Public Speaking Test

claim

"More than two-thirds of adult Americans are overweight or obese" is which element of an argument

people and other living creatures

"the many faces of Madonna." is an example of an informative speech about...

testimony

According to your textbook which of the following types of supporting materials most likely enhances the speaker's credibility? testimony, narratives, examples, definitions, storytelling

main points

After Jaclyn brainstormed for ideas associated with her topic, she identified themes and then grouped those themes by category. The categories will now become the basis for ... of Jaclyn's speech.

Demographics

Alex's audience questionnaire was designed to gain information about her audience's age, sex, race, education level, income level, and religious affliation. This type of data is called...

empathic

Anna's roommate has gotten a "break-up text message" from her slime-ball significant other. According to your textbook, Anna is engaging in ---- listening.

brainstorming

Brittany checked the headlines of her local paper and looked through current magazines to come up with ideas for her speech topic. This is part of a process called...

to inform

Brittany's topic of her speech is venomous snakes in Alabama. Her specific purpose is to identify venomous snakes in Alabama so her general purpose of her speech is ...

relabeling

Caroline decided instead instead of being fearful and apprehensive about her upcoming speech, she would try to be excited and look forward to it. This behavior is called....

spatial

Chase's informative speech on Italian restaurants in town has three main points. Look them over and select the type of organizational patter that best fits this structure: I. Restaurants on the east side of town. II. Restaurants in the downtown area III. Restaurants on the west side of town

Internal noise

Cory's headache from partying the night before was causing him to have trouble concentrating on Jesse's speech. This type of distraction is called...

particular key words

DeAngelo Benton wants to use his computer to research his speech topic. To do so, he will need to develop ... to properly guide the search engines he will use.

ordering (sign-post)

Emory Blake said, "First, I will talk to you about the awesome Umbria Jazz Festival in Austin, Texas, my hometown." This type of transition is called ...

Reasoning from Specific instances

If Lilli's argument included three diseases that are caused by drinking too much alcohol, she would be using...

ad hominem

In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."

anxious

Issac could not get a sense of how his audience was responding to his speech. This generally made him feel...

invitation to imagine

John states in his speech,"Seventeen million children in the United States experience hunger each day. How do you suppose it feels to go to bed hungry? What language technique is John using to spark his audience's imagination?

narrative format

Joni's speech, a tribute to one of her favorite nieces, included several stories. This type of format is called...

thesis statement

Leonardo da Vinci accomplished great things as a painter, inventor, and astronomer. This is an example of a ....

Connotative

Lexus looks up a definition of a word in her dictionary for her persuasive speech on the importance of gymnastics in young people's lives. The type of definition she will find there is ...

leading

One of the questions Stan White asked during his interview with Coach Chizik was, "Wouldn't you agree that Emory Blake is arguably one of the best wide receivers in the country right now? According to your textbook, this is an example of what type of question?

digital divide

Rudy has been asked to speak in an underdeveloped country. He must be aware of the lack of technology as he is preparing for his presentation. This lack of equitable technology distribution is called the ...

the elements of public speaking

Speaker, Message (speech), channel (how message gets out), audience (recipient of messages), noise (interface, messes with message), distracted (internal = other thoughts, external = chit chat, rooms cold/hot, etc), feedback (the speaker knows how audience is reacting), Context (physical setting, occasion), environment (surroundings)

chronological

T-Bell arranged his main points of his informative speech in a time sequence so he used a ... pattern of organization.

Ethnocentrism

When Ian thinks to himself, "How can Drew possibly believe in that?" he is experiencing ...

phrasing her thesis

When Jessie asks herself, "What is the central idea i want my audience to get from my speech?" She is beginning the process of audience to get from my speech?" she is beginning the process of...

impromptu

When students talk in class during a discussion, this is an example of ... delivery.

