PY 201 Chapter 9

Amelia is a teenager attending a local high school. According to the literature on peer relationships, how does she most likely connect with her friends and classmates?

By using social media

Uriel has just turned 70. He has no close familial connections and many of his friends have passed on. Which disorder might Uriel be at risk for developing?

Depression

Kristine and Kendrick are trying to avoid becoming pregnant without the use of contraception. They state that they plan to wait until the germinal stage of prenatal development before having sex. What is wrong with their plan?

During the germinal stage, pregnancy has already started, along with the development of the child.

Hector views life cynically and resents himself for failing to accomplish his goals. Which of Erikson's psychosocial conflicts is Hector struggling to resolve?

Ego integrity versus despair

Mitchell has recently retired. He is now searching for activities that give him a sense of purpose and hates the idea of sitting around idly. According to Erikson, what psychosocial challenge is Mitchell seeking to resolve?

Ego integrity versus despair

According to Erikson, which of the following psychosocial challenges occurs in late adulthood?

Ego integrity vs despair

Winston has likely overcome an earlier susceptibility to engage in centration. How might he now handle new math problems?

Not He continues to understand lessons...

Aaron is worried that his son will develop an insecure or disorganized attachment style. What would you tell Aaron to put his mind at ease?

Not If you provide plenty of structure...

Raven generally feels competent and proud of her achievements. She pursues extracurricular activities without fear and embraces challenge. According to Erikson, which crisis has she most likely recently resolved?

Not Initiative vs guilt

Reese has just found out the she has been pregnant for two weeks. She is worried about causing her developing child pain due to her strenuous exercise regimen. What would you tell Reese to put her mind at ease?

Not Regular maternal exercise is good....

Which of the following terms emphasizes maintaining a sense of purpose in life and doing more of the things that matter?

Not Selective optimization or Optimism

Nick feels a strong impulse to help mold future generations and give something back to the world. According to Erikson, Nick is attempting to reconcile which psychosocial crisis?

Not Transition versus stability

Vivian is seven and lashes out at teachers and other students during class. What kind of temperament did she likely have at a younger age?

Not Unstable or Slow-to-warm-up

The very first person a kitten sees after being born is its mother. It stays by her side constantly and refuses to enter new areas without her. This is evidence of

Not attachment

Anushri is beginning to have trouble remembering the names and faces of people that she has recently met. You tell her that a normal part of aging includes a decline in

Not general intelligence or crystalized intelligence

Dimitri is an infant who was born to a Russian family. While he learned English after his family moved to America, it is likely that he

Not had an aversion...

Jamie believes that everyone is constantly watching him, and that his life is at the center of the world. Jamie is likely dealing with the effects of a/an

Not personal fable

Lisa is having trouble attaining a firm sense of self. She often feels as though she doesn't know who she is and what her values are. Lisa may be struggling with a/an

Not role diffusion or identity diffusion

Agatha is an infant who frequently experiences bouts of confusion and appears to be lost whenever her mother is not around. When her mother returns, she finds it difficult to get a handle on herself and her surroundings. Agatha may have an attachment relationship with her mother characterized as a(n)

Not secure attachment

Maurice has trouble learning more about his surroundings when his mother is not present. He is often hesitant to explore and may cry until she returns. Maurice displays a/an

Not secure attachment style

Ripley maintains a positive outlook on her life, despite the fact that she is nearly 80. Ripley's views involve which characteristic of successful aging?

Optimism

Mark's infant daughter Alice tends to curl her hand around his fingers so tightly that she can be lifted by her hands alone. This is an example of the

Palmer grasp reflex

Which of the following research findings most clearly challenges a fundamental assumption of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Piaget made the mistake of not observing children in different cultures, which makes his theories difficult to generalize.

Ophelia engages in accommodation when it comes to simple concepts and objects. Which of the following is she likely to believe?

That her friend's gerbil is the same as her family's hamster.

Your friend is interested in reflexes that may have evolved to prevent newborns from falling while their mothers carried them. Which reflexes would you recommend they learn more about?

The Moro and Palmer grasping reflexes

Puberty refers to which of the following landmarks of development?

The attainment of sexual maturity.

A friend asks you to describe the characteristics of a human immediately after conception. With which of the following should you begin your discussion?

The stage during which the sperm and ovum separate.

Which of the following definitions reflects the phenomenon captured by the term 'symbolic representations?'

The use of words to represent/name objects and describe experiences

Aish is born as a female child. Because she has been born female, which combination of sex chromosomes correctly matches her sex?

