PYS Final 5 & 8

The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age __________. 9 12 10 15

12

Infants typically begin to make vowel-like sounds at around the age of __________. 6 weeks 2 months 6 months 7 months

2 months

How many pairs of chromosomes are normally in each cell of the human body? 46 23 21 22

23

Humans have a total of __________ chromosomes in normal developmental cases. 46 23 21 22

46

The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses ________. A) will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response) B) will be less resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response) C) will be more variable in its resistance to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response) D) will be totally resistant to extinction unlike a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response)

A) will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response)

Which letters correspond to the four elements of modeling from Bandura's theory? MIMA AMIM BANDURA MOMA

AMIM

A mother tells a young child that when her father comes home, he will spank her because she was bad. One negative consequence of this punishment is that ________. the child will hide from her father and try to avoid him the child will lie to her father and say she never was bad the child will experience fear and anxiety, which are emotions that do not promote learning. All of these negative consequences may occur as they are known consequences of punishment

All of these negative consequences may occur as they are known consequences of punishment

Silvia has blond hair, even though her mother and father each have brown hair. What do we know about Silvia's parents? At least one of her parents has a recessive gene for blond hair. Each of her parents must have one recessive gene for blond hair color. Each of her parents must have one dominant gene for blond hair. Neither of her parents has a gene for blond hair.

Each of her parents must have one recessive gene for blond hair color.

Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions? Seligman Garcia Skinner Watson

Garcia

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy? Pavlov Garcia Rescorla Skinner

Rescorla

________ classical conditioning, operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the ________. Like; response Unlike; response Unlike; consequence Like; stimulus

Unlike; response

The most likely cause for miscarriage during the first three months of pregnancy is __________. a genetic defect alcohol use not taking prenatal vitamins lack of exercise

a genetic defect

What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the case of Little Albert? a rat a loud noise a high chair a small enclosed space

a loud noise

Leticia has just learned that she is terminally ill. She is now always irritable, often throws things on the floor, and yells at members of her family and the nurses who care for her. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Leticia is most likely in the __________ stage of dying. anger bargaining denial reactive

anger

Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behavior? trust versus mistrust initiative versus guilt industry versus inferiority autonomy versus shame and doubt

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior? classical conditioning innate learning punishment by removal instinctive drift

classical conditioning

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________. classical conditioning operant conditioning memory linkage adaptation

classical conditioning

The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning? instinctive drift innate learning conditioned taste aversion conditioned emotional response

conditioned emotional response

Brittany and Abby Hensel are __________. nonidentical twins dizygotic twins fraternal twins conjoined twins

conjoined twins

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the __________ method. cohort design longitudinal design behavior genetics design cross-sectional design

cross-sectional design

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using? cohort design longitudinal design behavior genetics design cross-sectional design

cross-sectional design

According to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and tends to be loud is labeled a(n)__________ child. easy difficult slow-to-warm-up negative

difficult

Professor Rochelle told her students that if her door was closed it meant that she was unavailable to them and would be angry if they knocked on her door. But if her door was open, it meant that she was in a rare good mood and would answer questions at that time. Professor Rochelle's door being open was a ________ for ________. discriminative stimulus; asking questions discriminative stimulus; not asking questions discriminative response; asking questions discriminative response; not asking questions

discriminative stimulus; asking questions

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?

embryonic

The most likely time for a miscarriage is during the __________ months. first three last three middle three last six

first three

A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement. fixed interval variable interval fixed ratio variable ratio

fixed interval

For every 5 times that you go to the gym each week, you reward yourself with a treat. This best illustrates which of the following schedules of reinforcement? fixed ratio variable ratio variable interval fixed interval

fixed ratio

In Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development, preschoolers are challenged to control their own behavior. trust versus mistrust autonomy versus shame and doubt initiative versus guilt industry versus inferiority

initiative versus guilt

Older adults who look back on their lives with regrets, wishing they could relive their lives, have not successfully resolved Erikson's psychosocial crisis of __________. integrity versus despair intimacy versus isolation generativity versus stagnation identity versus identity confusion

integrity versus despair

The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to __________. extroverted behavior a lessening of self-analysis compared to preoperational thought introspection and egocentrism thinking in terms of concrete things

introspection and egocentrism

Ryan has cystic fibrosis. This means that his mother is a carrier for the cystic fibrosis gene, while his father __________. is also a carrier is not a carrier does not have a cystic fibrosis gene has two cystic fibrosis genes

is also a carrier

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________. insight innate learning vicarious learning latent learning

latent learning

Young infants cannot appreciate the carnival game in which a pea seems to disappear from under a walnut because they have not yet developed a sense of __________. conservation object permanence centration egocentrism

object permanence

The germinal period __________. occurs during the first two weeks after fertilization occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization occurs from approximately 8 weeks after fertilization to birth occurs from 7 to 10 weeks after fertilization

occurs during the first two weeks after fertilization

Biofeedback is an application of ________. classical conditioning operant conditioning social learning preparedness

operant conditioning

A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. What is the cookie in this example? punisher positive reinforcer negative reinforcer conditioned response

positive reinforcer

According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age, in which the child learns to use words, images, or actions to understand the world, is the __________ stage. concrete operations sensorimotor preoperational formal operations

preoperational

Mary's parents want her to put her books in her bookcase. At first, they praise her for putting the books together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in the bookcase. This is an example of ________. negative reinforcement punishment extinction shaping

shaping

According to Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory of moral development should only be applied to males. explains moral reasoning in multiple cultures. should be extended to males. is a comprehensive theory without missing components.

should only be applied to males.

Egbert is a quiet child who is very slow to adapt to change. However, if he is introduced gradually to new people or situations, then eventually he will accept them without too much distress. Thomas and Chess would say his temperament is __________. active slow-to-warm-up difficult easy

slow-to-warm-up

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus. can of cat food sound of the electric can opener dish that Harmony puts the food in cat scurrying into the kitchen

sound of the electric can opener

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called ________. primary reinforcers successive approximations secondary reinforcers unconditioned stimuli

successive approximations

Sarah is in her forties. Her menstrual cycle is irregular and she is experiencing "hot flashes" that are keeping her awake at night. The changes Sarah is experiencing are called __________. the climacteric perimenopause menopause andropause

the climacteric

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an) ________. unconditioned response unconditioned stimulus conditioned response conditioned stimulus

unconditioned stimulus

It is even possible to become classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus in a process called ________. vicarious conditioning conditioned emotional responses stimulus generalization higher-order conditioning

vicarious conditioning

Which is the most important characteristic of a food that is linked to a conditioned taste aversion for birds? taste smell vision touch

vision

Megan just turned 32. She is keenly aware of biological changes that occur as she gets older. What's more, she measures the sensitivity of her senses and other physical characteristics by using sophisticated testing equipment. In which of the following areas is she likely to find some decline? vision and hearing sensitivity to odors and temperatures sensitivity to taste, muscular strength, and hearing sensitivity to taste, vision, and muscular strength

vision and hearing