, Ashleigh and her friends discuss what they have learned about how to be healthier by practicing safer sex. Ashleigh correctly states that there are several ways to have safer sex, but this does NOT include Limiting sexual activities by engaging only in oral sex. Regular testing for sexually transmitted diseases. Consistently and correctly using barrier methods like male condoms. Having honest conversations with your sexual partner about sexual history and monogamy.
Limiting sexual activities by engaging only in oral sex.
Which of the following events would be categorized as a major life stressor? Finding out that your duties at work are changing slightly and that you will get a small pay raise. Living through an earthquake that caused major damage to your home and community. Being five minutes late to a job interview due to traffic. Learning that your child is not going to make the honor roll in one semester of college.
Living through an earthquake that caused major damage to your home and community.
Lynn wasn't sure which job candidate to hire, since they all had a handful of strengths and weaknesses. After choosing Dennis, however, she experienced postdecisional dissonance. In other words, what might have happened? Lynn had immediate regrets. She focused on Dennis's weaknesses and kept thinking about the strengths of the candidates she had rejected. Lynn became glad she had chosen Dennis, who had some notable strengths. When she thought about the other candidates, their weaknesses were at the front of her mind. Lynn wasn't unhappy with Dennis, but having to make the decision left her unsatisfied somehow. She probably would have been happier if she'd had fewer options. Lynn was happy with Dennis, but she also realized that all the candidates would probably have performed equivalently in the job and there was no point in worrying about her choice.
Lynn became glad she had chosen Dennis, who had some notable strengths. When she thought about the other candidates, their weaknesses were at the front of her mind.
Ken and Marcie returned home from a date night one evening to find fire trucks at their house. Faulty wiring had led to a major fire and their house was damaged beyond repair. In this situation, Ken and Marcie are currently experiencing a(n)
Major Life Stressor
Large disruptions, especially unpredictable and uncontrollable catastrophic events, that affect central areas of people's lives.
Major Life Stressors
The increase in liking due to repeated exposure.
Mere Exposure Effect
Subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs.
Modern Racism
Nadja is resilient and possesses a very positive outlook on life. Seamus is not resilient and possesses a very negative outlook on life. Both are presently facing the prospect of losing their jobs and are stressed. According to the broaden and build theory, what will occur?
Nadja will probably be more likely than Seamus to consider novel solutions to her problem.
According to research examining the neurological underpinnings of personality, those who are high on the trait of [x] would show greater overall activity in the brain areas that are related to threat and negative affect.
Neuroticism
Which of these scenarios is an example of normative influence on behavior? Emily pulled up to the mall parking lot late in the evening and saw a lot of people headed out of the doors. She assumed the mall was already closed, so she headed home. Outside her window, people walking on the street were all wearing coats and hats, so Emily made sure to dress warmly too. Nobody at Emily's new office wore sandals or denim, so she decided not to either. Emily noticed a number of cars slowing down and pulling over to the side of the road, so she pulled over too, in case an emergency vehicle needed to pass.
Nobody at Emily's new office wore sandals or denim, so she decided not to either.
Researcher Stanley Milgram wanted to understand why normal citizens would follow orders to injure or kill innocent people during World War II. He wanted to know what factors influence people to follow orders given by an authority figure. In other words, he wanted to understand which phenomenon?
Obedience
When a person follows the orders of a person of authority.
Obedience
Bertram comes from New Zealand. Like most New Zealanders, Bertram values the right to express himself, the freedom to live as he chooses, and the diversity of how people look and act. Based on this focus on an independent sense of self, the people of New Zealand most likely are what?
Part of an Individualist Culture
Phillipe and Pima have been in a relationship for 2 months. They both feel an intense sense of longing to be with each other, as well as strong sexual desire that has not begun to diminish. According to Hatfield and Berscheid, they are experiencing [x] love.
Passionate
A type of romantic relationship that includes intense longing and sexual desire.
Passionate Love
Neil and Gretchen recently started dating, and they feel an overwhelming urge to be together all the time and to have sex as often as possible. Armando and Jenny have been married for several years, and they each feel lucky to be married to their best friend. Neil and Gretchen are experiencing [x] love, while Armando and Jenny's relationship has evolved into [y] love.
