Psychology Unit 3 Test
A stimulus that naturally provokes a behavior or response is known as a(n) __________. A. unconditioned stimulus B. neutral response C. conditioned stimulus D. conditioned response
A
___________ is the psychologist who conducted the "Little Albert" study in which he conditioned an infant to fear white rats. A. B. F. Skinner B. John B. Watson C. Ivan Pavlov D. Sigmund Freud
B
All behaviors occur only after conscious thought.
False
__________ is an example of a learned behavior.
Reading
A mnemonic device in which phrases or poems use the first letter of each word to help a person remember the information is an example of a(n) __________.
acrostic
A reinforcement that occurs when a behavior or response is reinforced after every demonstration is __________ reinforcement.
delaying punishment
Cryptomnesia can occur due to source-monitoring error, where __________ plagiarism takes places.
unintentional
Receiving an electrical shock when you forget to turn off the power before working on an electrical socket is an example of a negative punishment.
False
Research has indicated that physical punishment is the most effective kind of punishment.
False
Research seems to indicate that using a narrative to recall information leads to decreased levels of recall.
False
Sneezing is an example of a learned behavior.
False
In operant conditioning, food is an example of a __________ reinforcer.
Primary
Sleeping is a behavior that is dependent on both instinctive and environmental conditions.
True
The discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning is one that predicts the probability of a consequence occurring.
True
The misinformation effect occurs when people incorrectly recall an event they've witnessed due to misleading information about the event.
True
The types of movies that one likes is influenced by learned behaviors.
True
Two ways to transfer a memory into long-term memory are maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
True
When a behavior is highly resistant to extinction, the organism takes longer to stop responding after a reinforcement is no longer given.
True
When a response becomes generalized, then someone will react to things that remind them of the first stimuli that caused a response.
True
When punishment is applied after every instance of an unwanted target behavior, it is generally more effective.
True
Memory depends on the __________.
activation of a person's neurons
An example of an echoic memory is __________.
a thunderclap during a thunderstorm
The ability to drive a car is an example of __________ memory.
implicit
Research has indicated that using a narrative to recall information may lead to __________ levels of recall.
increased
What does iconic memory store?
mental traces of things we see
Randy was in an earthquake. Afterwards she talked to her neighbors, who explained the earthquake as "destructive" and "scary." When asked by another person if anything had fallen during the earthquake, Randy said something did fall when, in fact, nothing had fallen. Her factual error is most likely due to which of the following?
misinformation effect
Justine starts yelling in the store when she wants something. Her parents buy her a toy in order to get Justine to stop yelling. What type of conditioning is shaping the parents' behavior?
negative reinforcement
In negative reinforcement, the reinforcement for the target behavior can most accurately be described as __________.
pleasant
Molly catches her dog chewing on her favorite slippers. Molly swats the dog on the nose so that it will not chew her slippers again. Which type of operant conditioning in occurring in the scenario?
positive punishment
According to research, the most powerful reinforcement technique in conditioning is __________.
positive reinforcement
Glenda is a gymnast. She performs a perfect triple backflip off the high bars. After landing successfully, the crowd erupts in applause.
positive reinforcement
Scott hadn't been on a bicycle in 12 years, but he hopped on and pedaled away without any hesitation. The skill of being able to ride a bike is stored in Scott's __________ memory.
procedural
A reinforcement that occurs when a behavior or response is reinforced after every demonstration is __________ reinforcement. A. intermittent B. continuous C. spontaneous D. negative
B
All of the following are shaped by learned behavior except __________. A. shyness B. blinking C. biting one's nails D. angry responses
B
All of the following factors influence the effectiveness of reinforcement in operant conditioning except __________. A. timing B. extinction C. magnitude D. shaping
B
Glen is attempting to use operant conditioning to train his dog, Thor, to fetch a ball upon command. To test Thor's understanding, Glen throws the ball and yells, "Pineapple!" Thor does not fetch the ball. Which process of operant conditioning has Thor demonstrated? A. stimuli optimization B. stimuli discrimination C. stimuli extinction D. stimuli generalization
B
In operant conditioning, acquisition is the __________. A. point at which a subject gains a pleasant consequence B. point at which a behavior is associated with a specific consequence C. way in which behaviors are discouraged from reoccurring D. association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
B
The psychologist who believed that behaviors that are followed by favorable consequences tend to be repeated was __________. A. James B. Watson B. B. F. Skinner C. Edward Thorndike D. Franz Mesmer
B
When planning a classical conditioning experiment, what is the goal of the researcher? A. to teach the subject to respond to a conditioned response B. to teach the subject to respond to the conditioned stimulus C. to teach the subject to respond to the unconditioned stimulus D. to teach the subject to respond to an unconditioned response
B
Which B. F. Skinner invention allowed him to train subjects through operant conditioning? A. cumulative recorder B. operant chamber C. pigeon box D. cat puzzle box
B
Which of the following is an example of a learned behavior? A. a bird feeding its young B. human toddlers walking C. a child recoiling from a hot stove D. squirrels opening nuts
B
classical conditioning, the __________ stimulus causes an unconditioned response. A. conditioned B. unconditioned C. controlled D. uncontrolled
B
A discriminative stimulus is a cue that the reward may be forthcoming for a certain behavior
True
A mnemonic device is a strategy used to improve memory.
