PY 375 - FINAL
Which statement is the most descriptive shorthand term for the tradeoff involved in "delay of gratification" research?
"Now versus tomorrow"
What is a hypothesis?
A testable prediction
The Stroop test is a psychological test that highlights the _.
Distinction between automatic thinking and deliberate thinking
A well-known test used in psychological research plays on the distinction between automatic and controlled processing. The test requires people to look at the written names of several colors (green, red, blue, etc.)-names which are, in all cases, written in "nonmatching" colors of ink (e.g., the word "green" might be written in red ink, while the word "red" might be written in yellow ink)-and to identify, as quickly as possible, the color in which each word is written. This test is known as the _.
Stroop test
Dr. Brown conducts an experiment to examine the effects of mentorship programs on children's academic achievement. She finds that children who have mentors receive significantly higher grades than children who don't. The result is statistically significant at the .05 level. What does this mean?
The finding probably did NOT occur by chance; mentorship programs probably D0 boost academic achievement,
Which themes best explain decision avoidance?
The idea that some choices are too difficult and the idea of anticipated regret
Is self-esteem related to academic grades?
Yes, they are positively correlated and it appears that good grades lead to high self-esteem.
The modern notion of the automatic system is BEST understood as _.
a kind of unconscious that is there to make your life easier
With regard to social roles, human beings tend to _.
adopt and drop roles as the situation
In social psychology, the "ABC triad" stands for _.
affect, behavior, and cognition
When the effects of two variables cannot be separated, _ has occurred.
an interaction / confounding (?)
Research has found that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation _.
are common in humans but other species seem to mainly be driven by intrinsic motivation
The margin of error in a poll best represents the _ in a survey's results.
construct validity (?)
Jackson has a lot to do this weekend, but as he is getting started, an old friend contacts him and they get together for what turns out to be a two-hour breakfast. When talk turns to seeing an early afternoon movie, Jackson figures he might as well since he had already blown most of the morning. Jackson is experiencing _.
counterregulation effect
Some of the problems that are unique to humans, like racism and genocide, are due to _.
culture
After participants have been deliberately deceived in an experiment, ethical standards require that they be _.
debriefed
A loss-framed appeal focuses on the _.
downside of a behavior's consequences
Ziba thinks she is struggling financially compared to her friends. Then she moves to a poorer part of town and realizes that she is pretty well-off. When Ziba compares herself to the people in her new location, she is engaging in _.
downward social comparison.
Research suggests that if you really want to change your self-concept, you should _.
either change your social environment or enlist support for your self-concept change from those in your existing social network
Failure will MOST likely produce learned helplessness for _.
entity theorists
In social psychology, people who regard traits and abilities as fixed and stable are known as _, while people who believe that it is possible to change and improve traits and abilities are known as _.
entity theorists; incremental theorists
According to _, when it comes to dating members of the opposite sex and mating with them, men will take advantage of every opportunity to pass along their genes.
error management theory
Self-determination theory states that people have an innate need to _.
feel at least some degree of autonomy and internal motivation
The sociometer theory of self-esteem suggests that personal self-esteem _.
functions as an indicator of how socially acceptable or unacceptable we are
Among humans, greater freedom is associated with _.
greater behavioral flexibility
The term "reactance" is used to refer to the tendency for people to _.
have an unpleasant emotional response when others are trying to restrict their freedom
Social psychology is best defined as the study of _.
how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are affected by other people
In the context of research, an operational definition of a variable is a precise description of _.
how the variable will be defined (i.e., how it will be manipulated or measured)
Among animal species that are meat-eating, _.
humans are the only species in which some individuals choose to be vegetarian
Vegetarianism is best described as an example of _.
ideas, or culture, impacting human behavior
The self-reference effect implies that _.
in times of stress, a pattern of automatic egotism emerges the finding that information bearing on the self is processed more thoroughly and more deeply, and hence remembered better, than other information.
If you conduct a study and predict that X causes Y, then X is the _ variable.
independent
Jeff is facing mandatory retirement, He thinks about how he has mentored his new co-workers the way he was once mentored. He enjoys it when co-workers come to him for advice and share their triumphs. He thinks about how his work friendships have often become personal, and he wonders how those relationships will change when he retires. Jeff's thoughts indicate his _.
interdependent self-construal
When a researcher conducts an experiment and is fairly certain that changes in the independent variable caused changes in the dependent variable, that experiment is said to be high in _.
internal validity
Dr. Tsuei is studying the effects of sleep deprivation on interpersonal skills. He is testing the interpersonal skills of 20-25 year- old males who have been sleep deprived for 24 hours, 36 hours, or 48 hours. In this study, the dependent variable is the _.
