Public Speaking

Public Speaking nugget and truth to meditate on:

"YOU NEVER LOOK AS NERVOUS AS YOU FEEL"

FEEDBACK

(External: verbal & nonverbal responses FROM OTHERS- positive or negative) & (Internal: response FROM SELF- positive or negative) (Feedback wants behavior to continue or to stop.)

effectively manage Demographic characteristics and meet the needs of your audience you should:

1 ) Keep in mind the PRIMARY REASON or the PURPOSE the audience is gathered together 2 ) The demographic characteristics the audience have in COMMON or their .COMMON BONDS

List of Demographic Characteristics:

1 ) Socio-economic level 2 ) Age 3 ) Gender 4 ) Group affiliation 5 ) Education 6 ) Religion 7 ) Family status 8 ) Occupation 9 ) Region 10) Culture 11) Ethnicity 12) Race 13) Sexual orientation

Two basic questions you should consider before beginning your speech:

1) What VALUE, connection, or interest does my purpose/topic have for the audience? What NEEDS do they meet? 2) Why would the audience consider me, the speaker, a CREDIBLE SOURCE on this purpose/topic?

"Canons (laws) of rhetoric"

1. invention (creating content, purpose of speech), 2. disposition (organization and logic of arguments), 3. style (choosing the right level and quality of vocabulary), 4. memory (actually, memorizing famous speeches to learn good public speaking technique), 5. delivery (nonverbal communication, ex. eye-contact, tone of voice, pause).

Things to avoid regarding specific purpose statement:

A ) Avoid being too BROAD B ) Avoid being too NARROWLY FOCUSED that your topic only relates to people who have a great passion for the topic that it excludes a majority of your audience. C ) Avoid not matching the communication verb of the specific purpose statement to the content part of the statement. D ) Avoid in the content part of the specific purpose statement of using the word "AND" or combining (2) goals.

Things to keep in mind or to avoid regarding the central idea statement:

A ) The specific purpose and central idea statements are not the same thing, although they are related. B ) The central idea statement should be clear and not complicated or wordy; it should "stand out" to the audience. As you practice delivery, you should emphasize it with your voice. C ) The central idea statement should not be the first thing you say, but should follow the steps of a good introduction: 1. getting the audience's attention, 2. revealing the topic, 3. revealing the central idea and main points, 4. establishing your credibility, and 5. establishing rapport with your audience.

EFFECT

A communication outcome that can be: Physical, Emotional, and/or Cognitive (ex. receiving understanding or becoming more confused)

"ALL OR NOTHING" THINKING

A mindset that if your speech falls short of "perfection" then you are a failure as a public speaker

PHYSICAL PREPARATION

ADEQUATE SLEEP & REST. Secondly, you would be better off eating something that is PROTEIN-BASED rather than processed sugar-based before speaking. Wear CLOTHES that you know you LOOK GOOD in and are COMFORTABLE but also MEET THE CONTEXT'S REQUIREMENTS Utilize some STRETCHING or RELAXATION TECHNIQUES that will loosen your limbs or throat.

Specific Purpose Statement

An infinitive phrase that builds upon the speaker's general purpose to clearly indicate precisely what the goal of a given speech is. Simply put, the specific purpose statement is the "SPECIFIC GOAL OF THE SPEECH."

Demographic Characteristics

Describe the OUTWARD CHARACTERISTICS of the audience.

Audience Analysis

Examining and looking at your audience first by its demographic (outward) characteristics and then by their internal psychological traits

NOISE

External (Physical: environmental: visual, audio, and/or odorous distractions); Physiological: having to do with the body (ex. feeling sick or experiencing some pain) Internal (Psychological: mental & emotional state of the communicators Semantic (how certain words affect the feelings of the communicators) Noise affects the sending & the receiving of messages!

GLOSSOPHOBIA

Fear of public speaking (fear may arise in situations such as responding to a professor in class, participating in a job interview, or having to interact with a stranger)

Stereotyping

GENERALIZING about a group of people and ASSUMING that because a FEW PEOPLE IN THAT GROUP HAVE A CHARACTERISTIC, ALL OF THEM DO.

CONTEXTUAL PREPARATION

Gather as many details as you can about the venue where you will be speaking beforehand. The best advice for contextual preparation is to be on time, even early)

Homogeneous

Group of people that are very similar in many characteristics

The speaker must make the content:

IMPORTANT, MEANINGFUL, & APPLICABLE to the audience.

