Puzzle Piece 2 Tissues
types of connective tissue
-dense fibrous connective tissue -loose (areolar connective tissue) -elastic connective tissue -adipose conncetive tissue -blood -lymph -bone tissue cartilage tissue
endocrine glands
-lack ducts - release their products directly into the bloodstream - ALL HORMONES ARE PRODUCE BY THEM -
functions of epithelial tissue
-protection -secretion -excretion -absorption -sensory
number of exisiting ducts
-simple- one exiting duct -compound- more than one duct
Zygote
Humans start life as a single cell - undergoes cell division (mitosis) giving rise to several genetically identical somatic cells
major endocrine glands
PTSP pituitary parathyroid thyroid suprarenal gland
organs that are both endocrine and exocrine
TOP testes -exo sperm endo testeron ovaries- exo egg endo estrogeno pancrease- exo pancreatic juice endo- insulin and glucagon
unicellular exocrine glands are formed by
a single cell ie. globlet cell
loose (areolar) connective tissue
acts as the packing material of our body main cells: fibroblast, mast cells, macrophages fibroblast produce: reticular fibers, elastic fibers, collagen fibers, produce ground substance
muscular tissue
all types of muscles we find in the human body
apocrine glands
apical surface of the epithelial cell pinches off and it is lost ex. mammary glands
edema
because histamine causes the blood vessels wall to become leakier and when water and proteins leak out of the blood vessels the site of injury becomes swollen
Macrophages
big eaters and remove waste
epithelial tissues are nourished by
blood vessels in nearby connective tissue
glandular epithelium lacks what
blood vessels it is avascular because it is a type of epithelium
stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar epithelium
both are rare types of epithelium found in excretory ducts of sweat and salivary glands and in the male urethra
Connective tissue is highly vascularized with the exception of
cartilage connective tissue
Histamine
causes inflammation
mast cells
cells involved with the inflammatory response
_________________are the precursor cells to chondrocytes and secrete extracellular matrix components such as collagen and elastic fibers
chondroblasts
protein fibers include
collagen fibers (thick and strong), reticular fibers(thinner than collagen), elastic fibers
dense regular connective tissue
collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundle found in tendons and ligaments
dense irregular connective tissue
collagen fibers running in all directions -found in protective coverings of organs eg. dura mater, pericardium, periosteum
simple ciliated columnar epithelium
composed of a single layer of cells that look like columns -cilia gives directionality - epithelium found in female reproductive tract
simple cuboidal epithelium
composed of a single layer of cube-shaped cells found in kidney tubules (nephrons) efficient at secretion and absorptions
simple squamous epithelium
composed of a single layer of flat cells - found: lining the body cavities (mesothelium), lumen of blood vessels (endothelium), lumen of the heart chambers (endocardium)
connective tissue
connect all other tissues together
There are different types of extracellular matrix and the different composition of the extracellular matrix and cells we find in it will determine the type of
connective tissue
connective tissue
connects all oter tissues together - supports structurally and functionally all other tissues -characterized by cells with space between them and an extracellular matrix -HIGHLY VASCULARIZED
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
contains keratin found in the epidermis of the skin
epithelial tissue
cover surfaces and makeup the secreting portion of glands
two types of dense (fibrous) connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
does not contain keratin protein -found in wet areas that need to resist abrasion inside of cheeks, esophagus, vaginal canal
two main types of glandular epithelium
endocrine and exocrine
Four main types of tissues
epithelial nervous muscular connective
internal surfaces of stratified epithelium include
epithelium surrounding the heart
basal surface of the cell
faces basement membrane
lateral surface of the cell
faces laterally
apical surface of the cell
faces opposite direction
cells of connective tissue
fibroblast osteoblast chondroblast macrophages mast cells reticular fibers
Simple Non-Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
found in digestive tract
pseudostratified non-ciliated columnar epithelium
found in the epididymis and it contains sterocilia
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
found in the respiratory tract and contains goblet (muscus- producing cells)
Hemidesmosomes
half of desmosomes; doesn't attach cells together but attaches A cell to BASEMENT membrane (basal lamina) transmembrane proteins of the epithelial cell fit in a velcro-like structure with laminin protein found in the basement membrane separating the epidermis of skin from the underlying dermis
dense (fibrous) connective tissue
has a lot of fibers specifically collagen fibers - fibroblas that produce collagen fibers
erythema
histamine causes blood vessels to become wider so more blood with immune cells can reach the site of injury
three subtypes of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