XX

Which of the following is NOT an attachment style found in research conducted by psychologist Mary Ainsworth?

assured type

Kelli, a newborn, does everything she can to stay close to her parents. It is clear that Kelli has developed a strong sense of

attachment

Eight-year-old Patricia understands that if she has more chocolate than Kenneth, and Kenneth has more chocolate than Ace, then she too has more chocolate than Ace. Based on her ability to reason in this way, Patricia can be said to have reached the

concrete operational stage of cognitive development.

James believes that people should act based on what the law prescribes. James's behavior likely reflects

conventional moral reasoning

Jasmine informs you that her brother has recently begun illegally downloading music and videos from the internet. She states that she is worried that he is breaking the law and will be taken to prison for software piracy. Jasmine is likely judging the situation based on

conventional morality

A condition involving a major deterioration or loss of mental abilities involved in memory, reasoning, judgment, and the ability to carry out purposeful behavior is called

dementia

Markeira is watching television at home one day. Her husband approaches her and asks why she isn't wearing her glasses. Markeira responds that she doesn't remember ever wearing glasses. Her reaction may be an indication of

dementia

At 5 to 6 days of age, most infants can do which of the following?

detect their mother's odor

According to the available data, on average, Americans are

living longer than in previous decades

The biological unfolding of an organism according to its underlying genetic blueprint is called

maturation

A disease characterized by a loss of bone density in which the bones become porous, brittle, and more prone to fracture is called

osteoporosis

Piaget's term for a mental framework for understanding or acting on the environment is

schema

Five-year-old Maxine believes that anything with four legs is a cat. Maxine's belief, while incorrect, demonstrates a developing use of

schemas

Suzanne has recently begun to develop breasts. This is an example of

secondary sex characteristics

Theresa has recently turned 13. Her mother has started describing a number of changes that she will likely begin experiencing soon, including the appearance of pubic hair and the growth of breasts. Theresa's mother is describing changes in terms of

secondary sex characteristics

Max is three and very shy around people outside of his immediate family. Max could be classified as a/an

slow-to-warm-up child

Megan's child has asthma. While pregnant, Megan likely

smoked

Sarah is planning activities for each stage of her pregnancy. She knows that pregnancy is most often divided into a series of three-month periods called

trimesters

Early adulthood spans a person's

20s and 30s

Clarissa has just turned 65. Which of the following is she most likely to experience?

A decrease in working memory

Simone believes that her life is fundamentally different from the lives of those around her. She views people as actors in her own narrative. What is Simone most likely experiencing?

A personal fable

Which late-life brain disease involves a progressive course of deterioration of mental functioning?

Alzheimer's disease

Chris is trying to figure out how to best promote a healthy parent-child relationship with his son. What would you tell him based on the literature on paternal involvement?

American fathers typically engage in more active play with their children.

Jackson's father constantly sets high expectations for him and criticizes him severely when these expectations are not met. He expects his son to follow his directions without question. Which parenting style would Jackson's father most likely agree with?

Authoritarian

Which style of parenting is associated with producing children who are independent and assertive but also respectful of the needs of others?

Authoritative style

Diante is less than a month old. Whenever his mother strokes his foot, he fans and curls his toes and twists his foot inward in a demonstration of the

Babinski reflex

Which stage of dying involves attempting to make a deal with a higher power in order to live for a few more months or years?

Bargaining

Francine's son has a difficult temperament and is having trouble establishing a sense of discipline and routine at home. Based on the research on temperament, what would you tell Francine to be mindful of?

Be careful that you do not model aggressive behavior to your son in response to his temperament.

Luke in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. What flaw in reasoning might Luke engage in?

Believing that taller glasses of liquid contain more liquid than shorter glasses.

A friend of yours asks if there is any research on how to facilitate a close connection to his daughter, especially in the hours immediately following her birth. You would point him in the direction of which kind of literature?

Bonding

The autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of psychosocial development is associated with which challenge?

Building a sense of independence and self-control

Jeffery Arnett coined this term to describe the developmental period between the ages of 18 to 25.

Emerging adulthood

Maria would like to ensure that her infant daughter recognizes the faces and voices of other people in their immediate family. What should she do to ensure her daughter acclimates to the family?

Ensure that she receives ample time with each family member and also among the family as a whole.

Which of the following is associated with maternal drinking during pregnancy?

Facial deformities such as a flattened nose, an underdeveloped upper jaw, and widely spaced eyes.

In which stage of prenatal development does the developing organism grow from about 4 to about 14 inches in length?

Fetal

According to psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, how many stages of dying do many people experience?

Five

What form of intelligence is needed to think quickly in order to solve problems?

Fluid intelligence

In Piaget's theory, which term refers to the level of full cognitive maturity characterized by the ability to think in abstract terms?

Formal operations

Which of the following is a factor known to positively predict sexual restraint among adolescents?

Having a parent who is a college graduate

Javier would like to be an authoritative parent to his daughter. What should he do in order to achieve this parenting goal?

He should allow her to make mistakes while setting firm boundaries on problematic behavior.

Philip is concerned about becoming an authoritarian parent. What should Philip do in order to prevent him from being too overbearing with his children?

He should explain to his children the reasons for the rules he sets and the importance of following them.

Christian is an elementary school English teacher. A major part of his job is teaching children how to apply words to represent objects and convey ideas. How might he do this?

He should frame his descriptions of ideas and objects as exemplifying concepts.

A friend wants to know how to interact with his infant brother during his first six months of age. Which of the following best describes how he should interact with his brother?

He should handle his brother gently and allow him to develop his reflexes.

Trent is in kindergarten and having trouble adjusting. His classmates are all bigger than him and he feels awkward and self-conscious. According to Erikson, if this experience continues, how might Trent end up behaving?

He will behave meekly and be timid around his peers and teachers.

Brittany is having trouble with potty-training her son, Marcus. She scolds him harshly when he forgets to use the bathroom and punishes him for his mistakes. According to Erikson, how will Marcus likely feel as a result of Brittany's reaction to his mistakes?

He will feel embarrassed and want to hide from his mother and future challenges.

During which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development do children become increasingly capable of performing more complex behaviors and skills?

Not Formal operational

Turner's mother lets him get away with anything. She is often coddling and refuses to reprimand or discipline him when he misbehaves. What may be a likely outcome for Turner?

He will grow up with difficulties in setting goals and boundaries for himself.

Brian is careful to eat a balanced diet of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Which of the following diseases will he most likely avoid?

Heart disease

Which of the following is associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy?

Heightened risk of miscarriage or still birth

Which term refers to the belief among adolescents that they are the center of other people's attention?

Imaginary audience

Lief has just turned ten and is trying to become more popular in the eyes of his peers. He frequently attends sleepovers and tries out for various extracurricular activities. Lief is likely entering which stage of psychosocial development?

Industry vs inferiority

Abilio is seven years old and is currently attempting to find ways to seek experiences and follow through on desirable actions. Erikson would most likely say that Abilio has reached which stage of psychosocial development?

Initiative vs guilt

Chastity was awkward in high school and had few friends. She had trouble developing a coherent sense of identity and now struggles to find her place in the world. According to Erikson, which crisis is she likely to encounter problems with?

Intimacy vs isolation

Dayanara has been pregnant for about six months. Her doctor tells her that her pregnancy has currently reached the age of viability. What does this mean for her developing child?

It could possibly live outside of the womb, though the survival odds are not favorable.

Cynthia has been told that she has six months to live. Her feelings about life and death appear to change rapidly and suddenly. What would you tell Cynthia about her current emotional state?

It may take time to fully process news of one's impending death; uncertainty is a regular part of this process.

As he enters his toddler years, Julia's son has started to develop her wavy hair and look more and more like her. Which of the following explanations describes the cause of Jonah's changing features?

Jonah's growth and appearance are influenced by Julia's genes, as well as his environment.

Clarence hopes to resolve Erikson's final psychosocial conflict. What should he do in order to meet his goal?

Learn to accept his successes and failures and view death with a sense of acceptance.

Brooke believes that her son is born without knowing anything. She assumes that he will eventually pick up on cultural norms and expectations by watching her and other adults. Which developmental psychologist would Brooke likely agree with?

Lev Vygotsky

Keith is 2 months old. Which of the following actions has he most recently learned to do?

Lift his chin

Fathia wants to prevent her son from becoming sexually active too early. What would you recommend to help Fathia manage her son's sexual activity?

Limit his exposure to sexually suggestive content in media and entertainment

The concrete operational stage is most closely associated with which of the following developments?

Not Children becomes increasingly capable of performing... or Children become capable of more expansive....

Lana is interested in learning more about the effects of regular exercise. Which of the following is an effect that she could likely find empirical information on?

Maintaining a healthy weight

At which point in its development can an infant follow a moving object with its head?

Not 3 months or 2

Most infants can discriminate among the faces of people by which age?

Not 6-7 months

Clarissa is happy to help others when it will directly benefit her. Clarissa can be said to be in which level of moral reasoning?

Preconventional

June is beginning to develop larger breasts and has recently experienced menarche. Which term most accurately reflects the developmental changes she is experiencing?

Puberty

Francis wants to improve his mental acuity. Which of the following activities might he want to engage in?

Reading

Which term refers to a lack of direction or aimlessness with respect to one's role in life or public identity?

Role diffusion

Elaine is interested in learning more about attachment styles that are associated with positive outcomes for newborn children. What kind of attachment style would she most likely want to learn about?

Secure

Stephen is worried about developing dementia. What advice would Stephen likely benefit most from?

Seek out new experiences and maintain an active lifestyle.

Howard seeks to make the most of his time and use what skills he has to make up for age-related shortcomings. Which characteristic of successful aging is Howard engaging in?

Selective optimization and compensation

Austin has recently entered menopause. How has this milestone most likely affected her sex drive?

She enjoys sex and is satisfied with her sex life.

Janine often disagrees with her parents on small things like chores and homework. According to the available research, what is the most likely way she relates to her parents on major issues?

She identifies with them strongly.

Samara follows a strict code of behavior that dictates how to handle people in various situations. What does this suggest about how Samara makes moral judgments?

She values a sense of law and order above extenuating circumstances.

Abigail is an infant. Given her current developmental period, what should her parents know about how she will operate according to Erikson?

She will likely make extensive use of reflexes and encounter things in her environment that she does not understand.

Katrina, a lifelong smoker, wants to avoid giving birth to a child with developmental abnormalities. When she learns that she is pregnant, she decides that she will quit smoking within the first two months of her pregnancy. Why is Katrina's plan not likely to be successful?

She will not stop smoking in time to prevent abnormalities from occurring.

Ela is in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. How might her parents expect her to respond?

She will respond reflexively to her environment and only be aware of objects that are right in front of her.

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes which aspects of childhood experience?

Social interactions between children and adults as the basis for the child's Acquisition of the skills, values, and behaviors needed to meet the ...

Children are able to detect different tastes very quickly after being born. Which of the following foods would a newborn most likely enjoy?

Strawberries

Darius has a lot of trouble engaging with new situations. He tends to pull back from novel stimuli and fuss when he encounters something unexpected. How should his parents respond to Darius' temperament?

They should provide him with warmth when he encounters challenges.

Your cousin approaches you for advice on how to best promote a sense of autonomy in her two-year-old daughter. Based on your understanding of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, what would you tell her?

Try to support your daughter with warmth as she begins to seek more independence at home.

Dominica is nearing middle age and is beginning to worry about experiencing a midlife crisis. What would you tell Dominica to help her evaluate her life in a healthier way?

Try to view your next decades as opportunities to pursue goals you haven't yet been able to.

Cantrell has just turned twelve and is beginning to experience some of the early effects of puberty. Cantrell is entering

adolescence.

The period of life beginning at puberty and ending with early adulthood is called

adolescence.

Matilda has just given birth to a child at the end of her second trimester. With intensive medical treatment, there is a fifty-percent chance that the child will survive due to it having reached the

age of viability

In psychology, the term 'development' refers to

age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death.

Justin is six and has just received a new toy for his birthday. He treats the toy like he would a person, caring for it and attempting to feed it. Justin is most likely engaging in

animistic thinking

Hans knows that the effects of stress on the body are numerous. For example, he knows that excessive stress can contribute to

cancer

Felicity has just been approached by a homeless person on the street asking for money. She gives her the change in her purse and offers her a ride to a nearby supermarket. Felicity's views on morality likely stem from a

care orientation

According to Piaget, many children experience an inability to focus on more than one aspect of a situation at a particular time during the preoperational stage. This inability is known as

centration

Justine wants to summarize the best practices that one can engage in to live longer. In her summary, she should include

exercising regularly, eating a balanced diet, and avoiding recreational substances.

Vanessa has been pregnant for four months and has recently felt her child begin to kick. Vanessa's child is in the

fetal stage

On average, people who adopt healthy lifestyle practices can expect to live

fourteen years longer than those who do not.

Brittany has conceived within the past two weeks but does not yet know she is pregnant. Her pregnancy is currently in the

germinal stage

The first stage of prenatal development, which lasts from conception to implantation, is referred to as the

germinal stage

Clara's son appears more lively and awake whenever she enters the room he is in. Whenever she brings her female relatives to see him, he tends to

gravitate toward her face and voice.

Jamal is broadly interested in learning more about his younger sister and what he can expect from her as she grows. You tell him that

he should study a branch of psychology that investigates changes in emotions, thoughts, and behaviors over a person's lifespan.