Values

When you judge something as good or bad, right or wrong, or attractive or unattractive, you are expressing your...

the speaker's appearance

Which of the following was not listed as a source of uncertainty causing speech anxiety? the speakers role, the speaker's appearance, how others will evaluate you, technology.

brainstorming

a free form way of generating ideas without evaluating them

Clustering

a grouping of a number of similar things

Qualifier

a guideline for phrasing claims words such as probably, likely, often and usually. it makes your claims more reasonable to the audience

hedges

a qualifier, such as probably, that makes the statement ambiguous

value

a question of ... asks for a subjective evaluation of something's worth, significance, quality or condition

policy

a question of ... asks for what course of action should be taken or how a problem should be solved

Question of Value

a question that asks for a specific subjective evaluation of somethings worth, significance, quality of condition. Addresses an individual opinions and cultural beliefs rather than providing something true or false. ex. public art, school vouchers, computer generated imagery in movie, use of tanning beds.

question of policy

a question that asks what course of action should be taken or how a problem should be solved. may reflect current controversies, asks the audience to personally take a particular action or support a particular position and call for individual responses. main points may be arranged, in several ways: problem/solution, problem/cause/solution. Monroe's motivated sequence. ex. personal emergency preparedness, year-round education in K-12, corporal punishment by parents, junk food on campus

Question of Fact

a question that asks whether something is T or F, something did or did not occur, or that one event caused another. Three issues: what is observed or known, or how observations were made and whether new observations have changed what people thought of as fact. Sound credible evidence, such as facts and statistics provide the evidence. Main points arranged in a chronological, spatial, topical, or cause-and-effect pattern. Specific purpose its to persuade my audience to take some sort of action" or to persuade my audience to think a certain way. ex. world wide oil production, health rise in irrational travel, the effectiveness of vitamins

memorable message

a sentence or group of sentences included in the conclusion of a speech, designed to make the speaker's thesis unforgettable.

speech of introduction

a short speech that introduces someone to the audience

public speaking

a situation in which an individual speaks to a group of people, assuming, responsibility for speaking for a defined length of time

persuasive speaking

a speech in which the speaker attempts to reinforce, modify, or change audience member's beliefs, attitude, opinion, values, and behaviors.

informative speech

a speech that is personally meaningful and accurate

Mythos

a type of Aristotle's proof interrelated set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and feelings held by members of a particular society or culture

Ethos

a type of Aristotle's proof.. credibility. use of the audience's perception of the speaker as competent, trustworthy, dynamic and like ability to influence the audience.

Logos

a type of Aristotle's proof.. logic/analysis. use of rational appeals bases on facts and analysis

Pathos

a type of aristotle's proof: emotional appeals

the audience

according to your textbook, adapting to the setting requires you to consider all the following EXCEPT... the location, the time, the audience, the occasion

explain your connection of the problem

according to your textbook, the attention-getter for a speech to persuade should include all of the following EXCEPT: establish seriousness of the problem, explain your connection of the problem, dramatize the controversial nature of your problem, dramatize the controversial nature of your problem, intitiate the process of persuasion by presenting by presenting strong logical, cultural or emotional appeal.

cause-and-effect

action produces an particular outcome

Interaction model

actor interaction

manage your audience during your speech

adjust your speaking space as needed, involve your audience, respect the audience's time, accommodate audience members with impairments, respond calmly to rude or hostile audiences members, be prepared for a question and answer period

Fair use

allows you to use limited portions of an author's work if you credit the source of the information

Enthymemes

an argument in which the premise or conclusion is unstated

Primary effect

an audience is more likely to pay attention to and recall what speakers present at the beginning of a speech than what they present in the speech body.

