Psychology Test Unit 3

Alcohol tolerance

An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being attained in the past. This individual is showing

Linear perspective

Ana injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals. Which of the following cues would she best be able to use to make judgements about the distance objects are from her?

Increases her level of endorphins

Mary participates in an exercise program because she experiences an increase in energy and feelings of well-being at the end of each exercise session. The best explanation for Mary's perseverance in the program is that exercise

Hippocampus

The brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the

Fovea

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster

Acetylcholine

The depletion of which of the following neurotransmitters is most closely associated with the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?

Cornea

The eye's clear, protective outer layer, covering the pupil and the iris.

Receive information from other neurons

The function of dendrites is to...

Spinal cord

The gate-control theory states that "gates" for pain must be open in order for the brain to receive pain messages from the body. Where are these gates located?

Emotions

The limbic system is most closely associated with

Frequency

The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its

Is the part of the nervous system that does not include the brain and the spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system

Hue

The pitch of the sound is analogous to which of the following features of light?

Hypothalamus

The pituitary gland is controlled by the

Optic chiasm

The point at which the nerves cross

Frequency

The psychological experience of pitch is related to a sound wave's

Predictive

Which of the following types of validity is established by demonstrating that there is a correlation between scores on a test and later academic performance?

Sympathetic

Which part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear?

The cocktail party effect

While at a crowd gathering, Zach realized that his attention was being drawn away from his conversation every time a person nearby said the word "exactly." Zach's response is an example of

Retinal disparity

A binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance. The greater the difference between the two images, the closer the object

Alcohol

A certain drug reduces the activity of the central nervous system, including the hippocampus and cerebellum. It affects several neurotransmitters, most notably gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Which of the following is most like the drug in question?

Cerebellum

A gymnast falls and hits her head on the floor. She attempts to continue practicing but has trouble maintaining balance. What part of her brain has probably been affected?

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. This also causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A participant in a study of music perception listens to music with electrodes attached to her scalp while data are collected on the activity of her brain. This technique is called

Mirror neurons

A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells

A spinal reflex

A person accidentally touches a hand to a hot stove and quickly pulls the hand away, even before the sensory information about the hot stove reaches the brain. The person's reaction is most directly enabled by

Wernicke's Area

A person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain?

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks

Dissociation

A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others is called

Latent

According to Freud _________ content is the underlying meaning of a dream

Sensory adaptation

After spending hours in her kitchen preparing dinner, Rebecca no longer notices the strong smell of garlic until her guests arrive and mention the smell. Her failure to notice the smell of garlic illustrates

Wernicke's area

After sustaining a traumatic injury, Russ is having difficulty comprehending the meaning of words. Which of the following parts of his brain has most likely been damaged?

Suggestibility

As a result of being hypnotized, an individual may not feel the hypnotist touching her arm because of

Size constancy

As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of

Semicircular canals

Balance is influenced by the

Broca's area

Brain damage that leaves a person capable of understanding speech but with an impaired ability to produce speech most likely indicates injury to which of the following?

Cocaine

Caffeine and nicotine are in the same class as which of the following drugs?

Dopamine

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of which neurotransmitter?

Visual deficit

Damage to a small part of the occipital lobe would most likely result in a

Medulla

Damage to which of the following put's a person's life in the most danger because it may cause breathing to stop?

Many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel's research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli showed that

Cerebellum

Difficulty in typing smoothly on a keyboard would most likely result from damage to the

The occipital lobe

George was involved in an accident and experienced head trauma. Although his eyes were functioning normally, he was unable to see. Which area of the brain was most likely affected by the accident?

The absolute refractory phase

Immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to stimulation. This condition is referred to as

It is correlated with dreaming

In adult humans, which of the following is typically true of REM sleep?

Epilepsy

In extreme cases, surgically severing the corpus callosum is a treatment for which of the following conditions?

REM

In which sleep stage do vivid dreams commonly occur?

NREM 1

In which stage of sleep are you likely to experience hypnagogic sensations of falling?

Afferent neurons

Information is relayed to the spinal cord or the brain by

Sympathetic

Joel's pupils become dilated, his digestion is reduced, and his skin becomes cold. Which system is controlling his bodily changes?

