PY 325 Exam 1 (ch1-4)

The failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones is referred to as what? A. Adaptational failure B. Development disintegration C. Discontinuity D. Dysregulation

A. Adaptational failure

Etiology refers to the ______ of childhood disorders. A. Causation B. Treatment C. Correlates *** can't hear what he says D. Prevention

A. Causation

__________ serve as filter for organizing large amounts of new information and avoid potential harm. A. Emotions B. Cognitions C. HPA-axis D. Benzodiapine - Gaba

A. Emotions

Which statement about our genetic makeup is FALSE? A. Genes determine behavior B. Genes are composed of DNA C. Genes produce proteins D. The expression of genes is influenced by the environment

A. Genes determine behavior

The _____________ view of child development recognizes the important of balancing abilities of individuals with the challenges and risk of their environment. A. Health promotion B. Family system C. Attachment D. Pathological

A. Health promotion

A variable that precedes an outcome of interest and decreases the chances the negative outcome will occur is a what? A. Protective factor B. Risk factor C. Epidemiological factor D. Predictive factor

A. Protective factor

The windows of time in which environmental influences on development are enhanced are called what? A. Sensitive periods B. Critical periods C. Crucial periods D. Necessary periods

A. Sensitive periods

______ relates to how children think about themselves and others, resulting in mental representation of themselves, relationships, and their social world. A. Social cognition B. Observational learning C. Cognitive mediation D. Cognitive development

A. Social Cognition

The _______ gives us distinct qualities that make us human and allows us to think about the future, to be playful, and to be creative? A. cerebral cortex B. limbic system C. Brainstem D. Hippocampus

A. cerebral cortex

which condition is equally common both males and females? A. childhood depression B. eating disorder C. enuresis D. ADHD

A. childhood depression

Isabella is a 3-year-old who frequently demands attention, overreacts, and refuses to go to bed. These behaviors are considered what? A. common, because of her age B. diagnosable with clinical disorders C. signs of an overly sensitive child D. Early warning signs of future difficulties

A. common, because of her age

Skepticism exists regarding research in abnormal child psychology because what? A. experts on childhood disorders frequently disagree B. research findings in abnormal child psychology show no clear results. C. many conclusions from research with children produce the same findings D. research findings are primarily extracted from adult findings

A. experts on childhood disorders frequently disagree

Emily's mother was asked to complete a behavior checklist on two separate occasions several weeks apart. The results yielded from both occasions were very similar. The behavior checklist can be said to be: A. reliable B. valid C. standardization D. effective

A. reliable

The process of attachment typically begins between the ages of what? A. 0-2 mo. B. 6-12 mo. C. 12-18 mo. D. 18-24 mo.

B. 6-12 mo.

___________ explain the acquisition of problem behavior on the bases of paired associations between previous neutral stimuli (like homework) and unconditioned stimuli (Like parental anger). A. operant models B. Classical Conditioning models C. Social learning models D. Social cognition models

B. Classical Conditioning models

__________________ models portray the child environment as a series of nested and interconnected structures. A. Environmental B. Ecological C. Societal D. Macroparadine

B. Ecological

Which phase describes the slow to warm up child, who is cautious in approaching novel or challenging situations? A. Positive affect and approach B. Fearful or inhibited C. Negative affect or irritability D. Adaptive with negative mood

B. Fearful or inhibited

The _________ lobe contains the functions underlying much of our thinking and reasoning ability. A. Temporal B. Frontal C. Parietal D. Occipital

B. Frontal

Jessica, age 15, gossips, verbally insults peers, and ostracizes others. Jessica is displaying what? A. Depressive symptoms B. Relational aggression symptoms C. Anxiety symptoms D. ADHD symptoms

B. Relational aggression symptoms

Temperament refers to a child's? A. unpredictable behavior B. Shapes a child to approach the environment C. Shapes a environment to the child D. Is not related to personality E. Forms very late in development

B. Shapes a child to approach the environment

Emotions serve __________. A. external monitoring systems B. To provide motivation for action C. To promote risk-taking behaviors D. Cognitive backbone

B. To provide motivation for action

What are the major limitations of observational research methods is what? A. not cost effective B. behavior may be altered as the participants awareness of being observed C. results tend to be invalid D. observation can be conducted in a structure way