external surfaces of stratified epithelium
include the epidermis of the skin
sterocilia
is a structure between a cilia and microvilil elongated microvili and it does not have the power to give directionality like cilia found in pseudostratisfied non-ciliated columnar epithelium
desmosome junction uses __________ in epthelial cells and __________________ in cardiomyocytes as anchoring points on the inner side of the plasma membrane
keratin intermediate filaments; desmin intermediate filaments
When talking about our skin we will find ____________ in the cell side and _________ in the basement membrane side
keratin; laminin
stratified squamous epithelium types
keratinized non-keratinized
surface epithelium
long sheets of cells covering and lining surfaces classified by shape and number of cell layers can be external or internal
adherens junctions
look like a velcro belt have actin on the inside of the cell membrane lower than apical surface transmembrane proteins click and form velchro between cells allows cells to stay together during tissue contraction
most abundant connective tissue of our body
loose areolar connective tissue
nervous tissue
made up of neurons and glial cells
adipose tissue
main cell: adipocytes functions:energy reserve, support and protects organs insulates against heat loss
cartilage tissue
main cell: chondrocytes AVASCULAR
inflammation
mast cells release histamine upon injury to connective tissue
multicellular exocrine glands are formed by
more than one cell
Microvilli is present in ___________ epithelium to increase surface area for absorption
non-ciliated columnar epithelium
histamine activates _______ receptors
pain
extracellular matrix (ground substance) is made up of
polysaccharides, proteins, and water
gap junctions
presence of channels allowing communication between two adjacent cells allows the passage of small molecules and ions between the two adjacent cells
Differentiation
process of becoming specialized cells transition from identical somatic cells to diverse cell types
chondroblast
produce chondrocytes (cartilage cells) and extracellular matrix
Fibroblasts
produce fibers and extracellular matrix
Osteoblasts
produce osteocytes (bone cells) and extracellular matrix
Fibroblasts
produce the protein fibers and the ground substance
adipocytes have the nucleus and cytoplasm
pushed to the periphery due to the vacuum filled up with fat within the adipocyte
merocrine aka eccrine glands
release secretion via exocytosis ex. salivary glands, sweat glands and scent ones
exocrine glands
release their products into an exiting duct -all secretions that are not hormones -can be classified based on their structure and based on how they release their secretion
stratified epithelium
several layers of cells top layer of cells determines the name of the epithellium lines and covers surfaces both external and internal
number of cell layers in the surface epithelium
simple- single layers of cells stratified- multiple layers of cells pseudostratified- 1 layer of cells but looks like more
Shapes of surface epithelium
squamous- flat cells like fish scales cuboidal- cube-shaped cells columnar- tall column shaped cells
The loose connective tissue has the power to provide
strength and elasticity
extracellular matrix
substance outside of the cells that is produced by the cells themselves
general functions of connective tissue
support nourishment
two types of epithelial
surface epithelium glandular epithelium
functional classfication of exocrine glands
takes into consideration how the gland releases the secretion 3 types: merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine
structural classifcation of exocrine glands
takes into consideration the look of the gland
holocrine glands
the entire cell is lost for secretion to be released ex. sebaceous gland whole cell explodes very lipidrich
elastic cartilage
the most elastic one hence it has lots of elastic fibers found in the outer ear and epiglottis
basement membrane (basal lamina) definition
thin extracellular layer that helps our cells to stay in place very dense it has lots of collagen and laminin proteins
what junction inhibits the lateral movement of proteins that appear on appical cell surface
tight junction
5 types of cell junctions
tight junctions adherens junctions gap junctions desomosomes hemidesomosomes
epithelial tissue
tightly packed cells with no space between them avascular rests on basement membrane that separates it from connective tissue
specialized cells form
tissues; when cells with similar structure and function come together
hyaline cartilage
tough yet flexible MOST ABUNDANT CARTILAGE found in the: front of the nose trachea larynx
Fibrocartilage
toughest out of all cartilage found in pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
transitional epithelium
transitions from a relaxed to stretched state -make up urinary bladder as well as the ureter
desmosome junctions
transmembrane proteins that fit in a velcro-like structure that has a button-shape crucial for skin and cardiac muscle to resist mechanical forces
shape of the secreting portion of the exocrine gland
tubular- looks like a tube acinar- looks like a grape coiled- looks coiled
tight junctions
web-like proteins found close to the apical surface of the cell; stitch two plasma membranes together seal off passage ways between cells water will not be able to pass through
