Public Speaking Chapter 8

the first kind of supporting material:

examples

statistics:

-an effective way to support a speaker's idea -they can be easily manipulated and distorted

testimony:

-can be highly effective when used in a speech -can be presented by quoting or by paraphrasing

how should speakers evaluate their statistics?

-speakers need to make sure their statistics are representative of what they claim to measure -speakers need to understand the differences among basic statistical measures such as the mean, the median, and the mode -speakers need to determine whether their statistics come from reliable sources

tips for using examples effectively:

1. a speaker should use examples to clarify ideas 2. a speaker should use examples to reinforce ideas 3. a speaker should use examples to personalize ideas 4. a speaker should use extended examples that are vivid and richly textured 5. a speaker should practice delivery to enhance the impact of extended examples

tips for using testimony effectively:

1. speakers should quote or paraphrase accurately 2. speakers should use testimony from qualified sources 3. speakers should use testimony from unbiased sources 4. speakers should identify the people being quoted or paraphrased

tips for using statistics effectively:

1. statistics should be used to quantify ideas 2. statistics should be used sparingly 3. the source of statistics should be identified in the speech 4. statistics should be explained and made meaningful to the audience 5. complicated statistics should be rounded off 6. statistical trends should be clarified with visual aids

the format of oral citations:

1. the content of an oral citation depends on the topic, the audience, the speaker's claim, and the kind of supporting material being used 2. most citations will include some combination of the document title, the author or sponsoring organization, the author's qualifications, and the date on which the document was published

examples in a speech is a...

an excellent way to get an audience involved with a speech

three types of examples:

brief, extended, and hypothetical

peer testimony:

comes from ordinary people who have firsthand experience with a topic

expert testimony:

comes from people who are acknowledged authorities in their fields

hypothetical examples:

describe an imaginary situation

two kinds of testimony:

expert testimony and peer testimony

extended examples:

longer and more detailed than brief examples

speakers need to identify _________ the sources of their supporting materials

orally

a speech composed of unsupported assertions may leave an audience...

skeptical and unconvinced

the second kind of supporting material:

statistics

what do speeches need to bolster the speaker's point of view?

strong supporting materials

the third basic kind of supporting material:

testimony