PY 101 Exam 2
Jacinda failed her last history midterm. Which of the following conclusions would be most representative of a self-serving bias on Jacinda's part?
"I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing"
Heritability generally runs about ________ percent or a tad more for each of the Big Five trait dimensions
50
People respond to stress with greater anxiety if they have
A reactive autonomic nervous system
When children adapt their current understandings to incorporate their new experience, this is known as:
Accommodation
After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This BEST illustrates the process of
Accomodation
Cultural diversity best illustrates humanity's
Adaptive capacities
Luca's parents set firm rules but are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight. Some psychologists would say Luca's parents have this type of parenting style:
Authoritative
Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of another person's state of mind are MOST characteristic of
Autism
When Mr. Thompson lived overseas for a year, he was very surprised at how much respect he received from people simply because he was an older person. His sense of surprise suggests that he had NOT previously lived in a culture characterized by
Collectivism
Assessing an individual's standing on the Big Five has the advantage of providing a ________ personality description
Comprehensive
Two sealed, pyramid-shaped beakers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one beaker is inverted. The child apparently lacks a:
Concept of conservation
According to Jean Piaget, during this stage of cognitive development, children are able to think logically about events, grasp analogies, and perform arithmetical operations.
Concrete operational
To a social psychologist, a perceived incompatibility of goals is indicative of
Conflict
Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are LEAST likely to be highly
Conforming
Five-year-old Otto complained to his mother that the pizza was not big enough. Otto's mom cut the pizza into smaller slices, thus making Otto happy as he believed the pizza had become larger. Otto lacks the concept of
Conservation
The transmission of dating and courtship customs from one generation to another best illustrates the importance of
Culture
Within the first week after conception, the cells of the zygote begin to _____, specializing in structure and function
Differentiate
While Professor Gomez was going through a painful divorce, he tended to create unnecessarily difficult tests and gave his students unusually low grades. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view the professor's treatment of students as an example of
Displacement
Compared to a century ago, menarche now occurs _____ in life and adult independence begins _____ in life.
Earlier; later
A cousin's pregnancy terminated in the seventh week after conception. During what stage of prenatal development did she have the miscarriage?
Embryo
Javier is 20 years old and still very dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. He is in the phase of life known as:
Emerging adulthood
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by:
Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
Sheryl is very outgoing and fun-loving. She prefers to be around other people most of the time. She most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as
Extraversion
Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as
Fixation
According to Jean Piaget, children during this stage of cognitive development use abstract logic and have the potential for mature moral reasoning.
Formal operational
During adolescence, most people achieve Jean Piaget's intellectual stage known as:
Formal operations
According to researchers, teens who start smoking typically have _____ who model smoking and offer cigarettes
Friends
A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts to critique her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit
Groupthink
Jake is a 3-month-old baby who is no longer as interested in a puppet head as was a week ago. What has happened here?
He has become habituated
Ellie is unusually attractive and intelligent, and she works hard to please her husband. He displays little affection for her, however, and spends most of the family's resources on his own interests. Ellie's relationship with her husband is best characterized as
Inequitable
Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter. She frequently ignores her daughter's cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter may display signs of:
Insecure attachment
Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life people struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love.
Intimacy vs isolation
Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptoms
Made no neurological sense
Men do not experience anything equivalent to _____; that is, they do not experience a cessation in fertility or a sharp drop in hormones.
Menopause
People's scores on a test of extraversion are likely to be most strongly correlated with the number of social conversations they initiate during the course of a single
Month
Hearing someone reading a neutral text in a happy-sounding voice is most likely to trigger
Mood contagion
Emotional instability is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of
Neuroticism
A game of peak-a-boo with his dad excites William during the first six months of his life because William actually thinks his dad has disappeared. This is because William lacks:
Object permanence
Being highly imaginative is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of
Openness
Ty's parents divorced when he was 5-years-old. His father moved out of state, and his mother is busy trying to keep a roof over their heads. Ty is now 13 and has been getting into some minor troubles with school and with the law. Despite this, his mother still allows Ty to come and go when he wishes, she rarely if ever punishes him, and she gives in to whatever he wants. She feels guilty about the divorce and that he does not have a father. Some psychologists would say that Ty's mother has this type of parenting style:
Permissive
Arguments as to whether people's behavior is more strongly influenced by temporary external influences or by enduring inner influences best characterize the
Person-situtation controversy
Studies of college students' conscientiousness revealed only a modest relationship between a student being conscientious on one occasion and being similarly conscientious on another occasion. This should make psychologists more cautious about overestimating the impact of ________ on behavior.
Personality traits
According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the ________ stage.
Phallic
People's scores on a test of extraversion are ________ predictors of how extraverted they will act in one particular situation. Their scores are ________ predictors of how extraverted they will act on average over many different situations.
Poor; good
Forgotten memories that we can easily recall were said by Freud to be
Preconscious
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a _____ of self-interest
Preconventional morality
During this stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children are able to represent things with words and images and use intuitive rather than logical reasoning
Preoperational
Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a
Projection
The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called
Projection
A therapist thinks that Jordan would be much less agitated and ineffective at work if he could recognize his own conflicting feelings of respect for and irritation toward his workplace supervisor. The therapist's belief best illustrates the ________ perspective
Psychodynamic
Projective tests are most closely associated with ________ theories
Psychodynamic
Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by
Reciprocal determinism
When a baby's cheek is touched, the baby will turn toward the touch and open his or her mouth in search of a nipple. This is known as the _____ reflex
Rooting
Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is a central feature of personality
Self-concept
Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of
Self-disclosure
Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of
Self-esteem
Narcissism refers to excessive
Self-love
Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates
Self-serving bias
In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children in the sensorimotor stage acquire a:
Sense of object permanence
According to Jean Piaget, object permanence and stranger anxiety develop during this stage of cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Brenda has suffered from epilepsy all her life. She takes Trileptal to control her seizures. Recently she found out she was pregnant with her first child. She read that her medication is a Category C medication, meaning the benefits may outweigh the risks; however, no adequate studies have been performed on the medication for pregnant women. While she was excited to be pregnant, she was concerned about continuing to take the medication. She asked her doctor whether Trileptal was a __________________.
Teratogen
Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between
The actual self and the ideal self
_____ refers to people's ideas about their own and others' mental states: that is, how feelings, perceptions, or thoughts might predict behavior.
Theory of mind
A consistent tendency to be shy is best described as a(n)
Trait
Freud is to psychoanalytic theory as Allport is to ________ theory
Trait
Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of life people face a psychosocial task that needs resolution. According to this theory, the first task that infants wrestle with is
Trust vs mistrust
Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as
Unconditional positive regard
Puberty is a time:
When one is maturing sexually
German university men administered hotter chili sauce to a woman after listening to women-hating lyrics. The song lyrics provided the university men with
a social script
Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that
actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes
Research participants believed that the Asch conformity test involved a study of
altruism
The fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by
assigned roles
If one were to generalize from Sherif's study of conflict resolution between two groups of campers, the best way for the United States and China to improve their relationship would be to
conduct a joint space program designed to land humans on Mars
Psychodynamic theories emphasize that personality involves a dynamic interaction between
conscious and unconscious mental processes
Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be
even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished
Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines
even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.
Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to
exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal
Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to
gain social approval
Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose
generativity vs stagnation
By enabling like-minded White supremacists to pool their ideas, Internet social networking sites are likely to contribute to
group polarization
Which of the following processes most obviously operates in groupthink?
group polarization
According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the
id
Since 1960, Americans have experienced a(n)
increase in the incidence of depression and a increase in work hours
Wilbur is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made as well as his dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Wilbur is in the stage of development called:
integrity vs despair
Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in this stage of development called:
intimacy vs isolation
Sherif's study of conflict in a camp indicated that conflict between two groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by
involving the groups in tasks that required their joint cooperation
Social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among
men in cultures that value individualism
Which of the following is most likely to help us empathize with others?
mirror-image perceptions
Compared to children with authoritarian parents, children of authoritative parents are
more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence
We have a tendency to explain the behavior of strangers we have observed in only one type of situation in terms of ________ and to explain our own behavior in terms of ________.
personality traits; situational constraints
Dr. Zytowics wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, social withdrawal, and other symptoms of an emotional disorder. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for this purpose?
the MMPI
If poverty causes high rates of crime, the high crime rates can be used to justify discrimination against those who live in poverty. This best illustrates
the blame-the-victim dynamic
When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in
the bystander effect
When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use of
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch "Be a Safe Driver" sign, California home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive "Drive Carefully" sign in their front yards. This best illustrates
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
Carol is restless during class because her professor's distressed facial expressions lead her to believe that he dislikes teaching. The professor, on the other hand, is distressed because he sees Carol's restlessness as an indication that she lacks any motivation to learn. At this point, both student and professor should be informed of the dangers of
the fundamental attribution error
After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates
the mere exposure effect
People's preference for mirror-image photographs of themselves illustrates the impact of
the mere exposure effect
Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of
the scapegoat theory
Studies of implicit prejudice indicate that prejudice is often
unconscious