PY305 Ch. 15

1. While your mother was pregnant, there is an experience that may have happened that has affected your sense of taste. What experience am I referring to?

Whether or not they threw up a lot can effect your preference for salty snacks.

Is there any reason why anyone should eat bitter tasting foods? Explain your answer.

Yes, some bitter compounds in vegetables help prevent cancer

Salt is made up of 2 charged particles, a negatively charged particle called ____.

anion

1. Of the 4 basic human tastes, which are considered antinutrients?

bitter and sour

1. Salt is made up of 2 charged particles, a positively charged particle called ____.

cation

1. Which cranial nerve carries information from taste receptors to the brain?

chorda tympani

1. _____ papillae are the largest in size and are located in a single row at the back of the tongue in a V shaped pattern.

circumvallate

1. How long do taste receptor cells live?

days

1. According to the textbook, you should avoid all bitter tasting foods. True or false?

false

1. All sugars taste sweet. True or false?

false

1. The ability to identify and discriminate based on taste decreases with age. True or false?

false

1. The degree to which you like salty foods does not change with experience. True or false?

false

1. We are born liking chili peppers. True or false?

false

1. _____ papillae are located on the anterior part of the tongue.

filiform

Of the different types of papillae, which one does NOT contain taste buds?

filiform

1. Name the different types of papillae.

filiform, fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate

1. Stimuli that produce sensations of taste are called _____.

flavors

1. _____ papillae are located on the sides of the tongue near the back.

foliate

1. _____ papillae are located on the anterior part of the tongue and are mushroom-shaped.

fungiform

1. The perception of sour is tied to the chemical element (think periodic table):

hydrogen

1. After taste information goes through the medulla and thalamus, where does it go to next?

insular cortex

1. After taste information goes through the medulla and the thalamus, what is the second place it goes to?

insular cortex

1. You should eat chili peppers for 3 reasons. Name the 3 reasons.

kill microorganisms, release of endorphins, Vitamins A and C

1. The _____ theory postulates that each taste nerve fiber carries a particular taste quality.

labeled lines

1. On the tips of some taste buds are _____ which contain sites that bind to taste sensations. They look like hairs but are not.

microvill

Where are the receptors for umami believed to be located?

middle of tounge

1. Umami is an ingredient that is often added to food to enhance its taste. What is the name of the ingredient umami is commonly referred to as? No initials.

monosodium glutamate

1. What role does the orbitofrontal cortex play in terms of gustation?

responsible for the integration of pleasure and displeasure from food

1. Flavor is taste plus one primary thing. That one primary thing is:

retronasal olfaction

1. Of the 4 basic human tastes, which are considered nutrients?

salty and sweet

Name the 2 large categories of tastants.

salty or sour and sweet or bitter

1. According to the textbook, why do we learn to like chili peppers?

social influences

1. The idea that deficiency of a given nutrient produces a craving for it is referred to as the _____ theory.

specific hunger

1. In 1970, S.S. Stevens discovered a 3rd group of people with regard to the taste of PTC. Name the 3rd group.

supertasters

1. What is the omnivore's dilemma?

the problem of finding a healthy diet with all of the unhealthy choices we have

1. Where are the receptors for fat believed to be located?

trigeminal nerve

1. According to research, the specific hungers theory is correct. True or false?

true

1. Flavor and taste are different. True or false?

true

1. People with impaired sense of smell have a lower ability to identify objects based solely on taste. True or false?

true

1. The brain processes taste differently depending on whether odors come from the mouth or through the nostrils. True or false?

true

1. There are taste buds on the roof of the mouth. True or false?

true

1. There are taste receptors lining the entire gastrointestinal tract. True or false?

true

The degree to which you like salty foods changes with experience. True or false?

true

1. _____ are substances that are harmful to our bodies.

anti nutrient

1. In 1931, Arthur Fox discovered a bitter tasting chemical abbreviated PTC. Early research suggested that people fall into 1 of 2 categories when it comes to the taste perception of PTC. Name the 2 categories.

nontaster and taster

1. _____ are substances that are helpful to our bodies.

nutrient

1. Taste buds are located on structures called:

papillae

1. List the 4 basic tastes in humans.

salt, sour, bitter, and sweet

1. What proportion of the population are nontasters?

1/3

1. What proportion of the population are tasters?

2/3

1. Anatomically, how many different types of taste bud cells are there?

3

How many different types of papillae are there?

4

1. Are sour things good or bad for you? Explain your answer.

At high levels of concentration acids will damage both external and internal body tissues

1. If you consumed little salt for a long period of time, how would your perception of salt change if you then had something salty? That is how would it taste?

It would taste more salty than it actually is.

1. Umami signals the presence of _____ in food.

MSG

1. While your mother was pregnant, there is an experience that may have happened that has affected your sense of taste. If she had that experience, how would your taste preferences have changed?

Moderate to severe morning sickness causes you to like saltier snacks.

1. Name the different types of taste bud cells.

Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3

1. BE SURE TO KNOW THE PURPOSE OF EACH OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TASTE BUD CELL.

Type 1: house keeping cells that excrete potassium through taste pore allowing other cell types to maintain their resting membrane potential, may play a role in salt taste Type 2: respond to taste of bitter, sweet umami stimuli Type 3: called presynaptic, may play a role in sour taste