Psychology Unit 2 Exam

A worker at a handy craft stores pay $25 for every 21 times she makes. Which of the following schedules of reinforcement in operant conditioning is her payment based on

C. The fixed ratio schedule

Which of the following statements is true of tranquilizers?

C. They are used to calm anxious individuals.

In the auditory system, what is the major function of the hammer, anvil , stirrup?

C. They transmit sound waves to the fluid-filled inner ear.

Craig likes to add teaspoons of sugar to his coffee. When he adds three spoons of sugar to his coffee, he does not notice a difference. Craig also likes to teaspoons of sugar to his mouth. In this case, however, he notices a difference when he adds three spoons of sugar. This phenomenon is best explained by

C. Webers law

Gary lives near an intersection. And his how he can hear cars honking. However, in his bedroom, he cannot hear any cars talking. And the scenario the volume of cars honky and Gary's bedroom floor below his

C. absolute threshold

A sound wave's _____ is the number of cycles or full wavelengths that pass through a point in a given time interval.

C. frequency

Thomas, a war, veteran, still experiencing occasional aches in the arm that was amputated when he was injured in a war. In the context of sensory receptors in the brain, Thomas's condition, best illustrates a phenomenon of.

C. phantom, limb pain

Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine are

C. stimulants

Observational learning occurs

C. through the process of watching and imitating another's behavior

_______ refers to detection of information below the level conscious awareness

A. subliminal perception

Just as it does, in classical conditioning ________ yeah plays a key role in operant conditioning

C. Contingency

In the visual system, the clear membrane just in front of the eye is the

C. Cornea

Cory is diagnosed with bone tumor and experiences excruciating pain alter the day. Which of the following can help him and coping with the agony?

C. Cory should enroll in a meditation program

Which of the following sensory process is most activated when a person is listening to a song?

C. Mecanoreception

Rebecca lives in Boston. Her friend Serena just flew in from Denver. To help her in adjust to the new time zone Rebecca should

C. Offer her dose of melatonin

Sleepwalking occurs during _____ of the sleep cycle

C. Stages N2 & N3

In terms of states of consciousness, hypnosis involves a(n)

C. State of altered attention and expectations.

Mary request her neighbors to turn down the volume on his television, so that Mary does not hear it. The volume at which Mary cannot hear the television most of the time is

A below her absolute threshold

Brett takes a drug that decreased his feeling of fatigue, created an elevated mood, and decrease his appetite. Which of the following drugs did he most likely take?

A. Amphetamine

The ability to perceive objects, three dimensional is called

A. Depth perception

Gary turned to his wife when he woke up and said you won't believe what I dreamed I was being chased by men in suits they were riding horses. They had long, narrow briefcases and they were trying to run me down. If Gary related his dream to a psychodynamic therapist, he would tell him that what he had dreamed was about not being able to pay his bills. Which element in the scenario represents the manifest content of the dream?

A. Gary, running for his life

In classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original condition, stimulus to elicit a response of somewhere to the condition response

A. Generalization

In the context of classical conditioning, refers to the decrease responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations

A. Habituation

Boris uses classical conditioning to teach his goldfish swim to the surface of its tank to eat. Whenever Boris turns on the aquarium ligway he dropped his food into the tank, and then turns on the light. After several such trails, the fish shows no more inclination to swim to the surface when the light is turned on then it did on the first trial. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following should force you to improve his training technique?

A. He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank

Refers to the subconscious processing that leads to a solution to a problem after a break from consciousness thought about the problem

A. Incubation

Which of the following is true of classical conditioning?

A. It occurs without awareness or effort, based on the presentation of two stimuli together.

Which of the following is true of a fixed ratio schedule in operant conditioning

A. It reinforces a behavior after set number behaviors

Which of the following is true of a fixed interval schedule in the context of operant conditioning

A. It reinforces the first behavior after set amount of time has passed.

Roses is in an abusive relationship with Dan, who is physically violent with her and has injured her seriously more than once. Despite this versus never been able to stop him or leave him. Rose was also abused by her stepfather as a child. Rose is an ability to put up a fight with Dan is most likely the result of __________ in operant conditioning.

A. Learned helplessness

And operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable

A. Negative reinforcement

Controlled processes differ from autonomic processes, and that control processes are

A. Slower than automatic processes

Which of the following statements is true of unconditional responses?

A. They are involuntary

________ is the type of learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events

A. associative learning

In the auditory system, the _________ or tympanic membrane separates the outer ear from the middle ear and vibrates in response to sound

A. eardrum

The observational learning retention is the process in which a learner must

A. encode the information to reproduce a model's actions.

Stimuli in the left field are registered in the right half of the retina in both eyes because

A. light travels in a straight line

_____ involves attaining a peaceful state of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by worry.

A. meditation

In the visual system, _____ are the receptors in the retina of the eye that are sensitive to light but are not very useful for color vision.

A. rods

The factor that differentiates top down processing from bottom up processing is at top down processing

A. starts with cognitive processing in the brain

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a fixed mindset in the contacts of psychological constraints and learning

Alan does not think he has academic ability so he abandoned the idea of going to college

Jesse dream that he failed his science test. He is exhibiting.