interpersonal skills of the research participants
Larry, an art instructor, loves his work and how it makes him feel, although it does not pay very well. Larry is most likely _ motivated to teach art.
intrinsically
How does the self-concept relate to others' perceptions of you? Research suggests that _.
it is very much in line with how people think others regard them, but is very different from how others actually do regard them
When people want to suppress a thought, the automatic mind works to _.
keep a lookout for anything that might remind them of the unwanted thought
The status quo bias in decision making refers to the tendency for people to _.
keep things the way they are instead of changing them
Research on the brain sizes of various animals has indicated that a bigger brain size is MOST strongly linked to _.
larger and more complex social groups
Suppose you are trying to find a good place to eat. Research suggests that if you were a dog, you would _ but that if you were a human, you would _.
look to other dogs (e.g., look to see what other dogs were up to); look to the environment (e.g., drive around and try to find something good)
Self-awareness is often unpleasant because people _.
may compare themselves to high standards
"Common sense" theories about social psychology are _.
often misleading or contradictory
People with bigger social networks have been found to be bigger in some key brain parts, notably the _.
orbital prefrontal cortex
Young actors, models, and musicians often get involved with drugs and alcohol very quickly after rising to success. While there are many factors that contribute to this pattern, it is suggested that they get mixed up with drugs and alcohol so that they have a good excuse in case their career takes a turn for the worse i.e., they can simply blame misfortunes on partying too much rather than on a personal lack of talent, which would be more painful! If this is true, then it would be correct to say that stars who party too much are often engaging in _.
overjustification
Politicians frequently face the tradeoff of _ to help assure that they will get elected versus _ and possibly jeopardizing their chances of getting reelected.
oversimplifying issues; being honest about the complexity of issues
The overjustification effect occurs when _.
people are extrinsically rewarded for something they intrinsically enjoy doing
Recall Solomon Asch's famous line-judging studies. In these studies, research subjects were asked to make judgments about unambiguous stimuli. They were asked to do this while in the presence of accomplices who consistently gave incorrect responses. One of the important conclusions to be drawn from Asch's research is that _.
people look to one another for information-rather than to the environment
A gain-framed appeal focuses on framing something in _ terms.
positive
Whenever you smell coconut oil, you tend to think about your recent vacation in the Bahamas (where you and your friends used lots of coconut suntan oil). This also makes you think about all of the fun and crazy things you did on your trip. That is, the smell of coconut oil _ memories of your trip.
primes
Social psychologists distinguish at least two main kinds of self-awareness: _.
public self-awareness and private self-awareness
The term _ refers to the idea that people are distressed by a loss of freedom or options and that they will seek to reclaim or reassert them.
reactance
When people want to suppress a thought, the deliberate mind works to _.
redirect attention away from the unpleasant thought
Social animals will generally help _.
relatives
Ted tends to think of himself as a workaholic and perfectionist. When he thinks back on his college years, he remembers studying hard for exams and getting good grades. But he tends to forget about the time he nearly failed a class, and disregards the many nights he spent partying. The way that Ted thinks about his college years illustrates the fact that people _.
revise or distort their memories to fit their current self-concepts
The tendency to give more weight to possible losses than to possible gains when making decisions that require tradeoffs is known _.
risk aversion
When you go to a restaurant, you know that there is a certain sequence of things that you need to do: (a) wait to be seated, (b) order, (c) eat, and then (d) pay. In other words, you have a _ for what needs to be done at restaurants.
script
The term self-regulation essentially refers to _.
self-control
Mental tricks that people use to help themselves believe things that are false are called _.
self-deception strategies
People with low self-esteem tend to focus on _ instead of self-enhancement.
self-protection
The process by which one controls and modifies the self is known as _.
self-regulation
According to evolutionary theory, men should generally be more interested in _ than women.
short-term sexual relationships
Most people choose to compare themselves to people who are _ than themselves because it makes them feel good.
slightly worse
Research on the brain sizes of different animals would suggest that after adjustment for differences in weight, domesticated cats have _ than wild, pride-living lions.
smaller brains
A person's _ reflects the interaction between individuals and the cultural system.
social identity
Dr. Otten studies the relationship between crime rates and childrearing practices. He is MOST likely a(n) _.
sociologist
Research suggests that goals are MOST helpful in facilitating achievement when they are _.
specific and somewhat difficult to achieve
Most of the time, people tend to _ when they are successful (e.g., when they win a tennis match) and _ when they are unsuccessful (e.g., when they lose a tennis match).
take credit; blame someone or something else
Research suggests that an attractive woman can induce a man to spend much of his money right away, even at considerable cost to his future financial circumstances. This best illustrates _.
temporal discounting (?)
