Psychopathology
Research has found that if a person's life change units (LCUs) total more than _____ over the course of a year, that individual is particularly likely to develop serious health problems.
300 LCUs
About what percentage of Americans experience a somatization pattern of somatic symptom disorder in a given year?
4 percent
A bacterium and a virus are examples of:
antigens
The BEST example of malingering is a person who:
feigns an illness to achieve some external gain, such as financial compensation.
Which of these describes conversion disorders in men?
They occur approximately half as often as they do in women.
Which of the following is a symptom commonly associated with an ulcer?
a burning sensation in the stomach
A person who has a disorder in which she is translating conflicts and anxiety into physical symptoms is said to have a _____ disorder.
conversion
If a person's bodily symptoms affect his or her voluntary motor and sensory functions, but the symptoms are inconsistent with any known medical disease, this condition is referred to as:
conversion disorder.
You are a therapist using self-instruction training. Your client now says, "When the pain comes, I just pause and keep focusing on what I need to do." This is an example of a:
coping self-statement.
What is the leading global cause of death, resulting in 17 million deaths worldwide each year?
coronary heart disease
When a person is under stress, the HPA pathway releases:
cortisol
Overabundance of _____ can lead to chronic inflammation throughout the body, contributing to heart disease, stroke, and other illnesses.
cytokines
With _____, a person pays attention to the feelings, thoughts, and sensations that are flowing through his or her mind but does so with detachment and objectivity and, most important, without judgment.
d. mindfulness meditation
70. The most widely applied method of biofeedback uses a device called an _____, which provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body.
electromyograph
Stress-related writing has been found to be beneficial for patients with either HIV infection or cancer. This is an example of the effectiveness of:
emotion expression
In one study, patients with asthma and arthritis who wrote down their thoughts and feelings about stressful events for a handful of days showed lasting improvements in their conditions. This is an example of the effectiveness of:
emotion expression.
What is the most common type of activity people perform when they want to relieve stress?
entertainment, such as watching television, listening to music, or reading
A person with hypertension would MOST likely:
exhibit no outward signs of disease.
Those who suffer from chronic insomnia may:
feel as if they are constantly awake
An individual with Munchausen syndrome by proxy usually:
is emotionally needy
Which statement is TRUE about factitious disorders?
Individuals with factitious disorder are not trying to achieve some external gain by faking illness.
Relaxation training differs from mediation in that:
relaxation focuses on the body, whereas meditation focuses on turning one's concentration inward
Teaching people to relax their muscles at will is a form of:
relaxation training.
People with a reluctance to express discomfort or hostility have a:
repressive coping style.
A man received kindness and sympathy from his wife when he was mute. What kind of gains is he receiving from his behavior?
secondary
What kind of disorders include insomnia and narcolepsy?
sleep-wake disorders
. Dani has been diagnosed with breast cancer. She has a very supportive husband, caring children, and several friends who will provide support for her during her recovery. Lori also has been diagnosed with breast cancer, but she does not have a family or any close friends. Because of the differences in _____, Dani is more likely to have a successful recovery.
social support
Juanita often feels lonely and does not have many close friends. She also has poor immune functioning and tends to get sick often. This may be due to the factor of
social support
Will recently recovered from having ulcers. He had care from family and friends and, as a result, recovered faster than expected. This may be due to:
social support.
Which finding would lead you to suspect someone has a conversion disorder rather than another medical cause for the condition?
uniform and even numbness in the "damaged" hand
81. Compared with a therapist with a psychodynamic view, what would a therapist with a cognitive-behavioral view be most likely to ask someone whom he or she suspected might have a somatic symptom disorder?
"Has any friend of yours had similar symptoms recently?"
68. Who developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?
Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe
Difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep is called:
insomnia
Which statement BEST describes someone with illness anxiety disorder?
A person misinterprets normal bodily functions and changes as signs of a serious health condition.
Researchers have examined the relationship between the sleep people need and the sleep people get. Based on their findings, which statement is generally TRUE?
Across all age groups, people generally get less sleep than they need.
What is a contributing factor that partly explains why African Americans have more health problems than non-Hispanic white Americans?
African Americans are more likely to live in poverty and face discrimination, which contributes to stress.
What produces antibodies?