Passionate; Compassionate
Tonya knows that people seeing the billboard advertising her real estate firm will be busy driving, talking, or otherwise distracted. Instead of outlining thoughtful reasons for why people should call her firm, she decides to limit the billboard to a picture of a beautiful house with an attractive, happy family standing out front. In the terminology of researchers Petty and Cacioppo, which route will the information on the billboard target?
Peripheral
A method of persuasion that uses low elaboration. People minimally process the message. This method usually results in development of weaker attitudes.
Peripheral Route
People's explanations for why events or actions occur that refer to people's internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts.
Personal Attributions
Which of the following is likely to contribute to a person's sense of self in a collectivist culture? Personal relationships. Feelings of being unique. A sense of self-reliance. Personal successes.
Personal relationships.
A person's typical thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable over time and across circumstances.
Personality
Which term concerns the characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual across time and circumstances?
Personality
Marcella is writing a research paper for a psychology class that summarizes the various theories that explain the relatively stable thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that individuals have. Marcella's research paper addresses
Personality Theories
The active and conscious effort to change an attitude through the transmission of a message.
Persuasion
Dr. Lakshmi encourages her graduate students to conduct research that focuses on issues related to faith, values, creativity, courage, and hope. Dr. Lakshmi is probably a [x] psychologist.
Positive
Which type of psychologist would argue that a truly successful life includes having happiness, good relationships, and a history of accomplishments?
Positive
The study of the strengths and virtues that allow people and communities to thrive.
Positive Psychology
Maya and her family moved into a new house over the summer, and she dreaded having to start at a new school, where she would have to interact with girls whom her old friends had despised. However, after a few weeks in the new school, Maya realized that both groups of girls were pretty similar. Maya's experience dispelled her
Prejudice
Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype.
Prejudice
Part of coping that involves making decisions about whether a stimulus is stressful or not.
Primary Appraisals
Middle-aged Miles hates his job and is deciding whether to change careers. To cope with the stress of his situation, he's talking with a counselor and taking direct action to explore new career and educational opportunities. By so doing, Miles has adopted which approach to coping with his stress?
Problem Focused
A type of coping in which people take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor.
Problem-Focused Coping
Marcus and Geoff are in a boat on the ocean fishing. Marcus likes looking at the different piles of seaweed that drift past the boat. He keeps annoying Geoff by calling out what each pile looks like, with comments like "That one looks like a hamburger." Marcus's interpretation of the seaweed was similar to what happens on a(n) [x] measure of personality.
Projective
Personality tests that examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli.
Projective Measures
Amy and Carmine went to different psychologists to take a personality test. Amy's psychologist asked her to look at and interpret a series of ambiguous pictures. Carmine's psychologist administered a written test with a series of true-or-false questions regarding his beliefs and feelings. Amy's psychologist used a(n) [x] measure of personality, while Carmine's psychologist used a(n) [y] measure of personality.
Projective; Self-Report
Betsy is a high-powered attorney and is under considerable stress for prolonged periods of time. Her sister Bernice is an organic farmer and leads a very quiet, relatively stress-free life. Unlike Bernice, who never seems to get sick, Betsy is constantly catching colds. Which of the following does this scenario best illustrate? The immune system is weak during the alarm and resistance stages of stress response. Urban life is more stressful than rural life. Stress can lead to negative responses like drinking and overeating, which cause health problems. Prolonged periods of stress weaken the immune system.
Prolonged periods of stress weaken the immune system.
Acting in ways that tend to benefit others.
Prosocial
Yerrendrina has just moved away to go to college, and she feels that her relationship with her boyfriend at home won't last because of the distance. She knows that she isn't going to see him very often and fears that they will drift apart. Yerrendrina is worried that their relationship is going to be affected by a change in
Proximity
Freudian theory that unconscious forces determine behavior.
Psychodynamic Theory
Gwen tells her college roommate Lindsey that she thinks clowns are disgusting and that she is repulsed by the idea of watching clowns at the circus. Deep down inside, however, Gwen has always wanted to be a clown but her parents repeatedly said it was a waste of time and not a proper career. Which defense mechanism is Gwen demonstrating when she speaks badly of clowns?
