Public Health: Chapter 2
What guides the WHO?
- Guided by General Program of Work and United Nations Millennium Declaration
What is the organization of the Department of Health & Human Services?
- Secretary of HHS - 11 agencies - 10 Regional offices
What is the breakdown of Local Health Departments?
Almost 3,000 nationwide; 62% in non- metropolitan areas & 38% in metropolitan areas
What is the Coordinated School Health Program?
An organized set of policies, procedures, and activities designed to protect, promote, and improve the health and well-being of students and staff, thus improving the student's ability to learn. • Has great potential for improving health
What is the purpose of WHO?
Attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.
What is the function of Administration on Aging (AoA)?
Designated to carry out the provisions of the Older Americans Act of 1965
What is the function of Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)?
Ensures up-to-date information and state-of-the-art practice is effectively used for the prevention and treatment of addictive and mental disorders
What is the function of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)?
The nation's premiere health promotion, prevention, and preparedness agency and global leader in public health. Work hand in hand with WHO when diseases come forward.
How are Community Organizations classified?
sources of funding, responsibilities, & organizational structure
What are the types of Nongovernmental Health Agencies?
voluntary, professional, social, philanthropic, service, religious, & corporate
What are some Typical Bureaus or Divisions?
• Administration • Communicable Disease Prevention & Control • Chronic Disease Prevention & Control • Vital & Health Statistics • Health Education or Promotion • Mental Health • Maternal & Child Health • Occupational & Industrial Health • Dental Health • Laboratory Services • Public Health Nursing • Veterinary Public Health
What are some examples of Professional Health Organizations/Associations?
• American Public Health Association • American Chiropractic Association • American Medical Association • American Nursing Association • Society for Public Health Education
What are some examples of Quasi-governmental Organizations?
• American Red Cross • National Academy of Science (Government adviser on questions of science and technology)
What the Core Functions of Public Health?
• Assessment • Policy development • Assurance
What are Voluntary Health Agencies?
• Created to meet a specific health need • Basic objectives: research, education, services, advocacy • Funded by donations; fundraising events
What are the major types of Community Organizations?
• Governmental • Quasi-governmental (partial government funding) • Nongovernmental
What are the levels of Governmental Health Agencies?
• International, e.g., WHO • National, e.g., DHHS • State, e.g., Texas Department of Health • Local, e.g., Dallas County Health Department
What is the Organization of WHO?
• Membership open to countries that ratify constitution • Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland • World Health Assembly; comprised of 191 delegates • Administered by director-general and 9 assistant directors-general
What are the 10 Essential Public Health Services?
• Monitor health status to identify community health problems. • Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community. • Inform, educate and empower people about health issues. • Mobilize community partnership to identify and solve health problems. • Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts. • Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety. • Link people with needed personal health services and assure the provision of healthcare when otherwise unavailable. • Assure a competent public health and personal health care workforce. • Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services. • Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.
What are the units with NIH?
• National Cancer Institute (NCI) • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) • National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
What are the official duties of the American Red Cross?
• Provide relief to victims of natural disasters • Serve as a liaison between members of the active military and their families during emergencies
What are some examples of Philanthropic Foundations?
• Rockefeller Foundation • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation • Aga Khan Development Network
What are Quasi-governmental Organizations?
• Some responsibilities assigned by government but operate more like voluntary agencies • Funded by tax dollars & private sources • Operate independently of government supervision
What are some examples of many services mandated by state laws?
• restaurant inspections • reporting of certain communicable diseases • birth & death certificates
What are some example of agencies also contribute to nation's health?
- U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (includes WIC program) - Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
What is the role of corporate american on health?
- Workplace health & safety - Health insurance - Workplace health promotion Healthy employees so they do not miss work.
What are some barriers to Coordinated School Health Programs?
1. Insufficient local administrative support 2. Inadequately prepared teachers 3. Inadequate funding 4. Lack of credibility of health education as an academic subject 5. Insufficient community/parental support 6. Concern for the teaching of controversial topics (i.e., sex education)
What is the function of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)?
Administers the Medicare (elderly & certain disabilities) & Medicaid (poor) programs which provide health care coverage to about 87 million Americans
What does the EPA do?
Air Quality
What are the Nongovernmental services offered by the American Red Cross?
Blood drives, safety services, nursing and health services, youth services, community volunteer services, and international services
What is the function of Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)?
Created by Superfund legislation; serves public to prevent harmful exposures and diseases related to toxic substances
What is the function of National Institutes of Health (NIH)?
One of the world's foremost medical research centers and the federal focal point for medical research in the U.S.
When was the American Red Cross founded?
Founded in 1881 by Clara Barton
Are Nongovernmental Health Agencies free from governmental interference?
Free from governmental interference as long as they meet IRS guidelines (taxes).
How are Governmental Health Agencie funded?
Funded primarily by tax dollars
What is the function of Indian Health Services (IHS)?
Has the goal to raise physical, mental, social, and spiritual health of American Indians and Alaskan Natives to the highest level
What is the function of Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)?
Helps provide health resources for medically underserved populations; works to build the health care workforce
What do today's communities need to improve public health?
In need of better long-term planning and community organizing due to large size of today's communities
How large is the Department of Health & Human Services?
Largest department in federal government; 25% of annual federal budget
What is the function of Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)?
Lead federal agency for research on health care quality, costs, outcomes, and patient safety
How are Governmental Health Agencies managed?
Managed by government officials Authority for some geographic area
Who appoints the Secretary of HHS?
President and is apart of his cabinet.
What is the purpose of the Department of Health & Human Services?
Principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services
What is the purpose of Professional Health Organizations/Associations?
Promote high standards of professional practice for their specific profession
What are Philanthropic Foundations?
Provide grants to support programs
What are Local Health Departments?
Responsibility of city or county governments; funded by tax dollars, grant dollars, & fees (sliding scale) Shattuck recommended State and Local health departments.
What is the function of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?
Responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation
What is the function of Administration for Children and Families (ACF)?
Responsible for providing direction and leadership for all federal programs for needy children and families (administers Head Start program)
What are some examples of Voluntary Health Agencies?
The Big Three: - American Cancer Society - American Heart Association - American Lung Association
What is the purpose of State department of health?
To promote, protect, and maintain the health and welfare of their citizens Every state has a State department of health.
When was WHO created?
United Nations charter in 1945 established need Began April 7, 1948—World Health Day
Who does the WHO usually work with?
Usually in developing countries Most work carried out in poor countries
What does OSHA do?
Work Safety