B cells
_____ is a field that combines psychological and physical interventions to treat or prevent medical problems.
Behavioral medicine
_____ has been of some help in the treatment of heartbeat irregularities, asthma, high blood pressure, stuttering, and pain.
Biofeedback training
In the latter half of the nineteenth century, a person who today is diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder would MOST likely have been diagnosed with:
Briquet's syndrome.
_____ seems to be particularly helpful in the control of pain.
Hypnosis
Isaac had finally had enough of his inability to walk. He went to therapy and eventually addressed a traumatic car crash from his past. Over time, he began to walk again. According to his psychodynamic therapist, why did these positive changes occur?
Isaac became conscious of and resolved his underlying fears, thereby eliminating the need to convert anxiety into physical symptoms.
What is a shortcoming of Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale?
It does not take into consideration the particular life-stress reactions of specific populations.
_____ has been used to help manage pain and to treat high blood pressure, heart problems, asthma, skin disorders, diabetes, insomnia, and even viral infections.
Meditation
What is the general relationship between gender and somatic symptom disorder?
More women than men are diagnosed with both the somatization pattern and predominant pain pattern forms of somatic symptom disorder.
Which statement concerning psychological treatments for physical disorders is MOST accurate?
Psychological interventions are often most helpful when they are combined.
_____ is the study of the connections between stress, the body's immune system, and illness.
Psychoneuroimmunology
73. _____, often in combination with medication, has been widely used in the treatment of high blood pressure.
Relaxation training
_____ has been of some help in treating headaches, insomnia, asthma, diabetes, pain, certain vascular diseases, and the undesirable effects of certain cancer treatments.
Relaxation training
Sonia has a Type A personality style, while Liz has a Type B personality style. They are both running for class president. How would you expect their campaigns to differ?
Sonia will be more competitive, and Liz will be more relaxed.
Which statement would a cognitive-behavioral theorist be MOST likely to make about hysterical disorders?
The patient is otherwise unable to communicate difficult emotions.
Why do some researchers believe mass psychogenic illnesses will increase and become more severe in the future?
The power of social media will increase.
Despite having clear economic disadvantages, the health of Hispanic Americans is, on average, at least as good as, and often better than, that of both non-Hispanic white Americans and African Americans. What is one theory that explains this paradox?
The strong family support common in Hispanic American culture increases health resilience among members of this culture.
What is the main criticism of the cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic explanations for the maintenance of hysterical disorders?
They cannot explain how the gains can outweigh the pain of the disorder.
What did Freud believe about "hysterical" symptoms?
They enabled people to avoid unpleasant activities.
. People with _____ are said to be consistently angry, cynical, driven, impatient, competitive, and ambitious.
Type A personality style
People with _____ are thought to be more relaxed, less aggressive, and less concerned about time.
Type B personality style
A 35-year-old woman hobbles into the office of a physician complaining of a debilitating illness that has robbed her of the use of her left leg and right arm. The physician, however, finds no physical basis for her symptoms. The patient appears totally unaware that the cause of her symptoms may be psychological. The appropriate diagnosis in this case is:
a conversion disorder.
Someone who has Munchausen syndrome also, by definition, has:
a factitious disorder
Mason was a chronically ill child who was seen repeatedly in the emergency department for a number of ailments. After several visits, Mason was removed from his home and placed in foster care. While staying in foster care, Mason became quite healthy. In this case, one might suspect that the parent was experiencing:
a factitious disorder.
Who is MOST likely to experience a psychophysiological disorder?
a non-Hispanic white American female
The traditional psychophysiological disorder most commonly associated with intense feelings of anger and the presence of bacteria is:
an ulcer.
Which of these is a foreign invader of the body?
antigen
Parasites are examples of:
antigens
fungi are an example of
antigens
A weakened respiratory system may be a contributing factor in some cases of:
asthma
Most people who have _____ were children or young teenagers at the time of the first attack.
asthma
100. Hypertension that results from a combination of psychological and physiological factors is called _____ hypertension.
b. essential
The use of electrical signals from the body to train people to control physiological processes is called:
biofeedback training.
People with somatic symptom disorders use their symptoms to express emotions they cannot easily express otherwise. This statement reflects the:
cognitive-behavioral view.