Recency effect

an audience member is more likely to remember what speakers present at the end of a speech than what they present in the body.

trustworthiness

an audience's perception of a speaker as honest, ethnical, sincere, reliable, sensitive, and empathic

Dynamism

an audience's perception of a speaker's activity level during a presentation

Goodwill

an audience's perception that a speaker shows she or he has the audiences true needs, wants and interests at heart.

credibility

an audiences perception of a speakers competence, trustworthiness, dynamism, and sociability

fallacy

an error in making an argument. Faulty assertion, flawed evidence, defective reasoning, erroneous responses.

presentation outline

an outline that distills a complete-sentence outline, listing only the words and phrases that will guide the speaker through the main parts of the speech and the transitions between them. (identify key words, transfer your presentation outline to note cards)

topical

arranged by subtopics of equal importance

Interpreting

assigning meaning

working outline

assists in the initial topic development; guides research. Includes main points and possible sub-points; revised during research process.

Monroe's motivated sequence

attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, conclusion

psychographic information

audience standpoints: views of the world, audience value associated with behaviors, audience attitudes: feelings, audience beliefs: what is accepted as true

primary sources

author's original ideas or findings

Digital slides

avoid relying on text or numbers, limit the # of bullet points, limit the # of words for each bullet point, make the type point large and clean, choose transitions that fit the ton of your topic and visual material. Use no more than three slides.

toast

brief remarks celebrating the accomplishments of a guest of honor at an event

patterns for organizing a speech

chronological, spatial, topical, narrative, cause-and-effect, problem-solution, monroe's motivated sequence

definitions

clarifying or explaining. Analogies (comparisons) or functions (how it works)

Complete sentence outline

clearly identifies all the pieces of information for the speech; puts the ideas in order; forms the basis for developing the presentation outline. Uses complete sentence; lists all sections of speech and all references; revised during preparation process

Analogical reasoning

comparing two similar objects, processes, events, and suggesting what holds true for one also holds true for the other. similarities between the two provide a rationale for the conclusion.

understanding

comprehending

types of claims

conclusion, premise, enthymemes

evaluating

critical examination of the message

factors that influence delivery

culture, gender, fluency, dialect, physical impairments (mobility aids, visual impairments, hearing impairments)

divided audience

demonstrate that you recognize the legitimacy of the argument for and against the issues, establish your credibilty, establish common ground among all audience members. integrate strategies for neg and positive audiences

arbitrary

different groups of people have different words that stand for the same thing.

narrative

dramatic retelling of events in a series of short stories

why, presentation media

draw attention to your topic, illustrate an idea that cant be fully described by words alone, stimulate an emotional response, clarify a key point, support your argument with a graphical display of facts and figures

manage your body during your speech

dress for the occasion, face your audience, and make eye contact with them, display appropriate facial expressions, maintain good postures, move with purpose and spontaneity, avoid physical barriers

Monroe's motivated sequence

each step designed to gain interest and response from the audience

Code of Ethics

ethical communication in the classroom, communication climate

issues for todays public speaking

ethics (plagiarize), critical thinking, cultural awareness, using presentation software

Testimony

expert, celebrity, or lay (peer)

idioms

expression that means something other than the literal meaning

public testimony

factual information and opinions about policy issues presented to government bodies or other public institutions

Incremental Plagiarism

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

faulty assertion

fallacies in claims, false dilemma fallacy, begging the question or circular reasoning, slippery slope fallacy, ad ignoratiam or appeal to ignorance

False dilemma fallacy

fallacies in claims... either-or-fallacy. Choices are reduced to just two even though others exist. We either raise tuition or lay off teachers.

Slippery slope fallacy

fallacies in claims... one even leads to another without a logical conclusion. You make a bad grade on the first speech so it is inevitable that you will fail the rest of the speeches

Begging the question or circular reasoning

fallacies in claims... something is true because it is. our program is the best one because we rate it highly.

flawed evidence

fallacies in evidence. red herring, comparative evidence fallacy, ad populum fallacy, appeal to tradition fallacy

Red herring

fallacies in evidence.. distract with irrevelant point or evidence. we need to end competition sports here at our college. the state is in a budget crisis, and tuition is going up.

