Public Speaking 220 - Exam #2

Recognizing The Value of Audience Diversity

- Students benefit when they interact with peers of different backgrounds - They become more engaged in their own learning - Improves their critical thinking skills - Enhances their interpersonal and social competencies - They are more satisfied with their college experience - They are more likely to engage in community services - Demonstrate greater acceptance of cultures

Analyzing Audience During Speech

1. Audience Attention 2. Audience Understanding 3. Audience Evaluation

Speech to Entertain/After Dinner Speech Guidelines

1. Be creative 2. Be organized 3. Use appropriate humor 4. Be relative 5. Be tasteful 6. Be tactful 7. Use spirited delivery

Types of Transitions

1. Complimentary - Adds one idea to another 2. Casual - Establishes a cause-effect relationship between two ideas 3. Contrasting - Shows how two ideas differ 4. Chronological - Shows how one idea precedes or follows another in time

Analyzing Audience After Speech

1. Did you accomplish what you hoped you would? 2. What do you sense were the strongest aspects of your speech? 3. What were the weakest? How would you rate he content, organization and delivery of the speech? 4. How can you improve these aspects of your next speech?

Five Functions of an Introduction

1. Get the attention of your audience 2. State your topic 3. Establish the importance of your topic 4. Establish your credibility to speak on your topic 5. Preview the key ideas of your speech

Impromptu Speech Guidelines

1. If you have a choice, speak on a topic you know well 2. Make the most of the time you have Don't waste don't waste time walking from your seat 3. Focus on a single or few key points 4. Be brief - Stand up - Speak up - Shut up

Speaking Outline

1. It leaves out a lot of what the formal outline includes, it also contains some important items not found in the formal outline. For example, you can include directions to yourself about the speech's delivery 2. Most speaking outlines include supporting materials you plan to use.

Analyze Audience Needs

1. Physiological, or physical needs basic human requirements for water food and sleep 2. Safety needs 3. Belongingness and love needs 4. Esteem needs 5. Self actualization needs

Attention-Getters

1. Question your audience 2. Arouse curiosity 3. Stimulate imagination 4. Promise something beneficial 5. Amuse your audience 6. Energize your audience 7. Acknowledge and compliment your audience

Respecting your listeners

1. Recognize your own place as part of the audience 2. Respect your listeners 3. Recognize and act on audience's feedback If you value your listeners, then you will want to communicate successfully you must consider their diversity and view public speaking as an audience centered activity.

Question-Answer Period Guidelines

1. Restate the question to clarify the question, sometime rephrasing the questions 2. Compliment the question whenever possible 3. Know your topic thoroughly 4. Be brief as possible 5. Be methodical in giving lengthy answers 6. If you don't know an answer, admit it 7. Be careful about what you say publicly Check the answers with the questioner

Functions of A Conclusion

1. Restate your ideas 2. Activate your audience response 3. Provide Closure

"4 S" Strategy

1. Sign post the idea 2. State the idea 3. Support the idea 4. Summarize the idea

Principles of Outlining

1. Singularity - Each number or letter in the outline should represent only 1 idea 2. Consistency - Coordinate and subordinate points in the outline should be represented by a consistent system of numbers and letters 3. Adequacy - If any point has sub-points under it, there must be at least two 4. Uniformity - Each symbol in a sentence outline should introduce a complete sentence. Each symbol in a word or phrase outline should introduce a word or phrase 5. Parallelism - Coordinate points through-out the outline should have parallel grammatical construction

Functions of Outlining

1. Test Scope of Content 2. Tests the logical Relation of Parts 3. Tests relevance of Supporting Ideas 4. Checks Balance of Speech 5. Serves as Delivery Notes

Stages of Outlining

1. There is no right way of organizing all speeches on particular topic. 2. The early stages of organizing and outlining a speech are filled with uncertainty 3. Don't be afraid to experiment

Formal Outline

A complete sentence outline written in sufficient detail that person other than the speaker could understand it

Circular Conclusion

A conclusion that repeats or refers to material used in the attention -getting step of the introduction

Audience Profile

A descriptive sketch of listener's characteristics values beliefs and attitudes and or actions

Speech of Presentation Guidelines

A speech conferring an award, a prize, or some other recognition on an individual or group 1. State the purpose of the award or recognition 2. Focus your speech on the achievements for which the award is being made 3. Organize a speech of presentation primarily according to whether your listeners know the mane of the recipient in advance 4. Compliment all finalist in the award

Speech of Tribute Guidelines

A speech honoring a person, group or event

Eulogy

A speech of tribute praising the person after they have died

Acceptance Speech Guidelines

A speech responding to a speech of presentation by acknowledging an award, tribute, or recognition 1. Thank the person or organization bestowing the award 2. Compliment your peers as a group rather 3. Thank those who helped you achieve the honor 4. Accept your award graciously

Transitions

A statement the connects parts of the speech and indicates the nature of their connection

Working Outline

An informal, initial outline recording a speaker's process of narrowing, focusing, and balancing a topic.

Complete Sentence Outline

An outline in which all numbers and letters introduce complete sentences

Key Word or Phrase Outline

An outline in which all numbers and letters introduce words or groups of words

Summary

At the end of a key idea reinforces the gist of that idea by drawing attention to the main point discussed within that key idea

Psychographics

Characteristics of the audience such as values, beliefs, and attitudes which influence behaviors 1. Values 2. Beliefs 3. Attitudes 4. Behaviors 1. Use your powers to observe and deduction you can make an educated guess about people in these areas 2. Conduct interviews or administer questionnaires formal or informal

Demographics

Characteristics of the audience, such as age, ethnicity, education, religion, economics status and group membership 1. Age 2. Sex 3. Ethnicity 4. Education 5. Religion 6. Economic Status 7. Group Members

Coordinate Ideas

Ideas that have equal value in a speech

Subordinate Ideas

Ideas that support more general or more important points in a speech

Speech of Introduction Guidelines

Keep your focus on the person being introduced, Be brief, Establish the speaker's credibility on the topic ,Create realistic expectations, Establish a tone consistent with the speaker's presentation

Audience Disposition

Listeners feeling of like and dislike or neutrality toward a speaker the speaker's topic or the occasion for a speech

Captive Audience

Listeners or onlookers who have no choice but to attend.

Levels of Influence (Values, Beliefs, Attitudes, Behaviors)

Persuasive Speech

Maslow's Hierarchy

Self Actualization needs Esteem Needs Belonging and love needs Physiological Needs

Ethnocentrism

The belief in the superiority of one's own culture. This should be avoided in speech writing and delivery.

Analyze Speaking Situations

The greater your seeking ability the greater your ability of credibility 1. Size of the audience 2. Occasion Physical environment 3. Time

Audience Targeting

The strategy of directing a speech primarily toward one or more portions of the entire audience

Audience Segmentation

The strategy of dividing an audience into various subgroups based on their demographic and psychographic profiles

Visual Brainstorming

Uses free association around a key word or idea to revel possible topic areas or clusters of subtopics for speeches

Recognizing & Acting On Audience Feedback

Whether verbal or non verbal feedback. Speakers who are attuned to their audience will try to discover and cultivate interest their listeners already have as well as challenge them with new useful topics.

Analyzing Audience Before Speech

You will be able to determine over time who you classmates are based on the time you are with them.

Voluntary Audience

a group of people who may stay or go when confronted with a speaker