Public Speaking : Final Exam Review

What 3 questions relate to generalizations?

"What do you mean?" "Why should I believe you?" "So what?"

Which one is the most dangerous?

#3. Making sure you do not quote out of context

What are the guidelines for informative speeches?

- Don't overestimate what the audience already knows - Relate the subject directly to the audience - Don't be too technical - Avoid abstractions - Personalize your ideas - Be creative

What are the guidelines for a speaking outline?

- Follow the visual framework used on preparation outline - Make sure the outline is legible - Keep the outline as brief as possible - Give yourself cues for delivering the speech

What are tips for main points?

- Keep main points separate - Try to use the same pattern of wording for main points - Balance the amount of time devoted to main points

What are the guidelines?

- State the specific purpose of your speech - Identify the central idea - Label the introduction, body, and conclusion - Use consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation - State main points and sub points in full sentences - Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews - Attach a bibliography - Give your speech a title

What ways are suggested to generate an emotional appeal?

- Use emotional language - Develop vivid examples - Speak with sincerity and conviction

What methods are suggested to gain attention?

-Relate the topic -State the importance -Startle the audience -Arouse curiosity -Question the audience -Begin with a quote -Tell a story -Use visual aids

What are the five steps for Monroe's motivated sequence?

1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action

What are the four ways that an audience can be persuaded by a speaker?

1. Because they perceive the speaker as having high credibility 2. Because they are won over by the speaker's evidence 3. Because they are convinced by the speaker's reasoning 4. Because their emotions are touched by the speaker's ideas or language

What are three kinds of supporting materials?

1. Examples 2. Statistics 3. Testimony

What are the four objectives of an introduction?

1. Get the attention and interest of your audience 2. Reveal the topic of your speech 3. Establish your credibility and goodwill 4. Preview the body of the speech

What recommendations are suggested for ending the speech?

1. Identify the fundamental elements of the communication process. 2. Conclude with a bang, be creative 3. Don't be long winded, Identify the fundamental elements of the communication process. 4. Don't leave your conclusion to chance, practice it so it reads/speaks smoothly.

What are the three basic parts of a speech?

1. Introduction 2. Body 3. Conclusion

What are the three guidelines for accurate quotes?

1. Making sure you don't misquote someone 2. Making sure you do not violate the meaning of statements you paraphrase 3. Making sure you do not quote out of context

What are the three basic issues when discussing a question of policy?

1. Need 2. Plan 3. Practicality

What are the three major kinds of persuasive speeches?

1. Persuasive speeches based on fact 2. Persuasive speeches based on value 3. Persuasive speeches based on questions on policy

What are the four special patterns for policy speeches?

1. Problem-solution order 2. Problem-cause-solution order 3. Comparative advantages order 4. Monroe's motivated sequence

What tips are suggested for using testimony?

1. Quote and paraphrase accurately 2. Use testimony from qualified sources 3. Use testimony from unbiased sources 4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase

What are the two major functions of the conclusion?

1. To let the audience know you are ending the speech 2. To reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea

What are tips for using examples?

1. Use examples to personalize your ideas 2. Reinforce examples with statistics or testimony 3. Make your examples vivid and richly textured 4. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

What are the tips for using statistics?

1. Use statistics strategically 2. Identify the sources of your statistics 3. Explain your statistics 4. Round off complicated statistics 5. Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

What three things determine the order of main points?

1. your topic 2. your purpose 3. your audience

What is a crescendo ending?

A conclusion in which a speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

Dissolve ending?

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

What is a speaking outline?

A condensed version of your preparation outline, it is meant to help you remember what you want to say

Hasty generalization

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

False cause

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

What is a speech to gain passive agreement?

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

Speech to gain immediate action?

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

How is informative speech defined?

A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

What is a comparison?

A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

What is a description?

A statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness

How is bibliography defined?

A way of citing your sources either MLA or APA

What is a fallacy?

An error in reasoning

What is the preparation outline?

An outline that helps you prepare for your speech

Define Internal Summaries

Are the reverse of internal previews, instead they remind listeners of what they just heard

Define Signposts

Are very brief statements that indicate exactly where you are in a speech

Define Transitions

Are words or phrases that indicate when a speaker has just completed one thought and is moving on to another

Which pattern is used if the audience already agrees that a problem exists?