Ad populum fallacy

fallacies in evidence... appeal to popular attitude or emotions. trying to persuade an audience to go on a reduced carb diet because everyone is doing it.

appeal to tradition

fallacies in evidence... support the status quo. in-person college classes are better than online classes because City College has always taught classes that way.

Comparative evidence fallacy

fallacies in evidence...inappropriate use of statistics. Violet crimes in our city doubled from last year. Speaker omits previous years numbers which is very low.

defective reasoning

fallacies in reasoning. division fallacy, hasty generalization fallacy, post hoc fallacy or false cause fallacy, weak analogy fallacy.

post hoc fallacy

fallacies in reasoning... a misrepresentation of a causal event. The year after the new school superintendent is hired, SAT scores are higher.

Weak analogy fallacy

fallacies in reasoning... key similarities make the comparison misleading. Buying stocks is like gambling because both involved money and risk.

Division fallacy

fallacies in reasoning... parts of a whole share the same properties. the red states voted republican. Joni lives in a red state so she must have voted Republican

Hasty generalization fallacy

fallacies in reasoning... speakers draws a conclusion based on too few or inadequate examples. Claims don't represent a larger group. Two local restaurants have seen an increase in business since the stadium was built, so all restaurants have benefited.

erroneous responses

fallacies in responding. ad hominem fallacy (against the person fallacy), guilt by association fallacy, straw man fallacy, loaded word fallacy

Ad hominem

fallacies in responding. personal attack. claim is rejected because of perception of the speaker's character. the admin is an idiot, and of course came to the wrong conclusion.

Guilt by association

fallacies in responding... claim linked to an objectionable person, saying that a national health care policy is bad because Fidel Castro developed one in Cuba

Loaded word fallacy

fallacies in responding... emotionally laden words used to distract from the speaker's argument. Hunting is the senseless murder of an innocent creature.

Straw man fallacy

fallacies in responding... misrepresentaton of a claim. My opponent's position is that the police force should be abolished. (in reality, the speaker's opponent is only calling for minor budget cuts)

Ad ignorantiam

fallacy in claims...it is true because it hasn't been disproved. Angels must exist because we have no proof that they don't.

responding

feedback

summarizing/concluding

finally, in summary, in conclusion, lets review what I've discussed

Ordering

first, second, third, "signposts"

coercion

forcing someone to think at a certain way, such as brainwashing or intimidation, relies on language, image, and other means of communicating to influence

Deductive reasoning

from general to specific. relies on established formal logic. Uses syllogisms which consists of a major premise, minor premise, and a conclusion. May be valid or invalid.

Inductive reasoning

from specific to general. visualizes and personalizes the argument. Also, called reasoning by example. Asks the audience to accept a general claim based on a few cases. Provides specific, concrete evidence.

Apathetic audience

gain their attention and pique their interest, show how the topic affects them specifically. Show your audience how much you care about the topic through your energy and dynamism, take a one-sided approach to the topic, use presentation media.

examples

general, specific, hypothetical. Make ideas more concrete. Audience knows the subject.

content listening

get a message/earn something

Premise claim

gives reason to support a conclusion

chronological

history of something

20 to 30 seconds

how long do you need to keep videos to in presentations?

contrasting

however, yet, in contrast, although

roast

humourous and good-natured ridicule directed towards the guest of honor at an event

competence

if Kindria wants her audience to believe that she is qualified to speak on a certain topic, she should focus on which of the components of credibility discussed in your textbook?

presentation outline

includes key words to trigger the speaker's memory

Persuading a positive audience

incorporate engaging evidence that reinforces the audiences commitment to the topic, use vivid language and images to heighten your audiences enthusism for the topic, rely on narrative to elaborate your points when audience members are ready agree with your view, rally them to take action

slang

informal language used in a particular group

outlining your speech

introduction, body, transitions, conclusions

relabeling

involves assigning positive words or phrases to the physical reactions and feelings associated with speech anxiety

gatewatching

involves monitoring news sources to analyze and assess the information produced by those sources.

jargon

is technical language associated with a profession or subject.