A cochlear implant

Nerve deafness cannot be reversed so for now the only way to restore hearing is with

Our brain creates new neurons

Neurogenesis is the process by which

The terminal buttons

Neurotransmitters are typically stored in which of the following parts of a neuron?

NREM 3

Night terrors usually occur during the first few hours of which stage below?

Context

On a warm summer day, Kimberly tells her brother to put on a suit. Kimberly's brother knows to put on a swimsuit instead of a business suit because of

There is no way to determine if a person is hypnotized

One of the difficulties in studying hypnosis experimentally is that

Vestibular sense

Our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance

People develop perceptual hypotheses based on experiences in their lives

People who live in environments with buildings with square corners and right angles are more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion than are people who live in environments without such angles and corners. The difference in perception between the two groups of people reveals that

Bipolar and ganglion

Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells?

Gender roles

Psychologists believe sleep may have evolved for all the following reasons EXCEPT

Narcolepsy

Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely being treated?

In the nasal cavity

Receptors for olfaction are located

Activation Synthesis

Sally says that her dream about going to a circus is just her brain attempting to make sense of random stimulation from the brain stem. Sally's explanation is consistent with which of the following theories of dreaming?

Visual cortex

Scott has lost his vision at a young age. When he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again. After so many years of not being able to see he had a very difficult interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions. His visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the

Plasticity

The ability of our brain to adapt to damage, where one area may take over the function of the damaged area, is due to

Medulla

The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the

A circadian rhythm

The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity is referred to as

The mere-exposure effect

The tendency to develop a positive attitude toward a product that has been advertised repeatedly in the media is referred to as

The lack of empirical support for its efficacy

The validity of hypnosis as a treatment for psychiatric disorders is most directly threatened by

Top-down processing

Tina is reading an important letter when she accidentally splashes water on the paper. The water has smudged a few words, but she is still able to understand what the letter says. This can be explained by

Selective attention

Using cell phones while driving increases the number of accidents because use of the phones requires

Fovea

Visual acuity is best in the

Sensory interaction

When Rosa has a cold, she cannot taste the flavor of her pizza. Which of the following psychological terms describes Rosa's inability to taste?

Motion parallax

When viewed from the window of a moving train, nearby objects seem to pass by more quickly than do more distant objects. This cue for depth perception is called

Hippocampus

Which area of the brain is not well developed until after three years of age, offering a possible explanation for infantile amnesia?

Synapses

Which of the following are NOT part of a neuron?

The two cerebral hemispheres are specialized to process different types of cognitive tasks

Which of the following assertions is best supported by empirical evidence?

Amygdala

Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with the emotion of fear?

Down syndrome

Which of the following conditions most often results from having an extra copy of chromosome 21?

Neural Activation

Which of the following dream theories states that REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

Cognitive Development

Which of the following dream theories states that dream content reflects dreamers' knowledge and understanding

Information-Processing

Which of the following dream theories states that dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories?

Wish-Fulfillment

Which of the following dream theories states that dreams provide a psychic safety valve

Physiological Function

Which of the following dream theories states that regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

There is a disruption in their circadian rhythm.

Which of the following is an explanation of why travelers suffer from jet lag?

Balance

Which of the following is most closely associated with hair-like receptors in the semicircular canals?

Thalamus

Which of the following is sometimes referred to as the brain's sensory switchboard, because it directs incoming sensory messages (with the exception of smell) to their proper places in the brain?

Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina?

Receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus?

It occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye

Which of the following is true about the blind spot in the eye?

Bipolar cells relay information to ganglion cells that form the optic nerve

Which of the following is true regarding visual information processing?

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Which of the following provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through metabolism of glucose?

Cocaine

Which of the following psychoactive drugs increases nervous system activity?

PET

Which of the following scanning techniques measures glucose consumption as an indicator of brain activity?

Older adults frequently experience decreases in the sense of smell that make it more difficult to perceive the flavor of food

Which of the following statements about the perception of taste is true?

Individuals do not typically act out their dreams

Which of the following statements concerning sleep is valid?

Afterimages

Which of the following supports the opponent process theory of color vision?