Reaction Formation
What is NOT handled by the reticular activating system in the brain?
Regulating hormones associated with hunger
Hank feels fine when things are going well, but he becomes a grouch whenever adversity hits. Hank appears to be low in which potentially health-promoting attribute?
Resilience
Mike has been working continuously for 2 months on a presentation he must give next week. He is noticing that he often feels very tired, but he has not gotten the flu that is spreading around campus. Mike is most likely experiencing which stage of the Hans Selye's stress-response model?
Resistance
Hans is an extravert and is very sociable. Mickey is an introvert and prefers solitude. According to Eysenck's theory, we would likely expect different levels of activity in which region of these men's brains?
Reticular Activating System
Which of the following is an example of a complex attitude? Victoria dresses in conservative outfits even though her sister likes to dress in skimpy and revealing clothing. Samuel believes that the government should have less say in people's lives and tells others to vote for candidates who believe in a smaller government. Tito's opinion of rock bands tends to be very consistent with those of his friends, and he enjoys knowing that they have something in common. Ricardo tells people that he believes in being honest, yet he regularly steals small things from the grocery store.
Ricardo tells people that he believes in being honest, yet he regularly steals small things from the grocery store.
Richard and Kathy have been best friends for years. When it comes to predicting what each other will do in certain situations, which of the following statements is MOST accurate? Richard may be able to predict Kathy's behavior more accurately than she can. Richard will not be able to predict Kathy's behavior more accurately than an acquaintance can. Richard will know how Kathy feels about something, but will not be able to predict her response to a given situation. Richard will not be able to predict Kathy's behavior more accurately than she can.
Richard will not be able to predict Kathy's behavior more accurately than she can.
Which story most accurately demonstrates what social psychologists know about the roles of competition and cooperation in prejudice? Tyler and Venk have been friends since middle school. Now they go to different high schools, but although their schools are rivals, Tyler and Venk have grown closer because they have more to talk about. Rupert and Sean had always been rivals in school. It didn't help that they played on different club hockey teams. However, after being paired together for a science project, they realized they had a lot in common and became friends. Lyle and Randall haven't gotten along since they had to work together on a science project. Although they earned an A, they probably spent too much time together, and their friendship never really recovered. Max and Gabe were close friends in middle school, but then they played on two different soccer teams. The boys stopped hanging out as much, and there was even a bit of hostility. Eventually, they were assigned to do a class project together, but they were unable to cooperate, so they got a bad grade on the project.
Rupert and Sean had always been rivals in school. It didn't help that they played on different club hockey teams. However, after being paired together for a science project, they realized they had a lot in common and became friends.
Winston always seems to have a cold, whereas Bethany, who has been diagnosed with hypertension, rarely gets colds or the flu. Russell seldom sees his doctor aside from regular exams and when he has sports-related injuries. Based on this information, who has the most positive outlook in life?
Russel
Sexual behaviors that decrease the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted infection.
Safer Sex
The more specific an attitude is, the more predictive of a behavior it is. Which scenario BEST exemplifies this? Sean's attitude toward spanking is more predictive of whether he will spank his children than his attitude toward parenthood in general. Sean's attitude toward parenthood in general predicts whether he will spank his children more accurately than does any specific attitude. Sean's past experience with being spanked as a child is more predictive of whether he will spank his own children than his own attitudes toward spanking. Sean's attitude toward spanking will not be very meaningful until Sean has his own children.
Sean's attitude toward spanking is more predictive of whether he will spank his children than his attitude toward parenthood in general.
Part of coping where people decide how to manage and respond to a stressful stimulus.
Secondary Appraisals
How you feel about your sense of self.
Self-Esteem
Diana is placed into a remedial mathematics class in her school even though she is sure that her skills should have qualified her for a regular math course. Her new remedial math teacher communicates that he does not expect Diana to perform well in class. As a result, she does not try very hard and gets very low grades in the class. Diana's performance in her math class most likely has been affected by a(n)
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Janelle's college adviser discouraged her from taking computer science because those classes tend to be difficult. Even though Janelle had an interest in programming, she began to doubt herself and worried that she would be unable to succeed in difficult, analytical courses. Her adviser's expectations had the potential to turn into which type of outcome?