You are worried about the impact of daycare on your daughter's development, especially in terms of the amount of time she will spend away from you. You ask a friend of yours who is familiar with developmental research for guidance. He informs you that

high-quality daycare can promote independence and cooperation among children.

Blake is having trouble establishing a sense of self. He feels as though he is trying desperately to figure out who he is. Blake is dealing with a/an

identity crisis

Esteban feels like he is always in the spotlight. He complains that everyone seems to be watching him closely, waiting for him to make the slightest mistake. You tell Esteban that he should not worry; his feelings merely reflect a/an

imaginary audience

Timothy appears completely unbothered when his mother leaves the room. He continues to explore his surroundings without any hesitation and does not approach her when she returns. Timothy's behavior suggests a/an

insecure-avoidant attachment style

Terrance's son has been having trouble gaining weight in the three months since he was born and remains near his birth weight of 8 pounds. Terrance approaches you to ask if this is normal. You tell him

it is not normal- your son should have gained a substantial amount of weight by this time.

Henry believes that violent criminals should first be punished when they do harm to others, and rehabilitated second. While he agrees that work should be done to improve their circumstances, he is more concerned with addressing the damage done to their victims. Henry's moral outlook likely stems from a

justice orientation

According to psychologist Carol Gilligan, one major difference between men and women that Kohlberg did not recognize is the difference between a

justice orientation and a caring orientation

Josephine is currently struggling with the anger stage of dying. According to Kubler-Ross, she may

lash out at her doctor and blame him for her failing health.

Kristen has ceased menstruating and is no longer able to have children. Kristen may have entered

menopause

The period of development that includes a person's 40s and 50s is referred to as

middle adulthood

Naomi feels that she has failed to achieve her goals as set out for herself in her youth. She no longer believes that she can be successful and experiences great distress over her loss of purpose. Naomi is struggling with a/an

midlife crisis

When interacting with their parents, most adolescents tend to

mimic their parent's health-related behaviors.

Compared to adults, adolescents are

more likely to act impulsively

Bharti is studying Kohlberg's theory of development. As she learns about Kohlberg's model, she struggles to identify with some of the concepts that are emphasized, such as individualism. One reason for Bharti's difficulties with Kohlberg's model may be that

much of Kohlberg's work is biased on cultural grounds.

The process in which an ovum is released from the ovaries and journeys through a fallopian tube is known as

ovulation

Demarcus's recent academic achievements have led him to believe that he is invincible and that nothing can stop him from doing whatever he wants. Demarcus has likely bought into a/an

personal fable.

During her pregnancy, Xi eats a balanced diet to ensure her child receives proper nutrition. The nutrients Xi passes along to her child are transmitted through the

placenta

Chris is a student of yours who refuses to do drugs with his classmates. He worries that if he does drugs, he will be caught and will get into trouble. While you approve of his decision, you recognize that he is operating on the basis of

preconventional morality

Quentin has noticed that his testicles are beginning to grow in size. This change reflects development in Quentin's

primary sex characteristics

A close friend of yours describes problems he has recently been having with his son. His son has become somewhat moody and appears to be undergoing significant physical changes over a short period of time. His son is most likely experiencing

puberty

Juanita is a young infant who always rotates her head expectantly whenever her mother is near. This is an example of the

rooting reflex

Children born with defects such as heart disease, deafness, and intellectual disability may have mothers who, while pregnant, contracted

rubella

At Janine's first prenatal checkup, her doctor told her that the central nervous system of the embryo was forming right now. To reduce risk of central nervous system damage she should consider

taking folic acid supplements

Several friends are interested in whether or not adopting healthy habits would improve their chances of living longer. You tell them that people who live a healthy lifestyle

tend to live longer than those who don't.

A friend of yours is a neuroscientist who studies Alzheimer's disease. She tells you that the disease is caused by

the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain.

According to Piaget, irreversibility is

the belief that the direction of a sequence of events cannot be reversed or undone.

According to Piaget, the term 'assimilation' refers to

the process of incorporating new objects or situations into existing schemas.

The term 'object permanence' refers to

the recognition that objects continue to exist even if they have disappeared from sight.

The rhythmic reflex that enables an infant to obtain nourishment from breast or bottle is called

the sucking reflex

James and Christina are two expecting patients of yours seeking more information about prenatal milestones. They have been pregnant for about four weeks. You tell them that they can expect

their child to have at least 8 months of prenatal development left before it is fully developed.

Harvard psychologist Carol Gilligan took issue with the gender biases present in Kohlberg's work. She argued that

women tend to apply different moral standards than men,

Vygotsky emphasized that social learning occurs within a

zone of proximal development.