PEOPLE

Involves Senders encode (transmit messages) & Receivers decode (interpret messages)

The major value with demographic characteristics for the speaker is

Knowing how to RELATE WITH HIS OR HER AUDIENCE

Heterogeneous

Mixture of different types of people and demographic characteristics within a group of people

PUBLIC SPEAKING

Organized, face-to-face, prepared, intentional (purposeful) attempt to persuade, inform, or entertain a group of people (usually five or more) through words, physical delivery, and through visual or audio aids

ALL human communication is a process composed of certain necessary elements which comprise of the following:

PEOPLE, MESSAGES, CHANNELS, NOISE, CONTEXT, FEEDBACK, and EFFECT

CHANNELS

Pathway or means used to send messages (ex.face-to-face; email; telephone; text messaging; mass media; social media etc). Messages are received through sensory data(ex. 5 senses: sight; hearing; smell; taste; & touch)

Hearing

Physical process in which sound waves hit the ear drums and send a message to the brain (PICKS UP SOUND)

There are two ways to think of demographic characteristics:

Positively = learning what motivates and interests your audience. Negatively = learning what subjects to avoid with your audience

The speaker must:

RESPECT THE AUDIENCE & the audience SHOULD TRUST THE SPEAKER.

Contextual Factors of Audience Analysis:

Refers to PLACE & TIME. Questions to consider: *How much time do I have for the presentation? *What time of the day is the presentation? *Why is the audience gathered?

Marcus Cicero (106-43 B.C. E.)

Renowned politician, orator, and advocate of rhetoric in the late Roman Republic. For centuries he was considered the role model for aspiring public speakers. He discussed the process of public speaking in a unique way, proposing that a speaker go through the "canons (laws) of rhetoric" to create a speech

The point of your central idea statement in terms of your audience is:

Reveal and clarify the ideas or assertions you will be addressing in your speech, more commonly known as your main points, to fulfill your specific purpose

The main purpose of the demographic characteristics is

SHAPE YOUR SPEECH TO ADAPT TO YOUR AUDIENCE.

CONTEXT

Setting or environment (Social; Historical; Physical; Psychological; & Cultural)

Communication

Sharing meaning between two or more people

The formula for putting your specific purpose statement together is:

Specific Communication Word (in infinitive phrase) (to inform, to explain, to demonstrate, to describe, to define, to persuade, to convince, to prove, to argue) Target Audience (my classmates, the members of the Social Work Club, my coworkers) The Content (how to bake brownies, that Macs are better than PCs)

Totalizing

Taking ONE CHARACTERISTIC of a group or a person and making that the totality or sum total of what that person or group is

General Purpose

The broad, overall goal of a speech; to inform, to persuade, to entertain, etc

Key Point

The speaker must understand the listening process and make listening easier for the audience

MENTAL PREPARATION

To mentally prepare, you want to put your focus where it belongs, on the AUDIENCE and the MESSAGE. Mindfulness and full attention to the task are vital to successful public speaking

The speaker can make listening easier for the audience by using Planned Redundancy:

Use of a clear central idea statement, preview of the main points, connective statements, and overall summary in the conclusion to reinforce the main ideas or points of a speech; the deliberate repeating of structural aspects of speech

MESSAGES

Verbal (with words) and/or nonverbal (without words)

Three (3) elements to guide you in formulating your specific purpose state are:

YOU (what you know & are passionate about); AUDIENCE (what you know about the audience & how does your interests and passions bring value to the audience) and CONTEXT (time, place and reason for the event and the audience being there)

ATTITUDES

a stable positive or negative response to a person, idea, object, or policy

Central Idea Statement

a statement that contains or summarizes a speech's main points.

Listening

active process where you are specifically making an effort to understand, process, and retain information (PICKS UP DETAILS)

FORTUNE TELLING

anticipate that things will turn out badly, no matter how much practice or rehearsal is done

OVERGENERALIZATION

believing one failed speech means all future speeches will be a failure

VALUES

goals we strive for and what we consider important and desirable

NEEDS

important deficiencies that we are motivated to fulfil

Comprehensive Listening

listening focused on understanding and remembering important information from a public speaking message

Empathetic Listening

listening for understanding the feelings and motivations of another person, usually with the goal of helping the person deal with a personal problem.

Critical Listening

listening to evaluate the validity of the arguments and information and deciding whether the speaker is persuasive and whether the message should be accepted.

BELIEFS

statements we hold to be true Therefore, beliefs are hard to change—not impossible, just difficult.

Psychographic Characteristics

the INNER CHARACTERISTICS of the audience; beliefs, attitudes, needs, and values

stability

the longer we hold them, the more stable or entrenched they are

centrality

they are in the middle of our identity, self-concept, or "who we are"

Appreciative Listening

type of informed listening needed to listen to and interpret music, theatre, or literature

strength

we have a great deal of intellectual or experiential support for the belief or we engage in activities that strengthen the beliefs

saliency

we think about them a great deal