pitch

is the highness and lowness of ones voice

language basics

language is arbitrary and ambigious, denotive and connotative, abstract, active, and ever changing.

spotlight effect

leads a speaker to think people observe her or him much more carefully than they actually do

question and answer period

listen carefully to the question, giving the audience member time to complete it, repeat the question if other audience members couldn't hear it, answer questions as completely as possible, if you don't know the answer to a question admit it, and offer to look up the necessary info

Empathic listening

listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

Persuading negative audience

make sure you are credible, command-ground approach to topic, help your audience visualize your topic in positive ways. prepare for your audiences negative reaction to your position, keep your persuasive objection within reason

New model of communication

mass media, info tech, personal communication (facebook), face-to-face

public communication

mayor, president, etc.

unforgettable thesis

morgan included a memorable message in the conclusion of her persuasive speech concerning prescription drugs. This was very important b/c...

organizational communication

newspapers, media, magazines

Transactional Model

noise, content, context, environment

chronological/time

now, when, while, recently, currently

Statistics

numeral data (don't use too many)

Facts

observation based on actual experience

Audience analysis

obtaining and evaluating info about your audience in order to anticipate their needs and interests and design a strategy to respond to them

Causal reasoning

one event causes another. useful for explanation and prediction. We use it to make sense of everyday occurances. Effective b/c humans are naturally inquisitive and like a sense of stability and prediction

Transitions

ordering, reinforcing, contrasting, chronological/time, causality, summarizing/concluding, internal summaries

secondary sources

other interpretations or adaptions from original sources (library sources, accessing internet resources)

Hearing

passive, physical reception of sounds

spatial

physical or geographical relationship

critical listening

political speeches

tag question

powerless language

practicing speech

practice in stages, parts, and whole, then time your speech

argument

presenting claims and supporting them with evidence

manuscript

presidental speaking

conclusion claim

primary claim or assertion

types of questions

primary, secondary, open-minded, close-ended, mutual, leading

reasoning

process used to represent the claim

supporting materials

provide the substance of your speeches the stuff that holds stuff together, illustrates, clarifies, and provides evidence of your ideas

psychographics

psychological concepts such as standpoints, values, attitudes, and beliefs

storytelling

public speaking as a life skill (developing transferable skills: becoming more confident and managing speech anxiety, become a better listener, adapt to different audiences, and building you credibilty, finding and using reliable info, organizing ideas.

remembering

putting it into short-term memory

standpoints

refers to the location or place from which an individual views, interprets, and evaluates the world.

Cicero and the fine arts

rhetoric, artistic endeavors, invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery

listening

selecting, assigning meaning to, responding to and recalling sensory stimuli is part of what process?

Transmission model

sender to receiver

Uninformed audience

show the relevancy of your topic to the audience, demonstrate your expertise on the topic and address all perspectives, use repetition and redundancy to reinforce your points, keep your persuasion subtle.

Reinforcing

similarly, also, in addition

Visual languages

similes, metaphors, parallelism, rhymes, alliteration, antithesis

symbols

something such as a word, that stands for something else, such as a person, place, thing, or idea. words are symbols that trigger meanings that people have in their minds for words

oral citations

speakers mention, or cite, the source of their info during the speech

managing your voice during your speech

speaking loud enough, very your pitch, rate, and volume; avoid vocalized pauses, articulate your words clearly and pronounce them correctly

Eulogies

speech of tribute presented as a retrospective about an individual who has died

nomination speeches

speech that demonstrates why a particular individual would be successful at something if given the chance

Speeches of tribute

speech that gives credit, respect, admiration, gratitude, or inspiration to someone who has accomplished something significant, lives in a way that deserves to be praised, or is about to embark on an adventure

types of informative speeches

speeches about objects and places, people and other living creatures, processes, events, ideas or concepts

research guidelines

start early, schedule research time, keep accurate records, take notes on each source, revise as needed

