PUBLIC SPEAKING FINAL REVIEW

Types of Plagiarism

Global plagiarism, Patchwork plagiarism, Incremental plagiariam, Internet

Chart

-A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form -Font: A complete set of type of the same design

What Statistics Answer

-Are the statistics representative? -Are statistical measures used correctly? (Mean- Average. Median- Middle figure. Mode- Number that occurs the most.) -Are the statistics from reliable source? -Use Statistics to quantify your ideas? -Used sparingly? -Round off complicated statistics -Use visual aids for trends

Steps of Monroe's Motivated Sequence

-Attention: First, you gain the attention of your audience by: relating to the audience, showing the importance of the topic, making a startling statement, arousing curiosity or suspense, posing a question, telling a dramatic story or using visual aids. -Need: Next, you make the audience feel a need for change. You show there is a serious problem with the existing situation. It is important to state the need clearly and to illustrate it with strong supporting materials. By the end of this step, listeners should be so concerned about the problem that they are psychologically primed to hear your solution. -Satisfaction: Once a sense of need is opened, you satisfy it by providing a solution to the problem. You present your plan and show how it will work. Be sure to offer enough details about the plan to give listeners a clear understanding of it. -Visualization: Having given your plan, you intensify desire for it by visualizing its benefits. The key to this step is using vivid imagery to show your listeners how they will profit from your policy. Make them see how much better conditions will be once your plan is adopted. -Action: Once the audience is convinced that your policy is beneficial, you are ready to call for action. Say exactly what you want the audience to do-and how to do it. Then conclude with a final stirring appeal that reinforces their commitment to act.

Types of Reasoning

-Causal Reasoning: Reasoning that tries to establish the relationship between causes and effects. -Analogical Reasoning: Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. -Deductive Reasoning: Starts out with a generalization that follows a process to reach a specific logical conclusion.

Factors of Credibility

-Competence: How an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject. -Character: How an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.

Quoting

-Direct quotation: Testimony is presented word from word. -Example: "Writing in Audubon magazine, Dr. Peter Bourne, president of Global Water, a nonpartisan educational group in Washington, D.C., said most Americans do not yet realize the extent and urgency of the water problem. At the present rate, he says, we are headed for a crisis that will change the way we live in every part of the nation."

Types of Leadership

-Implied Leader: A group member to whom other members defer because of his or her rank, expertise, or other quality -Emergent Leader: A group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations -Designated Leader: A person elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed

Types of Credibility

-Initial Credibility: The credibility of the speaker before she or he starts to speak. -Derived Credibility: The credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself. -Terminal Credibility: The credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech.

Types of Visual Aids

-Objects and models -Bringing the object of your speech to class can be an excellent way to clarify your ideas and give them dramatic impact

Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids

-Prepare visual aids in advance -Keep visual aids simple -Make sure visual aids are large enough -Use little amount of text -Use fonts effectively -Use color effectively -Use images strategically

Speech Outline

A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

Preparation Outline

A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

Pie Graphs

A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns

Line Graphs

A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space

Bar Graphs

A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

Bibliography

A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech

Problem-Cause

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Problem-Solution

A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Question of Fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

Question of Value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

Question of Policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Graphs

A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns

Maintenance Needs

Communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group -Ex: How well members get along with one another

Brief Examples

Also called specific instances-may be referred to in passing to illustrate a point. -Example: "Changes in technology have made it possible for doctors to work wonders that once seemed impossible. Roger Charter, for example, lost both his feet when they were crushed in a truck accident. Now he has new feet—made of a springy plastic alloy that duplicates a normal arch. Not only can Roger walk normally, but he can run and play sports again."

Functions of Leadership

An effective leader helps the group reach its goals by fulfilling three overlapping sets of needs-procedural needs, task needs, and maintenance needs

Red Herring

An introduction to an irrelevant issue in order to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

Bandwagon

Because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Types of examples

Brief examples, Extended examples, Hypothetical examples, and Statistics

Video

Despite advantages, adding video to a speech can cause more harm than good if it is not done carefully. Make sure the clip is not too long. While a 30-second video can illustrate your ideas in a memorable way, anything much longer will distract attention from the speech itself.

Delivery Cues

Directions in speaking outline to a speaker remember how he or she wants to deliver key parts of a speech

Pathos

Emotional appeals are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent or the like.