Comparative advantages order

What two factors contribute to credibility?

Competence & Character

What is ethos?

Credibility

How does credibility differ from goodwill?

Credibility is the audience's opinion on if the speaker is qualified to speak. Goodwill is if the speaker has the audience's best interest in mind.

What is pathos?

Emotional appeal

What is the difference between expert and peer testimony?

Expert testimony comes from people who are experts in their field and peer testimony comes from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on another topic.

What methods can you use to enhance your credibility?

Explain your competence Establish common ground Deliver your speech fluently, expressively, and with conviction

What is the goal of each objective?

Get attention & interest : relate the topic, state the importance, attention tactics Reveal topic : to be clear on what you are giving a speech about Establish credibility & goodwill : you want your audience to feel you are credible/knowledgeable on your topic Preview the body : introducing main points to be clear on your topic

Does it advocate a cause?

I want to say no as it is simply mean to inform

What is the standard format for oral source citations?

Identify the following : - The book, magazine, newspaper, or web document you are citing - The author or sponsoring organization of the document - The author's qualifications with regard to the topic - The date on which the document was published, posted or updated

What are the value judgments?

Identify the fundamental elements of the communication process

What are the three types of credibility?

Initial credibility Derived credibility Terminal credibility

Which one lets listeners know what is coming up next?

Internal Previews

Which one lets listeners know what they just heard?

Internal Summaries

What three criteria are used to judge it?

Is the information communicated accurately? Is the information communicated clearly? Is the information made meaningful and interesting to the audience?

Define Internal Previews

Let the audience know what the speaker will take up next, more detailed than transitions

What is logos?

Logical appeal of the speaker, two major elements are evidence and reasoning

Which pattern is tailor-made for immediate action?

Monroe's motivated sequence

What is the objective for each step?

Need - show what the need is for the serious problem Plan - explain your plan for solving the problem Practicality - show that it will work, will it solve the problem? Or will it create more problems?

How many points should classroom speeches contain?

No more than 4-5 main points

Do numbers lie?

No, according to Darrell Huff numbers don't lie, but they can be easily manipulated or distorted.

Should a speech include as many numbers as possible?

No, it should include a few important ones to draw attention of the audience

How do we define statistics?

Numerical data

What is the difference between a partisan and nonpartisan perspective?

Partisan : Identify the fundamental elements of the communication process. Non-Partisan : Identify the fundamental elements of the communication process.

What is considered to be the most complex and challenging speech?

Persuasive speeches

Less important ideas?

Progressively farther to the right (sub-points)

How do we define testimony?

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

How does paraphrasing differ from quoting?

Quoting is word for word verbatim to get a point across by using someone else's words. Paraphrasing is taking someone else's words and putting them into your own to be short and concise.

What is reasoning from specific instances and reasoning from principle?

Reasoning from specific instances : reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion Reasoning from principle : reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

What is analogical reasoning?

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers what is true for the first case is also true for the second

What is causal reasoning?

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between cause and effects

Know the four ways to classify informative speeches.

Speeches about objects Speeches about processes Speeches about events Speeches about concepts

Which part is the longest?

The body

Which part is the most important?

The body

What are the main points?

The major points developed in the body of a speech

What is the mental dialogue with the audience?

The mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

In terms of the visual framework, where are the most important points located?

The most important details are located farthest to the left (main points)

What is the target audience?

The portion of a whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

How is persuasion defined?

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

What is the most common organizational pattern for questions of value?

Topical organization

Should we use exact numbers in a speech or round them off?

Unless there is an important reason to provide an exact number, you should round off most statistics.

What tips are recommended for using evidence?

Use specific evidence Use novel evidence Use evidence from credible sources Make a clear point of your evidence

Define Connectives

Words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate the relationship between them

Appeal to novelty

a fallacy that assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

Appeal to tradition

a fallacy that assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

Ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Either or

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Red Herring

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Bandwagon

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

Slippery Slope

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Organizational point : Problem-solution

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

Organizational point : Topical

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

Organizational point : Spatial

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

Organizational point : Chronological

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

Organizational point : Causal

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause and effect relationship

Brief Example

a specific case referred to passing to illustrate a point

Extended Example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

Invalid analogy

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

Hypothetical Example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation