Public Speaking In American English

Metaphor

"A peaceful island in a sea of confusion, he sat quietly amid the chaos"

Signaling connectives

"first," :in addition" "also" "finally" " however"

Previews

"let's look at the three steps involved in applying for a scholarship"

Emphasizers

"this is important" "above all" "most importantly"

Summaries

"to review," "to summarize," "in conclusion"

Captive Audience

1 an audience that is in attendance because of a sense of obligation or requirement (attending traffic school); 2 an audience that is so interested in the presentation that they cant pull themselves or their attention away.

Intrapersonal

1: Private and to yourself; your own thoughts

Interpersonal

2: One-to-one; private with one other person

Group

3-15:Usually decision-making groups (school study group, small work groups)

Database

A computerized collection of related information organized for rapid search and retrieval

Co-Culture

A culture within and different from a mainstream or dominant culture

Culture

A group of people who share the same beliefs, values, norms, and behaviors across time.

Channel

A hand shaking the hand of another person; The smell of perfume; E-mail

Demographics

A list of general characteristics of a particular group of people, audience, or segment o the population

Full-text Database

A resource that offers access to entire articles online or through a database, not just a reference to where the article can be located.

Specific purpose

A single infinitive phrase that identifies the audience and specific goal of a speech

Goal of the introduction

A speaker must establish his/her credibility

Goal of the conclusion

A speaker must provide something for the audience to think about

Ethics

A system of moral principles that govern proper behavior

Demographic Audience Analysis

Age, race/ethnicity, religion, income, group

Sympathetic Audience

An audience who favorable to both the speaker and/or the topic or position of the speech

Neautural Audience

An audience who is neither favorable nor unfavorable toward the speaker and/or the topic or position of the speech

Hostile Audience

An audience who is not favorable to the speaker and/or the topic or position of the speech

Brainstorming

An idea-generating technique used by groups or individuals to develop creative solutions to a problem

Topical Pattern

An organizational pattern that divides a topic into logical and consistent subdivisions.

Supporting Material

Anything that clarifies, amplifies, proves, describes, explains, or makes a speech more interesting

Mass

Audiences larger than those immediately present; mediated: used TV, videotape, print, and computer; public communication

Style

Choosing the languege

Difficulties regarding cultural change

Classroom style and the quarter system; Separation from family and friends; Reentry shock; Social interactions; Academic Relationsihps

Ratio

Enrollment in distance-education courses among college students rose from 1/7 million in the 1997-98 school year to 3.1 million in the 2000-01 school year

Audience Analysis

Examining a potential audience to better understand their experiences and emotions in order to adapt a message to them

Hypothetical Examples

Examples that are invented by the speaker; not based in reality; Imagine that..., what if you were to..., let's say..., suppose a person....,

Managing your public speaking anxiety

Expect it; Accept it; Capitalize on it

Invention

Finding and discovering the supporting material and arguments of a speech

Forming of the speech

General subject -> Speech topic -> General purpose -> Specific purpose -> thesis statement

Co-Culture

Groups of people within a larger culture (dominant culture) who have notably different characteristics, values, beliefs, behaviors, and norms from the larger culture, while still sharing many of the characteristics, values, behaviors, and norms of the larger culture.

Definition

In other words, arrangement has to do with how you organized your speech effectively

They satisfy many goals and reinforce the key ideas

Introduction and conclusions are important to speeches because

first 4 components of the canons of rhetoric

Invention, arrangement, style, delivery (memory was added later)

OPAC

Library service that allows users to access library database remotely

Organizational

More than 15; Often mediated (bulletins, newsletters, memos, etc.); Large networks of people with common goals (a company, a school)

Statistics

Numerical values used to describe or characterize a defined grouping, population, or occurrence.

Factual Example

One such incident occurred right here on Main Street last week, when a police car chasing a suspect ran a red light, slamming into the side of a delivery van. Thankfully, no one was hurt this time.

Delivery

Presenting the speech

Peer Review

Process of analyzing and critiquing professional and academic texts. System of review used to evaluate academic and professional research and writing before it is accepted for publication

Call number

Smith, Betty. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. PS 3537. M2895. T7 2002

Visualization

Technique for managing speaking anxiety by imaging a positive outcome for a speaking situation

Communication Competence

The ability to communicate appropriately and successfully.

Integrity

The commitment to abide by high moral and ethical principles and practices

Rhetorical Conventions

The culture-specific manner in which messages are expected to be prepared and delivered in a particular context

High/Low context

The degree to which a culture derives its meanings from the situation surrounding a message is referred to as:

Rhetoric

The effective use of language in both speaking and writing: the study of persuasion and persuasive methods through speaking and writing.

Rhetorical Situation

The elements (speaker, audience, topic, purpose, and context) of a communication situation that interact and influence each other and the situation

Primacy

The first message received in a communication

Adrenaline

The hormone that is produced when a person is afraid

Keynote Speakr

The main speaker at tan event or the person who delivers the most important speech at an event (especially at a conference, convention, or political event)

Library Classification System

The manner in which a library collection is organized, allowing people to find materials quickly and easily

Rhetorical Structure

The manner in which a piece of writing or a speech is presented, developed, organized, and supported.