A therapist treating a client with illness anxiety disorder repeatedly shows the client how the client's body is less than perfect, while not allowing the client to seek medical attention. MOST likely, this therapist's viewpoint is:
cognitive-behavioral.
The most commonly occurring sleeplessness-produced problem is:
difficulty concentrating
Scarlett finds that she needs more than the 8 hours of sleep recommended for adults. If she gets less than 10 hours of sleep per night, she has difficulty concentrating, is forgetful, has problems driving, and cannot work effectively. Scarlett would most likely be diagnosed with:
hypersomnolence disorder.
Excessive activity of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine contributes to a slowdown of the:
immune system.
Where do muscle contraction headaches typically produce pain?
in the front or back of the head or in the back of the neck
An individual develops somatic symptom disorder after a near-fatal car crash. The diagnosis is:
less likely to be somatization pattern than predominant pain pattern.
The white blood cells that circulate through the lymph system and bloodstream are referred to as:
lymphocytes
What helps the body identify and destroy antigens and cancer cells?
lymphocytes
An individual who has been diagnosed with a somatic symptom disorder would MOST likely first seek:
medical help.
Western health care professionals have only recently become aware of the effectiveness of _____ in relieving physical distress.
meditation
Cal tends to fall asleep at the drop of a hat—while watching television, eating, and even driving. He would most likely be diagnosed with:
narcolepsy.
If stress continues for an extended period of time, _____ give an inhibitory message to lymphocytes.
norepinephrine and corticosteroids
"It seems to me that people with illness anxiety disorder simply model what they see others doing." A person with which theoretical view would be MOST likely to make this statement?
one with the cognitive-behavioral view
Kelsey feels stressed because of her responsibilities as a mother. Even so, she tends to be optimistic, engages in constructive coping, and is resilient. The likelihood of her developing a psychophysiological disorder is slim due to:
personality style.
The way a person generally responds to life reflects that person's:
personality style.
What is one of society's most negative social conditions that may set the stage for psychophysiological disorders?
poverty
A woman who is particularly threatened by any display of her own anger becomes unable to speak when she is most angry with her husband, thereby keeping the anger out of her awareness. According to psychodynamic theorists, she is achieving _____ from her illness.
primary gain
28. How does the DSM-5 label the group of physical illnesses that seem to be caused or worsened by an interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors?
psychological factors affecting other medical conditions
A researcher conducts studies to better understand how exposure to stress affects the immune system. This researcher is practicing in the field of:
psychoneuroimmunology.
Therapists who take a reinforcement approach while treating a conversion disorder would be MOST likely to focus on:
reducing the rewards available for displaying the disorder.
A patient with a heart condition complains of adhesions from his postoperative scar, leg cramps, and joint stiffness. He seems to be hurting all over, but no medical reason can be found to explain the symptoms. The BEST diagnosis for this disorder is:
somatic symptom disorder (predominant pain pattern)
What is the disorder with a wide range of vague, long-lasting, and disturbing physical symptoms without a medical cause?
somatic symptom disorder (somatization pattern)
If you looked in Leijla's medicine cabinet, you would find dozens of prescriptions and even more over-the-counter medications. Every time she sneezes, Leijla is sure she has the latest deadly flu, although no physician has ever found anything wrong with her. Leijla probably suffers from:
somatic symptom disorder.
Topher often goes to urgent care for a wide variety of physical symptoms. However, no matter what his symptoms are, the healthcare providers never observe physical evidence that explains why the symptoms occur. Topher likely has a:
somatic symptom disorder.
Which individual would be MOST likely to receive a diagnosis of factitious disorder?
someone who purposefully drinks gasoline and then seeks treatment for an unknown stomach ailment
Munchausen syndrome by proxy is MOST likely to adversely affect the physical well-being of:
the child of the person experiencing it.
. "It's obvious that the patient observed friends who had symptoms of illness, then imitated those symptoms to get attention," says the therapist. This therapist MOST likely has which theoretical perspective?
the cognitive-behavioral perspective
Which is likely to be useful in distinguishing conversion or somatic symptom disorders from true medical problems?
the failure of a condition to develop as expected
. A professional health-care provider has evidence that a patient has intentionally faked her illness. To determine whether the patient is malingering or experiencing a factitious disorder, what must be examined?
the motivation the patient has for assuming the sick role