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
People's tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own expectations or other people's expectations.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Personality tests that use questionnaires to let people respond to items that reveal traits and behaviors.
Self-Report Measures
An integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self.
Self-Schema
When Marlon is asked to describe himself, he says that he is a son, father, brother, friend, student, teacher, worker, nephew, and churchgoer. All these factors, and many others, make up Marlon's
Self-Schema
For an experiment, Sarah must write a description of herself every hour. After the first hour, Sarah is at school and she writes, "I am a student." An hour later, she is working in her job at a nursing home and writes, "I am young." Both "student" and "young" are part of Sarah's [x], but in these different situations she has different [y].
Self-Schema; Working self-Concepts
When Damon filed his 2013 tax return three months before it was due, he told his wife, "I just try to be very responsible and get things like this done ahead of time." When he filed his 2014 tax return three weeks late, he told her, "There was so much to do that I wasn't able to get to it in time." Damon is demonstrating the [x] bias.
Self-Serving
The tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors.
Self-Serving Bias
Infections that can be, but are not always, transmitted from one person to the next through sexual contact.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Jacqueline has just moved from Kansas to Illinois to attend college. She is having a lot of trouble settling in, but some people in her dorm seem friendly and helpful. Research concerning social support suggests which of the following? Jacqueline should not rely on her new friends and should be on her own when possible. The more Jacqueline reaches out to them, the more likely her new friends will be to help her. Simply knowing that she has friends who care about her will reduce Jacqueline's stress. Having friends will have no effect on Jacqueline's stress or coping.
Simply knowing that she has friends who care about her will reduce Jacqueline's stress.
When college students were asked which personal characteristics they found to be the most positive and most negative in a friend or romantic partner, the most positive trait was being [x] and the most negative trait was being [y].
Sincere; Unkind
People's explanations for why events or actions occur that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people's actions.
Situational Attributions
The theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits.
Situationism
Dr. Snodgrass is an interactionist, so he likely believes that personality is determined more by [x] than by [y].
Situations; Traits
Ways of studying personality that recognize the influence of how people think.
Social Cognitive Approaches
When Cody arrived at the gym, it was relatively empty. She started riding a stationary bike at a leisurely pace. After a few other people sat down on nearby bikes, however, she began to speed up her pace and push herself a bit more. What is this phenomenon called?
Social Facilitation
When the mere presence of others improves performance.
Social Facilitation
At a meeting of the American Association of Knitting Enthusiasts, five people are elected to a committee to create a mission statement. Devin spends the entire committee meeting looking at her cell phone and texting and contributes nothing to the work. She is sure the other four will get the work done fine without her. Devin's behavior is most likely the result of
Social Loafing
The tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone.
Social Loafing
Expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior.
Social Norms
Porche has many close friends on whom she can rely, especially during stressful times. This means that she has high levels of what?
Social Support
The first time she had bubble tea, Maria thought it was weird and gross, but all of her friends loved the strange tapioca in the bottom of their drinks, so Maria decided to give it another try. What shaped her attitude toward bubble tea?
Socialization
Don thinks that being accepted by society gives people high self-esteem. To which of the following theories of self-esteem does Don subscribe?
Sociometer
The set of behavioral, mental, and physical processes that occur as an organism attempts to deal with an environmental event or a stimulus that it perceives as threatening.
Stress
Behavioral, mental, and/or physical responses to stressors.
Stress Responses
An environmental event or a stimulus that an organism perceives as threatening.
Stressor
Lainey has a part-time job working in a restaurant after school. The chef constantly gets orders wrong and the customers blame Lainey, which makes her feel very stressed. She has learned to very carefully check each dish before taking it to the customers. For Lainey, the chef's mistakes are a [x] and checking each order is a [y] response.
Stressor; Coping
The challenging events that a person experiences in life are called [x]. The behavioral, mental, and physiological processes we experience when we attempt to deal with these challenging events are called [y].
Stressors; Stress
Although your friend is much more outgoing and boisterous than you are, at your college graduation you were both somber and quiet. Graduation was probably an example of a [x] situation.
Strong
Erin's high school classmates are all planning on taking a day off from school next week to go to the beach. Erin wants to skip school and go to the beach too. Then she remembers that her parents constantly tell her to make good decisions and act responsibly. Erin decides that it would be wrong to just skip school, but she compromises by asking her parents if she can take the day off school to be with her friends. According to Freud, the part of Erin's personality that acted as her conscience to make her realize that skipping school is wrong is the
Superego
In psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that reflects the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct.
Superego
Biologically based tendency to feel or act in certain ways.
Temperament
The biologically based tendency for us to act or feel in certain ways is known as what?
Temperament
Stacia has learned that she is likely to lose her job due to a company downsizing. She responds to the stress that this causes by spending extra time with her children and by leaning on her closest friends for support. Stacia's stress-response style, which is often seen in women, is the
Tend and Befriend Response
Both of Aiden's parents and all his grandparents have diabetes. Although Aiden knows he should take care of himself by exercising more and maintaining a healthy diet, he thinks that getting diabetes is inevitable for him. It doesn't help that his mother bakes him cookies every week. As a result of the combination of his poor diet, pessimism about exercise, and genetic predisposition, Aiden gains weight and begins to show symptoms of diabetes. Which of the following does this case illustrate best?
The Biopsychosocial Model
Your supervisor starts to tell you a boring story. You know that the right thing to do would be to listen to her, but your impulse is to yell, "Stop talking!" Instead, you interrupt and say, "I'm sorry, but I was just about to return an important phone call." According to the psychodynamic approach, which of the following most likely dictated your more appropriate verbal response?
The Ego
Whenever Nimesh is about to take an important test, his heart rate speeds up and he begins to sweat. The stressor of the test has activated Nimesh's sympathetic nervous system, causing him to experience
The Fight or Flight Response
Dominic just saw a red truck rear-end a little white sedan at a stoplight. When a teenage driver stepped out of the truck, Dominic felt sure that the teen had been either careless, texting while driving, or both. Dominic's bias can be explained by what?
The Fundamental Attribution Error
Nnameke met the woman who lives in the apartment next to her once. For some reason, Nnameke's first impression of the woman was negative. However, after months of occasionally bumping into each other and exchanging small talk, Nnameke starts to like her neighbor very much. The change in Nnameke's attitude is most likely due to
The Mere Exposure Effect
When Madison was hired in her dream job, she told her friends that her hard work had paid off. When she was skipped over for a promotion, however, she told her friends that her colleagues were preventing her from getting her work done. Madison is displaying which of the following?
The Self-Serving Bias
Which of the following statements about relationships is LEAST accurate? College roommates who are most similar at the beginning of the year are most likely to become good friends. High school students tend to be friends with people of the same sex, race, and year in school. People with similar levels of attractiveness tend to like each other more than people who are dissimilar. The most successful romantic couples are couples with opposite traits.
The most successful romantic couples are couples with opposite traits.
Sofia is a refugee from a war-torn nation. She is poor, depressed, and malnourished. Adding to her misery, she is now suffering from pneumonia. According to the biopsychosocial model, her illness can be explained by which of the following? Genetic factors and malnutrition combined with the trauma of war wore Sofia down, but cultural, environmental, and family influences played no role. The stress of being a refugee of war is difficult to bear, and cultural differences and lack of energy (due to poor nutrition) make it harder for her to seek out social support. In other words, all of these stressors worsen the effects of the others. Lack of money causes poor nutrition. Once her finances are stabilized, Sofia's health will improve, and the other issues will resolve themselves. Once Sofia finds social support, including friends and cultural familiarity, the other issues will fade away and her health will improve.
The stress of being a refugee of war is difficult to bear, and cultural differences and lack of energy (due to poor nutrition) make it harder for her to seek out social support. In other words, all of these stressors worsen the effects of the others.
Daryl is taking a personality test in which he is shown a series of simple scenes. He is supposed to tell a story about what is happening in each scene and suggest what the characters are feeling. Daryl is taking which personality measure?
Thematic Apperception Test
Maurice is taking a personality test in which he is shown an ambiguous picture and asked to tell a story about what is happening in the image. He is taking which of the following tests?
Thematic Apperception Test
Tracy goes for an appointment with her therapist, who has a series of cards to show her. On each card is an ambiguous picture; for example, one card shows a man and woman in a room together. The therapist asks Tracy to tell a story about what is happening in the picture. Tracy is most likely taking which personality assessment?
Thematic Apperception Test
Three doctors are arguing about the development of heart disease in their patients. Dr. Jenkins suggests heart disease has a genetic basis, Dr. Rice argues it has to do with personality type, and Dr. Aroni claims it has to do with living in a stressful environment. Who is the MOST correct?
They all are correct, because disease has biological, psychological, and social origins.
When Flint walks into class one day, he sees two girls laughing and gesturing at another girl and he perceives that they are making fun of her. He immediately thinks the two girls are mean-spirited people. This brief period of observation that was the basis for Flint's judgment is called
Thin Slice of Behavior
According to the text, most contemporary personality psychologists focus on which approach to personality?
Trait
Ways of studying personality that are based on people's characteristics, their tendencies to act in a certain way over time and across most situations.
Trait Approaches
Bee was asked to write a paper comparing her personality with her brother's personality using the trait approach. In her paper, Bee might have explained that she demonstrates more neuroticism than her brother does. True or false?
True
Comparing oneself with another person who is seen as more competent or in a better situation, which tends to confirm a person's low self-esteem.
Upward Comparisons
Jaco is going through an ugly divorce and is under a huge amount of stress. If Jaco employs coping strategies the way most people do, what would you expect him to do?
Use a combination of emotion-focused and problem-focused strategies.
A positive state that includes striving for optimal health and life satisfaction.
Well-Being
Anandi is studying health psychology as part of her college major. Part of this field includes helping people achieve a positive state that includes striving for the best health and life satisfaction that one can accomplish. This positive state is called
Well-Being
Concerns a positive state that includes striving for optimal health and life satisfaction.
Well-Being
Casey is jealous of his sister Yvette, who seems to get special treatment because she is very physically attractive. Yvette always breezes through airport security, and whenever she gets pulled over for speeding, she is able to talk her way out of getting a ticket. From which stereotype does Yvette benefit?
What is Beautiful is Good
Which scenario is an example of the type of attribution Sheila would make if she and John were in an unhappy marriage? When John cooked Sheila a romantic dinner, Sheila immediately wondered whether John was making up for a bad deed. When John brought Sheila a box of her favorite chocolates, Sheila marveled at how thoughtful and generous John was. Sheila hates that John works late so often, but she is glad he is a responsible, hardworking person. When John forgot their anniversary, Sheila attributed his forgetfulness to a stressful project John was currently working on.
When John cooked Sheila a romantic dinner, Sheila immediately wondered whether John was making up for a bad deed.
Anton thinks he is intelligent and good at math. When he starts taking an advanced placement calculus class he realizes all the students are incredibly smart and they all excel in the class. Anton thinks to himself, "Wow, compared to these students, I am not as smart as I thought." Anton's statement reflects an immediate sense of his own identity in this situation, which is called
Working Self-Concept
The immediate experience of the self in the here and now.
Working Self-Concept
According to the five-factor theory, what describes neuroticism?
Worried Versus Calm
Yolanda and Fae both lost their part-time jobs at Fast-Foods-R-Us because of cutbacks. Yolanda dealt with the stress by revising her resume and applying for new jobs. Fae dealt with the stress by seeking out the help of her close friends. Which of the following is true about their coping strategies? Both Yolanda and Fae are using emotion-focused coping. Yolanda is using emotion-focused coping; Fae is using problem-focused coping. Both Yolanda and Fae are using problem-focused coping. Yolanda is using problem-focused coping; Fae is using emotion-focused coping.
Yolanda is using problem-focused coping; Fae is using emotion-focused coping.