Etymology

The origin, history, and development of a word; EX, Hobby (noun) - a pastime or activity used for enjoyment or relaxation. Originally from "small horse" then "mock horse" and finally "toy riding horse"

Literal analogy

The parking problem on our campus is similar to what colleges in other major cities face when they have increased enrollment and more commuter students: too few parking spaces for too many cars

Terminology

The set of words and expressions used in a particular field or topic of study

Contrastive Rhetoric

The study of writing styles across cultures to identify varying rhetorical structures; originally developed as a method to teach ESL student to write effectively in English

Organizational Patterns

The systematic ways of grouping information together so that one point naturally leads or relates to the text

Hit

The web page or source retrieved that matches our search criteria when searching for information on a database or on the internet

Keywords

The words you use to find the information in a database. Keywords are usually drawn from the terminology used in the field of study in question; another name for subject terms

3 General Purposes

To inform; To persuade; To entertain

False

True/False: It is always preferable to use facts and statistics instead of examples

False

True/False: MLA documentation style if always preferable to the APA style

True

True/False: Second-language learners sometimes have trouble understanding spoken words that they understand easily in written form

True

True/False: The Dewey Decimal System is the most widely used library classification system in the world, but is not the system preferred by colleges and universities

True

True/False: a speech is given for the audience

False

True/False: audience analysis is less important to topic selection than to other aspects of speech preparation and delivery

False

True/False: before creating a speaking outline, it is best to create an essay from the preparation outline

True

True/False: speaking well in public means abiding by the ethical standards of good speech preparation and presentation

True

True/False: the speaking outline can include complete quotations, statistics, and the thesis statement

Contextual Audience Analysis

What is event about? Is it part of a larger series of events? How big will the audience be? what date, day, and time,will the vent take place? Am I the only speaker or the keynote speaker? Where will it be held?

the idea that what audiences hear first and last has more impact than what they hearing the middle of a speech

What is the primacy and recency effect?

Hyperventilating

When a person breathes in and out repeatedly and very quickly. This can be dangerous and cause fainting.

True

When given a test to measure an individual's placement on the various cultural patterns developed by Hofstede, most people will score very similarly to their birth country's score.

b

Which of the following is a primary source; a. an article in a national newspaper about an event b. an interview with a survivor of a major disaster c. a textbook description of a historical event d. a lecture from a world-renowned historian

Annotation

a brief summary, note, comment, or explanation about a text; EX; this article reviews the current state of blood supplies in the United States, with particular attention given to the areas of greatest need

The canons of rhetoric

a treatise on the various components of rhetoric

Listening

actively paying attention or attending to the sounds around you

Demographic Characteristics

age, religion, group membership, income

Best expert for "legalizing medical marijuana?"

an oncologist a doctor specializing in the treatment of cancer

Chronological Pattern

an organizational pattern that follows time or sequence order

Problem-solution pattern

an organizational pattern that has two main points: one that identifies a problem and one that identifies a problem and one that infidelities a way to solve the problem

Casual Pattern

an organizational pattern that has two main points; one that identifies the cause of a problem and one that identifies the effect of a problem

Dispositional audience analaysis

analysis of audience's attitude to the speaker/ topic, position of the speech

Arrangement

arranging your arguments and ideas

Thesis statemets

contains a single idea that is divided into main points; be consistent with the specific purpose statement and main points of the body; be written as a full sentence, not a fragment; be written as a declarative sentence, not a question; be specific, not vague

Factual Examples

examples taken from actual events, people, or things; based in reality; you might remember when..., last week I had a similar experience..., this actually happened to my mother

Rhetorical Conventions

he culture-specific manner in which messages are expected to be prepared and delivered in a particular context

Benefiting Personally

if you are trying to persuade audience members to buy magazine subscriptions, you need to tell them that you will earn commission or prizes for selling the subscriptions otherwise you are

Memory

means for remembering a presentation without the use of notes

Nonverbal Communicatoin

messages sent without the use of words, whether spoken, written, or expressed in sign language.

Laypeople

not expert

Extended examples

offer greater detail and support a lager point; this is a sharpie that I have been using since I was in my 6th grade.

Hearing

passive, physiological process of receiving sound waves.

Atlases

provide maps, pictures, facts, and tables that illustrate geographic locations

Brief Examples

relatively short examples designed to clarify a small point or single word; This is a pen

Examples

specific references or stories that illustrate and clarify a point, idea, theory, skill, or opinion.

Quotations

testemony

Tally

the act of counting; reciting numbers in ascending order; "the counting continued for several hours; EX: four out of five students surveyed that they receive some sort of financial assistance from their familites

Subdivide

the breaking down of an idea, item, or object into smaller parts

Power distance

the degree to which individuals in a culture accept unequal power

Rhetorical Situation

the elements (speaker, audience, topic, purpose, and context) a communication that interact and influence each other and the communication

Communication apprehension

the fear or anxiety associated with communicating with another person or persons.

Receiver apprehension

the fear or anxiety related to real or imagined listening situation

Fight versus flight

the fear or anxiety related to real or imagined speaking situation

subdivision

the individual parts of a larger item that, when combined with the other individual parts, make up the whole

Recency

the last, or most recently, received message in a communication

General Purpose

the overriding goal of the speech expressed in the infinitive verb form that guides the development of the topic.

Plagiarize

to steal and and pass off the ideas or words of another at one's own; use a created production without crediting the source... present as new and original idea or product derived from an existing source