True
A neutral stimulus causes no response.
True
A reflex is a type of innate behavior.
True
Both learned and innate behavior can occur as a result of automatic processes.
True
Both positive and negative reinforcement serve to strengthen wanted behavior.
True
For deep processing to occur, it is best to study information in several smaller sessions than in one long session.
True
In operant conditioning, many complex behaviors are learned through shaping
True
In operant conditioning, the consequence shapes the behavior.
True
It is possible for a mix up to occur between fictitious and factual information.
True
Observable behaviors include both learned behaviors and instinctive behaviors.
True
One example of a fixed-interval reward schedule is the biweekly paycheck many workers earn.
True
One of the implications of John B. Watson's work was that human phobias might be the result of classical conditioning
True
One way that a memory could be distorted is if it includes information that did not actually occur.
True
One way to enhance deep processing is to make the information personal.
True
Reinforcement attempts may not work if the reinforcer is not important or valued by the subject.
True
Riding a bike is an example of a procedural memory.
True
Sensory memory lasts a fraction of a second before the information is lost.
True
Context and sensory clues aid one in deciding whether or not something occurred. This is called __________.
reality monitoring
Positive and negative reinforcement can be used to __________ wanted behavior.
strengthen
Alan Baddeley proposed that short-term memory has four components characterized as __________ memory.
working
One way to enhance deep processing is to make the information __________.
personal
Acrostics, acronyms, and rhymes are a few examples of __________.
a mnemonic device
All of the following are shaped by learned behavior except __________. A. innate reflexes B. personality traits C. emotional responses D. personal habits
A
During the process of classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus (NS) is converted into the __________. A. conditioned stimulus B. conditioned response C. unconditioned stimulus D. unconditioned response
A
How does advertising use classical conditioning to help sell products? A. It trains people to associate the product with positive emotions. B. It uses more animals in the advertisements of the products being sold, which pleases most people. C. It eliminates the negative aspects of products from commercials. D. It appeals only to logic and intellect, and never to emotional content.
A
In classical conditioning, a stimulus is used to provoke or elicit a response that __________. A. it didn't elicit naturally before conditioning occurred B. it elicited naturally before conditioning occurred C. was impossible to elicit before conditioning occurred D. was only elicited on occasion before conditioning occurred
A
Positive and negative reinforcement can be used to __________ wanted behavior. A. strengthen B. increase C. decrease D. avoid
A
Which learning process occurs when a connection between a stimulus and a response is strengthened as learning begins? A. acquisition B. discrimination C. extinction D. generalization
A
The difference between an innate behavior and a learned behavior is that a learned behavior is __________ and an innate behavior is not.
A result of experience
n operant conditioning, acquisition is the __________. A. point at which a subject gains a pleasant consequence B. point at which a behavior is associated with a specific consequence C. way in which behaviors are discouraged from reoccurring D. association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
B
After receiving a reward for escaping the puzzle box, the cats ________. A. appeared to enjoy the box more B. escaped more slowly C. gradually learned to escape more quickly D. increased the length of time in the box
C
Behavior that happens automatically without conscious input is called __________ behavior. A. learned B. organized C. innate D. spontaneous
C
Edward spends a lot of time studying for his exams. He usually takes practice exams when he studies. During his study time, he drinks a lot of soda and coffee. When he takes his actual exams in class, he is frequently bothered by a strong urge to have soda or coffee. What is the conditioned response (CR) in this scenario? A. spending time studying B. taking practice exams C. craving soda and coffee D. drinking soda and coffee
C
Negative punishment is a type of punishment used in operant conditioning in which the __________ of a rewarding stimulus decreases the tendency of a particular response. A. addition B. increase C. removal D. decrease
C
The continued display of a behavior after reinforcement has been removed is known as ___________. A. discriminative stimulus B. negative punishment C. resistance to extinction D. secondary reinforcement
C
The fact that older locusts use less energy to fly than younger locusts suggests that __________. A. younger locusts are incapable of flying efficiently B. efficient flying is an innate behavior that is only apparent in some locusts C. the older locusts have learned a more efficient way to fly D. flying is a learned behavior that the younger locusts must practice
C
Edward Thorndike's law of effect was a precursor to the theory of __________. A. social learning B. classical conditioning C. observational learning D. operant conditioning
D
Over the course of his famous conditioning experiments, what did Pavlov's dogs learn? A. They learned to eat food at the ring of a bell. B. They learned to ring a bell in order to get fed. C. They learned to eat when they began salivating. D. They learned to salivate at the sound of a bell.
D
The law of effect states that when a behavior is rewarded, which of the following is most likely to occur? A. The behavior will be neither more or less likely to be repeated. B. The behavior will be less likely to be repeated. C. The behavior will be repeated a set number of times. D. The behavior will be more likely to be repeated.
D
Watson's "Little Albert" experiment demonstrated which of the following pairs of classical conditioning processes? A. acquisition and discrimination B. discrimination and extinction C. extinction and generalization D. generalization and acquisition
D
Which process is responsible for the gradual diminishment of the association between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response? A. acquisition B. generalization C. discrimination D. extinction
D
B. F. Skinner is responsible for establishing the law of effect.
False
Behaviors never come back once they have been extinguished.
False
Classical conditioning occurs when a particular behavior is reinforced by its consequences
False
Classical conditioning occurs when the unconditioned stimulus evokes a response from a neutral stimulus
False
Conditioning occurs when two events that usually go together become associated with each other.
False
Higher-order conditioning occurs when a conditioned response acts as an unconditioned response
False
Iconic memory is used when a loud thunderclap occurs during a storm.
False
Innate behavior occurs as a result of practice and repetition.
False
Lighting a fire on a cold night to get warm is an example of a positive reinforcement.
False
Memories of specific personal events are examples of semantic long-term memories.
False
Memory reconstructions are extremely accurate reproductions of information from one's long-term memory.
False
Once a conditioned behavior is extinguished, it can no longer appear again.
False
Positive punishment occurs when a pleasant stimulus is removed after demonstration of a behavior.
False
Punishment is more effective when applied at least an hour after the target behavior has occurred.
False
Spontaneous recovery is usually a permanent reappearance of a conditioned response.
False
Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism generalizes one consequence to many stimuli similar to the discriminative stimulus
False
Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism generalizes one consequence to many stimuli similar to the discriminative stimulus.
False
The misinformation effect is an example of a mnemonic device.
False
Harrison sends an e-mail to his boss. Harrison expects a response within five minutes, but he can't help himself and checks every 30 seconds. After five minutes, a replying e-mail is delivered just as he expected.
Harrison is on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement.
In order to prove that learning has happened, it is necessary to __________.
Measure performance objectively and concretely
Molly is eating red and black jellybeans from a paper bag. She is not looking at the jellybeans as she eats them. She likes red jellybeans, but she does not like black jellybeans. The amount of jellybeans she has to take from the jar before she gets a red one is never the same. Which of the following statements is true?
Molly is on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
Which of the following actions does not require learning to occur?
Yawning
As soon as Carol heard the phone number on the radio for a chance to win free concert tickets, she raced to the phone repeating out loud, "555-23-47," so she wouldn't forget before dialing. This is an example of __________.
chunking
A reinforcement that occurs when a behavior or response is reinforced after every demonstration is __________ reinforcement.
continuous
The memory process of transferring information into one's memory system is called __________.
encoding
What are the two types of long-term memory?
explicit and implicit
Watson's "Little Albert" experiment demonstrated which of the following pairs of classical conditioning processes? A. acquisition and discrimination B. discrimination and extinction C. extinction and generalization D. generalization and acquisition
generalization and acquisition
Negative punishment is a type of punishment used in operant conditioning in which the __________ of a rewarding stimulus decreases the tendency of a particular response.
removal
The memory process of accessing information from the past is called __________.
retrieving
Some studies have shown that children with a "weak" memory are more likely to engage in __________ activities.
risky
In this scenario, what is the unconditioned stimulus for the vervent monkey's behavior?
the sight of the hawk circling
In classical conditioning, the __________ stimulus causes an unconditioned response. A. conditioned B. unconditioned C. controlled D. uncontrolled
unconditioned
The reinforcer is presented on an inconsistent basis in a(n) __________ schedule of reinforcement.
variable