Logos

Evidence is used as the logical appeal of a speaker

Types of Testimony

Expert testimony, Peer testimony, and Quoting vs. Testimony

Plagiarism and the Internet

If you do not cite internet sources, than you are guilty of plagiarism and do not copy and paste material into speeches. -Make detailed notes: Title of internet document, Author or organization responsible for the document, Date of which document last updated, Date on which you accessed the site & Speech bibliography

Ad Hominem

Latin for "against the man," refers to the fallacy of attacking the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

Patchwork Plagiarism

Occurs when a speaker pilfers from two or three sources

Incremental Plagiarism

Occurs when the speaker fails to give credit for particular parts increment- of the speech that are borrowed from other people. -Quotations and paraphrases

Extended Examples

Often called narratives, illustrations, or anecdotes. By telling a story vividly and dramatically, they pull in listeners into the speech. -Example: "In the history of the Olympic Games, there have been many shining stars. Among them was a European girl. With the lapse of time, her name has faded from memory, yet her unbending spirit shall never perish. It was she who highlighted the Olympic Creed. In the lead though she had been, she stumbled near the terminus and her leg was injured. Competitors passed her from behind in succession until finally only her weak and lonely figure remained on the track. Doctors came and offered to take her away. Yet she refused. With the only strength left in her, she managed to get up and shuffled feebly to the endpoint with drops of blood along her trail. But cheers broke out. Though she failed in the race, the girl won applause from people all over the world. It was she who elucidated the Olympic creed of participation. It was she who instilled perseverance in our minds."

Slippery Slope

Once the first step is taken, subsequent actions will occur that cannot be prevented.

Hypothetical Examples

One that describes an imaginary situation. Usually examples are brief stories that relate a general principle. -Example: "You're taking your psychology exam when you notice the student sitting next to you is staring at your answers. You also see his open notebook under his desk. You feel your cheeks redden as you become angry that he may get a high score by cheating while you've worked hard to earn your grade. And you feel helpless because you think telling the professor will do nothing. But now imagine that you attend a school with an honors system. At the beginning of each exam, you sign a statement that says you will not cheat and that you accept the responsibility to report cheating. After the professor hands out the exam, she leaves the room. In this case, you have the power and the duty to report cheaters rather than feel robbed by them. Such a system has worked elsewhere and it can work at our school. Professor Donald McCabe, president of the Center for Academic Integrity, has surveyed more than 20,000 students at 70 colleges throughout the country, and his research shows that the level of cheating is significantly lower at schools with honor codes than at schools without them."

Peer Testimony

Opinions of people like ourselves; not prominent figures, but ordinary citizens who have firsthand experience on the topic. -Example: "Itzhak Perlman, the world-renowned violinist whose legs are paralyzed, once said: "When you are in a wheelchair, people don't talk to you. Perhaps they think it is contagious, or perhaps they think crippled legs mean a crippled mind. But whatever the reason, they treat you like a thing."

Types of Needs

Procedural needs, Task needs, Maintenance needs

Testimony

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

Procedural Needs

Routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business or in a small group -Ex: Deciding when and where the group will meet

Ethos

Some instructors call this factor source credibility.

Global Plagiarism

Stealing your speech entirely from another source and passing it off as your own. -Grossly unethical

Task Needs

Substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned tasks -Ex: Distributing the workload among the members

Expert Testimony

Testimony from people who are acknowledged authorities in their fields -Example: "Katherine Eban, author of a book on counterfeit medicines; Graham Jackson, editor of the International Journal of Clinical Practice; Tom Kubic, head of the Pharmaceutical Security Institute; and U.S. Representative Steve Israel of New York, who has sponsored legislation in Congress to deal with phony pharmaceuticals."

Leadership

The ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group

Ethics

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. -Questions of ethics arise whenever one is ask whether a course of action if moral or immoral, fair or unfair, just or unjust, honest or dishonest

Ethical Decision

The decisions that guide one values, conscience, your sense of right and wrong.

Hasty Generalizations

The most common fallacy is reasoning from specific instances. It occurs when a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases or on the basis of atypical cases.

Burden of Proof

The obligation facing a public speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

Visual Framework

The pattern of symbolism and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speakers ideas

Persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

Plagiarism

To present another person's ideas or language as your own- to give impression you have written or thought something yourself when you have actually taken it from someone's else.

Paraphrasing

To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one own words.

Example

Used to accomplish a goal. Vivid, concrete examples have strong impact on listeners beliefs and actions. Example make ideas specific, personal, and lively.

Statistic- Numerical data

Using statistic: Make them clear, Explain what they mean, Evaluate them.

When to Use Paraphrasing

When wording of quotation if obscure or cumbersome and when quotation is longer than 2-3 sentence