Psychology (WEEK 1 - WEEK 6, MID TERM)
Visual distance and depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called _______ cues.
Binocular
What are the five primary taste?
Bitter, salty. sour, sweet, and umami
Analyzing smaller features and building up to a complete perception is called ________.
Bottom-up Processing
The function of the neuron's axon is to?
Carry messages to the other cells
The case of Phineas Gage is often-cited examples of _____.
Case study
_____ is the study of the physical workings of the brain and nervous system during thinking and other cognitive processes.
Cognitive Neuroscience
Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision and fine acuity are _______.
Cones
The tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related is known as ________.
Contiguity
The tendency to perceive things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern is known as _________.
Continuity
The manner in which your eyes rotate in their sockets, either getting closer or farther from each other, as an object changes it distance from you is a binocular distance cue called _______.
Convergence
When light waves enter the eye, they first pass through the _____
Cornea
The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called _____?
Operant Conditioning
What specifically names the steps that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment.
Operationalization
Axons from ganglion cells form the _________
Optic Nerve
Watson's work with "Little Albert" supported the idea that ____.
Phobias can be learned through the process of conditioning.
The visible spectrum refers to the ______?
Portion of the whole spectrum of light that is visible to the human eye.
The tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping is known as ___________.
Proximity
Chemicals that can alter thinking, perdition, and memory are called _______
Psychoactive drugs
A professional who holds a doctoral degree (but did not go to medical school) and may work in a wide number od vocational settings would be a _____?
Psychologist
An unpleasant stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as ______.
Punishment by application
Which structure is like a locked door that only certain neurotransmitter keys can unlock?
Receptor Sites
Scientists report their results even if an experiment failed because:
Researchers studying the same things will gain from what has already been learned.
When a cell is "at rest" it is in a state called the?
Resting potential
Cells that are triggered by light, sound, vibrations, touch, or chemical substances are called ________.
Sensory Receptors
Ben has decided to seek medical help for mood disturbances and appetite problems. Which neurotransmitters is most likely involved in the problems Ben is experiencing?
Serotonin
________ is an operant conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desire response are reinforced.
Shaping
A method for assessing the accuracy of judgments or decisions uncertain conditions is called ____________ theory. This method assesses a person's "hits" and "rejections" are compared to their "misses" and "false alarms".
Signal detection
A significant loss of sleep is known as _______
Sleep Deprivation
Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell?
Soma
Pain sensations in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints that are carried on large nerve fibers are called ________.
Somatic Pain
Which of the following is true of doing research with people?
Sometimes people react in unexpected ways to the manipulations in an experiment.
If you are awakened from sleep and you feel as though you had not even been asleep, then you were most likely in which stage of sleep?
Stage 1 (N1)
If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep?
Stage 2 (N2)
The key to hypnotic induction seems to be related to ______
State of suggestibility
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called _______.
Stimulus generalization
Edward Titchener believed that every experience can be broken down into its individual emotion and sensations, which he called ________.
Structuralism
In the process of shaping, behavior are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desire response. These behaviors are called _________.
Successive Approximations
The autonomic nervous system has two divisions: the _______ and the ________.
Sympathetic; parasympathetic
The fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell is called the _______.
Synapse
What is the term used to describe the rounded areas on the ends of the axon terminals?
Synaptic Knobs
The saclike structure found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals are called?
Synaptic vesicles
Flavor arises from:
Taste and smell
Which perspective focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share?
The evolutionary perspective
If you stare for 30 seconds at a yellow object and then look at a blank sheet of white paper, you will see a greenish image of the object. This phenomenon BEST supports __________ theory of color vision.
The opponent-process
The vestibular senses are concerned with _________
The sense of balance
Sound waves are simply ________.
The vibration of the molecules of the air surrounding us.
Who is known as the "father of psychology."
Wilhelm Wundt
Which of the following examples best illustrates the placebo effect?
You drink a non-alcoholic beverage that taste like beer and begin to feel intoxicated.
Within the field of psychology, mental processes refer to ____
all internal, covert activity of our minds
According to Sigmund Freud, dreams are a result of _______
wish fulfillment
_______ are personal judgments based on beliefs rather than facts.
Biases
The very light stage of sleep in which a person may hallucinate is _________?
(N1) Stage 1
Which of of the following is the strongest correlation?
-0.93
Reuptake is?
A process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vessel.
The lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time stimulation is present is called the _______ threshold.
Absolute
Sofia is experiencing a serious memory problem. An interdisciplinary team has ruled out a range of causes and believe that a neurotransmitter is involved. Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in this problem?
Acetylcholine
What are two roles of glial cells?
Acting as insulation and providing structures to surrounding neurons.
When the electrical potential in a cell is in action versus a resting state, this electrical charge reversal is known as the _____.
Action potential
Which of the following is a modern term that replaces what was once called behavior modification?
Applied behavior analysis
The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that consists of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands is called the _________ nervous system.
Autonomic
Looking at the structures of a cell, you can immediately identify it as a neuron because of the presences of a(n)
Axon
The theory of operant conditioning was developed by:
B. F. Skinner
The branchlike structures that receives messages from other neurons are called?
Dendrites
In psychology, researchers try to find the answers to _____.
Empirical Questions
Psychological aspects of pain perception can influence the release of the neurotransmitters called ___________, the body's natural version of morphine.
Endorphins
The best method to use to determine the cause of behavior is the ______.
Experiment
When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence if the UCS, the CR may eventually "die out" in a process called _______?
Extinction
The tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background is known as _________.
Figure-ground relationships.
Willam James was responsible for developing the theory of ___?
Functionalism
When you first turn on a fan in the room, you can hear it quite easily, but after a while, you don't even notice the sound anymore. What happens?
Habituation
The sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the _____.
Hypothalamus
A(n) ______ is a tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observation.
Hypothesis
A researcher is studying the effects of alcohol consumption on driving ability. In this experiment, alcohol consumption is the ____?
Independent Variable
The "aha!" experience is known as ______
Insight Learning
A(n) _____ reviews a proposed study and judges to according to safety and consideration for its participants.
Institutional review board
Which of the following is true about Gestalt psychology?
It focused on perception of patterns and whole figures and events.
_________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.
Learning
______ was denied a Ph. D because she was a woman. She went on to achieve many professional accomplishments, including becoming the first female president of the American Psychological Association in 1905.
Mary Whiton Calkins
Entering the classroom for her first college exam, Latisha could sense her heart rate and breathing. Latisha was sensing the activity of her
Medulla
______, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is recreated by the pineal gland.
Melatonion
Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground. Your friend is probably suffering from?
Narcolepsy
Studying children's interaction by watching them play on the school playground is an example of _____.
Naturalistic oberservation
If it shown that students' grades go down the more hours they spend watching TV, then grades and hours spent watching TV have a _______ correlation.
Negative
The charge that a neuron at rest maintains is due to the presence of a high number of _______ charged ions inside the neuron's membrane.
Negatively
In a double-blind experiment, _____ are kept unaware of which participants are in the control group(s) and which participants are in the experimental group(s).
Neither the researchers and the participants
The function of the _____ is to carry information to and from all parts of the body.
Nervous system
A specialized cell that makes up the nervous system that receives and sends messages within the system is called a _____?
Neuron
A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell is called a ________?
Neurotransmitter
Wilhelm Wundt described the process of objectively examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities as _____
Objective Introspection.
______ refers to the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.
Observer Bias
An olfactory stimulus travels from receptor to the __________.
Olfactory bulb
What is the function of myelin?
To speed up the neural impulse
Suppose you are driving on a two lane road on a very snowy night where the driver cannot be seen. However, in your mind, you're able to reconstruct where the divider should be. This example illustrates ________.
Top-down processing
The idea that the eye contains separate receptors for red, green. and blue is best known as the ________ theory.
Trichromatic
Catching a fish in a lake would most likely represent which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
Variable Interval
The variable that is manipulated in an experiment is the ____.
independent variable
If researchers find a relationship between students' grades and the number of hours they spend watching TV, _______
it still does not prove causation.
The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ______
one is merely playing a role
The first step in the scientific approach is _____.
perceiving the question.