The ability to make immediate sacrifices for later rewards is known as _.
the capacity to delay gratification
The tendency to place a lot of emphasis on definite outcomes is called _.
the certainty effect
In Nisbett and Wilson's (1977) studies, when people made choices about which stockings to buy, they said that they chose based on _.
the color or softness of the stocking
If a study is high in external validity, then _.
the findings are likely to generalize to other people and other settings
The phenomenal self or the working self-concept, refers to _.
the image of self that is currently active in a person's thoughts
Thanh despises his job. His co-workers are, at best, annoying and more often, obnoxious and offensive. His supervisor is a narcissistic bully, and the pay does not begin to make up for how terrible the workplace conditions are. Thanh is comforted by the fact that he can quit this job and work as a freelance website designer if he wants to. This scenario is consistent with _.
the panic button effect
Replication is an important part of _.
the self-correcting nature of science
Since self-handicapping allows people to easily engage in _, it helps them to maintain and enhance positive self-concepts.
the self-serving bias
Michael has to choose an online course to improve his skills. After much deliberation, he chooses a course on marketing. After a few weeks, Michael feels that he does not enjoy the course and wishes he had picked another course. Although he still has the option to select another course, Michael decides to stick to the marketing course. This scenario is an example of _.
the status quo bias
In order for humans to function effectively in society, _.
they need to focus on training the automatic system
The so-called Zeigarnik effect helps us to _.
to experience automatic, intrusive thoughts about a goal when pursuit of that goal has been interrupted
Two main reasons that people engage in self-defeating behaviors are because of _ and _.
tradeoffs (good and bad outcomes are often linked); faulty knowledge or strategies.
Whereas Freud thought that the unconscious often trips you up by making you say or do the wrong thing, Social and cognitive psychologists believe that the automatic system is _.
usually very helpful, but not always
Research on positive illusions and goal-setting indicates that _.
when setting goals, most people set aside positive illusions, and are (at least temporarily) realistic
Research on decision making indicates that there are two main steps in making choices. They are _.
whittling the full range of choices down to a limited few and then carefully considering these remaining few options.
Dr. Shar wants to test her theory that people feel less stressed after exereising. She measures students' stress levels and then has them perform 30 minutes of moderate exercise on a treadmill. After the treadmill segment, she measures their stress levels again. This is an example of a(n) _ design.
within-subjects
If you have a schema about graduate students, then _.
you have a general sense of what they are like, what they do, and how they are different from other people
Which of the following is one of the ways that cultural animals differ from social animals?
Only cultural animals have an elaborate division of labor.
Which of the following fields is MOST concerned with understanding human cultures?
Anthropology
Which of the following is a difference between automatic and deliberate thoughts?
Automatic thoughts are not guided by intention, whereas deliberate thoughts are always intentional.
Who is MOST likely to experience effective goal shielding?
Justin, who is very committed to his current goal
Which individual is LEAST likely to experience effective goal shielding?
Kayla, who is not very committed to achieving her current goals
What is the LEAST likely explanation for one's motivation to work in pursuit of money?
Money is an innate need ingrained in human nature
Which of the following is a general theme that emerges in research on human nature and culture?
Nature says go; culture says stop
Dr. Hurtado and Dr. Yashari have recently conducted a study and found a positive correlation between music-listening and dancing ability: People who listen to lots of music tend to be excellent dancers. The correlation is statistically significant. Can they conclude that listening to music causes people to be better dancers? Why or why not?
No, because the evidence is correlational, not experimental
Humans most likely evolved the capacity for interpersonal affection and love _.
because these traits improved their ability to connect with one another
When people are not keeping track of how much they are eating (e.g., when they are intoxicated or emotionally absorbed in a television show), _.
both dieters and non-dieters eat more than they would otherwise.
Unlike other animals, humans _.
can recognize themselves in a mirror
Marisol is pretty equal in terms of taking the blame for failures and crediting herself for successes. She is also fairly accurate when it comes to judging how much control she has over events in her life. Additionally, she has a fairly accurate idea of how much various people like her. Marisol also has low self-esteem and fails to interpret events in a positive manner. In the context of reality and illusion, Marisol may have _.
clinical depression.
Dr. Kay researches the effectiveness of different therapies for treating severe anxiety disorders. He is MOST likely a _.
clinical psychologist
The idea that nature and culture changed together and shaped each other is known as _.
co-evolution