C. Subconscious awareness

In classical conditioning means that the conditioned stimulus must not only proceed the unconditioned stimulus closely in time, but it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way

B. Contingency

This stage, when bedwetting and children and sleep talking occurs is

B. Delta sleep

Brenda goes to check on her sleeping daughter and observes that the child size are moving up and down it in from left to right under her eyelids. It is likely that she is

B. Dreaming

Which of the following is true of acquisition in classical conditioning?

B. During acquisition, the condition stimulus in the unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time

When do always gets anxious before taking a math test because he's not good with numbers and formulate. When his science teacher in ounces of physics test that requires them to play numerical formula, window begins to feel anxious, even though he enjoys physics. Which of the following is window most likely demonstrating this scenario?

B. Generalization in classical conditioning

As a part of research, Natasha initially had difficulty falling asleep in the sleep lab, but finally drifted into sleep, and was not awake and wanna student researcher. Knocked a can of soda off the desk. The electroencephalograph (EEG) mom is displaying Theta waves with occasional sleep spindles. The researchers feel confident that Natasha is.

B. In stage N2 of the sleep cycle

Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning

B. Increases the frequency of a behavior

Ron had to undergo painful procedure in the hospital and he was a child. Every time Ron walks past the hospital he gets anxious and nauseated. In this scenario in the context of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is the.

B. Painful procedure

The recognition that objects are unvarying and unchanging, even a sensory input about them is changing, is known as

B. Perceptual constancy

Naked, studying for his science, test that has been scheduled to be held the next day. He is unaware that his cell phone has been ringing loudly for the past five minutes. In this case, Nick is exhibiting

B. Selective attention

In the context of the opponent-process theory of color vision, after images refer to

B. Sensations that remain once a stimulus is removed

Derek is watching an airplane fly by the plane seems to get smaller as it goes farther away. Which of the following aspects of perceptual constancy allows Derrick to understand that the plane is not getting smaller?

B. Size constancy

And aversive conditioning experiment to treat alcohol addiction. Every time a person drinks, alcoholic beverage here. She also consume to make sure that induces nausea. In classical conditioning, Termanology, the nausea inducing agent is the.

B. Unconditioned stimulus

In the visual system ________ is the bringing together in integration of what is processed by different neural, pathways or cells

B. binding

In the context of depth perception, _____ cues are ones that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes.

B. binocular

Circadian rhythm refers to the

B. daily behavioral or physiological cycles

In the context of the chemical senses, the ________ is the lining of the roof of the nasal cavity, which contains a sheet of receptor cells for smell

B. olfactory epithelium

Can you eat too many hotdogs at a baseball game. Several hours later, he felt nauseated and spent most of the night being sick. In the context of taste aversion, learning, it is likely that Kenny will ________ as a result of this experiment.

C. Not be able to eat a hotdog at the next baseball game

People who are easily hypnotize usually

C. Can become deeply immersed in an imaginative activity

When a person reads a book, the black ink of the words on the white pages, look the same, regardless of the place, time, and lighting in the room. The best demonstrates a phenomenon of

C. Color constancy

A persons, predisposition, or readiness to perceive something in particular way, is known as

D. A perceptual set

Sleep deprivation has been shown to

D. All of these

Which of the following is an overdose effective MDMA ecstasy?

D. Brain damage

Tyler is Grandmother, Rose, has been receiving emails from Tyler every day for many years. In anticipation of his emails, she text her inbox more than once in a day. However, since Tyler has started college, the mouse have stopped. As a result, Rose, check your email only every few days. If this pattern continues, Roseville completely stop, checking her email. In classical conditioning, this is known as

D. Extinction

Which of the following statements is true of sleep?

D. It involves the reversible loss of consciousness.

Josh has been experiencing excruciating pain ever since his bike accident. So he had been successfully operated, he often complains of agonizing pain in his right shoulder. Karen, his girlfriend tells him that he can harness the power of his mind to overcome pain by concentrating his thoughts on the pain not by trying to avoid it. Karen is referring to

D. Meditation

The crossover point in the eye where the visual information originating in the right halves of the two retinas, is transmitted to the right side of the occipital lobe is called the

D. Optic chiasm

Ronald was the subject of an experiment for alcoholics. Every time Ronald had a drink it was mix with a nausea, inducing agent, which made him sick. After experiences pattern for several weeks, Ronald started to dislike alcohol immensely. He did not drink for seven months. However, one day as he was walking past the new bar, Ronald experiencing overwhelming desire to drink. In this scenario, Ronald, sudden desire to drink, best illustrates the concept of _________ in classical conditioning.

D. Renewal

Derek checks on his new car parked on the street before he goes up to his 19th floor apartment. From his apartment, he looks down and makes sure his car is still there. Even though the image of the car on his is retina smaller from where he is looking, Derrick knows that the car is still as big as it was downstairs. This scenario best illustrates phenomenon of

D. Size constancy

Psychoactive drugs, that slow down, mental and physical activity are called

D. depressants

Kevin suffers from sleep apnea. With this condition, he awakens as often as 50 times during the night due to.

D. failure in the opening of the windpipe.

In the auditory system ________ is a perception of a sound waves amplitude

D. loudness

Jill decides to study harder in class after seeing her teacher praise her classmate Ricky for doing well on a test. In the context of observational learning this scenario best exemplifies learning through

D. vicarious reinforcement