Nonexists Language

stewardess vs. flight attendant

narratives

stories, relating to your experiences. Your own, others, institutional, or cultural. Anecodote (brief ..)

thesis

summarizes your plan for achieving the specific purpose, a single descriptive sentence that captures the essence of central idea of a speech

evidence

supporting material

Presentation media

technical material resources, ranging from presentation software, flip charts, handouts, that speakers use to highlight, clarify, and complement the inform. they present orally

outline

that guides you during that initial stages of topic development helping to keep you focused on your general purpose and clarify your specific purpose

Sociability

the degree to which an audience feels a connection with the speaker.

extemporaneous

the delivery method with research and points

Conclusion

the end of the speech, in which the speakers reviews the main points, reinforces the purpose, and provides closure.

Interpersonal communication

the exchange of thoughts, feelings, and beliefs between two or more people

speech anxiety

the fear of speaking in front of people

Ethical communication

the moral aspects of speaking and listening being truthful, fair, and respectful

counter argument

the other side of your speech, the DARK SIDE of your speech

delivery

the public presentation of a speech selecting a delivery method

competence

the qualifications a speaker has to talk about a particular topic

forum

the question and answer session following a group's formal presentation

a transition word or phrase that indicates you are moving to the conclusion

the review of the main points of a speech normally follows: a transition word or phrase that indicates you are moving to the conclusion, the introduction, the attention getter, the references

language

the system of words people use to communicate with others. creates images that inform, persuade, and entertain audience members

dialect

the vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation used by a specific group of people, such as an ethnic or regional group.

Causality

therefore, so, because, for this reason

internal summaries

these are longer and remind the listener of previously presented info

attention getter

these are needed in your introduction in order to, make a good impression, create interest in her speech, encourage the audience to listen to her.

video clips

these should be short in length when used for presentation media

informative speeches

these usually include the topic's origin and main elements.

thesis

this is in your speech should be written as a single declarative statement, capture the essence of your speech, incorporate the main points you want to address.

specific purpose of informative speeches

to inform, to help my audience learn, to make my audience understand, to inform my audience

antithesis

two contradictory phrases that are organized in a parallel structure

guidelines for using language

use spoken language: engaging, personal language, keep it simple. choose meaningful words: define technical words clearly but not too many. Stay on your audiences level. balance clarity and ambiguity: clear language promotes understanding. be concise. avoid offensive and aggressive language. Build in redundancy, don't get too attached to your words: when practicing try different phrasing

thesis for informative speeches

what does my audience need to know

specific purpose

what you want to achieve in your speech

claim

what you want us to accept

mass communication

when people don't know who they are talking to, and its to a wide variety of an audience

mythos

when persuasive speakers used facts and statistics, they rely on ... to influence the audience

analogical reasoning

when using ... reasoning the two things compared must have enough similarities to make the comparison believable

the Internet

when using media credibility to improve your speech, remember that the most popular news source for Americans is ...

memorized

where you memorize your whole speech

definitions

which of the following four terms does not refer to the other? definitions, stories, anecdotes, narratives

presentation outline

which of the following outlines would be the last one you would use when preparing a speech? Working outline, final outline, presentation outline, complete-sentence outline

newspapers

which of the following print mediums contains the most current information about most topics? magazines, books, newspapers, journals

Proper dress

which of the following was NOT discussed in your textbook as an effective technique for adapting to diverse audiences? Using appropriate language, proper dress, establishing credibility, identifying commonalities

extemporaneous

which type of delivery is also referred as "structured spontaneity"?

target audience

who do you want a message to go to?

cliches

words that lack obvious meaning

euphemism

words used in place of a more offensive word

appreciative listening

you get nothing out of it, comedic actor

presentation media

you should keep these simple and brief in your speech

digital slides

you should make sure your fonts are large enough for everyone to read easily when using this type of presentation media

visualization

you think through the sequence of events that will make up the speech with a positive, detailed, concrete, step-by-step approach