B. behavior may be altered as the participants awareness of being observed

To know if a treatment would be truly useful in community settings, researchers should focus on treatment ______________ A. efficacy B. effectiveness C. reliability D. validity

B. effectiveness

James often appears to be in a bad mood and is easily frustrated when given challenging tasks. His temperament would be described as what? A. angry and intense B. negative affect or irritability C. Fearful or inhibited D. Positive affect and approach

B. negative affect or irritability

Research represented the media is typically ______________. A. clearly printed and discussed in medical documents B. oversimplify C. overly detailed and confusing D. adequately reported

B. oversimplify

Isabella appears sad and is having difficulty academically with her peer group. Isabella has a close relationship with her mother. This relationship with her mother can be considered what? A. mediating variable B. protective factor C. moderating variable D. risk factor

B. protective factor

The relationship between assessment and intervention is best viewed as what? A. separate and unrelated B. related and ongoing C. related, but separate D. related but time limited

B. related and ongoing

During the 1950-1960's, ___________ occurred as a systematic approach to childhood disorders?

Behavioral therapy

What is an underlying assumption with regards to abnormal development? A. Abnormal development is solely determined by the child's genetic makeup. B. Abnormal development is solely determined by the child's environment. C. Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities. D. Abnormal developments focuses on extreme or bizarre behavior.

C. Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities.

The ______________ of research findings are what advances the field of psychology. A. reliability B. Standardization C. Accumulation D. Validity

C. Accumulation

Which attachment pattern has been linked to phobias and anxiety problems? A. Secure B. Anxious, avoidant C. Anxious, resistant D. Disorganized

C. Anxious, resistant

Children's early caretaking experiences play an important role in designing parts of the brain that involve what? A. Planning and complex processes B. Problem solving skills C. Emotion, personality, and behavior D. Fine motor skills

C. Emotion, personality, and behavior

__________________ theorists argue that a child's behavior can only be understood in terms of relationships with others. A. Cognitive B. Behavioral C. Family systems D. Genetic

C. Family systems

_____________ evaluates treatment outcomes for child who were unsystematically assigned to treatment and control groups. A. Efficacy studies B. Case studies C. Randomized control trials (RCTs) D. Correlated studies

C. Randomized control trials (RCTs)

_________ theorists emphasize attributional biases, modeling, and cognitions in their explanation of abnormal behavior. A. Behavioral B. Psychodynamic C. Social learning D. Biological

C. Social learning

The process mechanism or means in which a variable produces a particular outcome is known as a what variable? A. Comorbid B. Correlated C. Mediating D. moderating

C. mediating

Individual differences in emotion ________ account for difference responses to a stressful environment. A. affectivity B. sensitivity C. reactivity D. regulation

C. reactivity

A child who cannot control his temper has problems in emotional what? A. sensitivity B. reactivity C. regulation D. deregulation

C. regulation

which description of a child would be considered labeling?

Carley is a depressed child

Which risk factor are most likely to increase a child's vulnerability to psychopathology?

Chronic poverty

Which is an example of resilience?

Coping skills

A child's problem must be considered in relation to the influence of the _________. A. Individual B. Family C. Community and culture D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Infants that are wary of new situations and strangers, and often cannot be comforted by the caregiver, are likely to have a ____________ attachment pattern. A. Secure B. Anxious, avoidant C. Anxious, resistant D. Disorganized

D. Disorganized

Attachment theory considers crying in an infant to be a behavior that what? A. serves to keep predators away B. stimulates the immune system C. Irritates others D. Enhances relationship with the caregiver

D. Enhances relationship with the caregiver

Which theorically orientation best explains the various behaviors or disorders in childhood? A. Biological B. Psychological C. Family D. Integrative

D. Integrative

_____________ rates refer to all cases of a disorder, either its new or previously existing during a specified period. A. Comorbidity B. Co-mortality C. Incidence D. Prevalence

D. Prevalence

A central tentet of developmental psychopathology is that to understand maladaptive behavior we must consider what? A. Genetic predisposition B. How problematic behaviors develop over time C. The child's familiar history from maladjustment D. What is normative for a given period of development.

D. What is normative for a given period of development.

Which psychological condition is more common in females than males? A. intellectual disability B. conduct disorder C. autism D. adolescent depression

D. adolescent depression

ABA involves the examination of: A. Behavior only B. Antecedents and consequence only C. behavior and consequence only D. behavior, antecedents, and consequences

D. behavior, antecedents, and consequences

Children who receive treatment are ______________. A. at the same level of functioning as those who were not treated B. less likely to discuss problems with their parents C. less likely than to progress than children who were not treated D. better off than children who do not receive treatment

D. better off than children who do not receive treatment

Amy was observed by a researcher both at home and at school what kind of research method is this? A. clinical observation B. structured observation C. situation observation D. Naturalistic observation

D. naturalistic observation

Ideally, a measure of psychopathology should be __________ A. changeable B. Validity C. Moderated D. Randomized

D. randomized

Neuroimaging techniques are least useful in determining what? A. gross and find analysis of brain structure B. changes in blood flow in the brain C. rate of glucose metabolism in the brain D. reason for abnormal brain activity

D. reason for abnormal brain activity

Because there is no one correct approach to research, most problems in abnormal child psychology are studied by using what? A. utilizing rigorous experiments B. using case study C. using one strategy D. using multiple methods and strategies

D. using multiple methods and strategies

Girls have higher rates of __________ than boys.

Depression

Freud was the first to link mental disorders to what?

Early childhood experience

Conduct disorder may raise in different developmental pathways is a concept known as what?

Equifinality

During early part of 20th century, the biological disease model of mental illness lead to what?

Eugenics and Segregation

which is not a developmental task of infancy?

Forming copse friends

Consequence associated with child psychology?

Increase demand on health services

In the first half of the 20th century, most children with mental disorders were what?

Institulized

Who is father of behaviorism?

John Watson

What method did Jean-Marc Itard to train the wild boy?

Massages

What is true in the respect to resilience?

May vary over time and across situations

Verified reports of child abuse is abuse is over ____________

One million

The work of Rene Spitz lead to the development of what?

Raised questions about institutionalization

What children are disproportionally afflicted with health problems?

Recent immigrants

Which pairing is less common to comorbid disorders? a. enuresis and schizophrenia b. conduct disorder and ADHD c. ASD and intellectual disability d. depression and anxiety

a. enuresis and schizophrenia

Which activity is particularly compatible with dimensional approach? a. communicating with other clinicians b. research into degree of association between 2 variables c. creating a treatment plan based on all the child's behaviors d. taking the entire package of child's behaviors into account when diagnosing

b. research into degree of association between 2 variables

Generally, isolated symptoms of behavioral and emotional problems what? a. are highly predictive of children overall adjustment. b. show little relation to children's overall adjustment c. moderately related to children's overall adjustment d. completely useless in predicting children's overall adjustment

b. show little relation to children's overall adjustment

The formal assignment of a clinical case to a DSM 5 classification is referred to as what? a. imperial diagnosis b. taxonomic diagnosis c. proper diagnosis d. psychological diagnosis

b. taxonomic diagnosis

Overrepresentation of boys with psychological disorders likely reflects what? a. functional deficits in the male brain b. media influence c. referral bias d. different socialization practice for males from females

c. referral bias

In 17th and 18th century, acts of child maltreatment were what?

considered to be a parent's right

a ____________ summarizes the child's unique behavior, thoughts, and feelings and together make up the features of a given psychological disorder. a. nomothetic description b. symptomatic description c. diagnostic description d. clinical description

d. clinical description

How would a clinician diagnosing a child who might have ADHD best approach the diagnosis? a. use the categorial model to determine severity of symptoms b. use dimensional model to determine context c. draw from intelligence test to determine category and dimension d. combine category with measure of severity through dimension

d. combine category with measure of severity through dimension

Generalization regarding cultural practices frequently fail to capture ________________ differences exist within and across ethnic groups. a. universal b. biological c. personality d. socioeconomic status

d. socioeconomic status

To determine a child's competencies, it is useful to have some knowledge of ____.

developmental task

Psychological disorders are defined as patterns of behavioral, cognitive, and social, or physical symptoms that are associated with what?

distress

Interventions for children/adolescent are often intended to what?

eliminate distress and further development

John Locke advance the idea that children are what?

emotionally sensitive beings

Many child and adolescent problems can be best described as the ____

failure to demonstrate expected developmental progress

In research terms, research questions about behavior that follow from a theory are called ___ A. speculations B. hypotheses C. assumptions D. proposals

hypotheses

What's the purpose of individualized education plan?

tailor school programs to his or her needs

Multifinality refers to the observation that

various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings