PYSC 181 FINAL STUDY

Enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins are similar in which way? A. they are synthesized from genes B. they come from the same gene C. they are all classical transmitters D. they are distributed similarly in the brain E. they act on the same opiate receptors

A. they are synthesized from genes

The synthesis of serotonin: A. tryptophan -> 5-hydroxytrophan -> 5-hydroxytrypamine B. DA -> DOPA -> NE -> E C. DOPA -> DA -> E -> NE D. tyrosine -> DOPA -> DA -> NE -> E E. tryptophan -> DOPA -> DA -> NE -> E -> 5-hydroxytryptamine

A. tryptophan -> 5-hydroxytrophan -> 5-hydroxytrypamine

If it were swallowed, a drug that is alkaline (basic), like cocaine: A. would not be very ionized in the relatively alkaline intestine and therefore would be absorbed there B. would be highly ionized in the relatively alkaline intestine and therefore would be absorbed there C. would be highly ionized in the acidic stomach and therefore would be absorbed there D. would not be very ionized in the acidic stomach and therefore would be absorbed there

A. would not be very ionized in the relatively alkaline intestine and therefore would be absorbed there

In the Frozen Addicts (Brain Transplant) movie, what did the addicts think they were taking and what actually caused the Brain Damage? A. amphetamine, MPPP B. Heroin, MPTP C. MDMA, MPTP D. Demerol, MPPP

B. Heroin, MPTP

Suppose I wanted to take to make LSD less addictive. I could: A. give buprenorphine B. I wouldn't do anything, because LSD is not addictive C. modify it to reduce lipid solubility D. modify it to increase lipid solubility E. give naloxone

B. I wouldn't do anything, because LSD is not addictive

Which of the following drugs maintain self-administration? A. fluoxetine B. THC C. LSD D. haloperidol

B. THC

Drug addiction is: A. a phenomenon that always involves withdrawals B. a phenomenon that involves compulsive drug taking, compulsive drug seeking, and relapse C. the same thing as dependence D. a phenomenon that always involves dependence, tolerance, drug craving, and relapse

B. a phenomenon that involves compulsive drug taking, compulsive drug seeking, and relapse

The a big difference between amphetamine used for ADHD and that used by addicts is: A. The abused drug is usually methamphetamine B. all of these are correct C. The ADHD dose is much lower D. the abused drug is taken using a faster route of administration

B. all of these are correct

An antagonist is a drug that: A. binds to the receptor and does the opposite of an agonist B. binds to the receptor and doesn't do anything C. binds to the agonist to inactivate it D. always deceases maximum effect

B. binds to the receptor and doesn't do anything

Drugs don't just work on receptors. They can work on many different parts of the synaptic transmission process! Which of the following actions would result in an increase in neurotransmission? A. blocking synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules B. blocking reuptake C. facilitating enzymatic degradation D. blocking axonal transport

B. blocking reuptake

According to the positive reinforcement view, which drug would be the most addictive? A. morphine B. cocaine C. MDMA D. a barbiturate E. THC

B. cocaine

PCP is a(n): A. analgesic B. dissociative anesthetic C. LSD-type hallucinogen D. local anestethic

B. dissociative anesthetic

Phenethylamines that have more action on _____ are more addictive and those that have more action on ____ are more hallucinogenic A. dopamine; norepinephrine B. dopamine, serotonin C. dopamine; glutamate D. serotonin; dopamine E. the serotonin transporter; the dopamine transporter

B. dopamine, serotonin

The main excitatory transmitter in the brain is: A. norephinephrine B. glutamate C. endorphin D. GABA E. dopamine

B. glutamate

Symptoms of schizophrenia include: A. anxiety and depression B. hallucinations and delusions C. tics and hallucinations D. excessive worry and asociality E. akathisia and depression

B. hallucinations and delusions

Suppose I wanted a drug to be longer lasting, which route of administration should I pick? A. s.c. B. i.m. C.i.p. D. i.v.

B. i.m.

Serotonin is made primarily A. by genes coding 5-HTP B. in the Raphe nuclei C. by genes coding serotonin D. from tyrosine in the diet E. from dopamine

B. in the Raphe nuclei

"Flakka" A. is the "zombie drug" and is quite different than other designer stimulants B. is usually alpha-PVP, and is similar to methamphetamine C. is a type of synthetic cannabinoid D. is a type of synthetic opioid E. is another name for MDMA

B. is usually alpha-PVP, and is similar to methamphetamine

The endocannabinoid system is unusual because: A. it acts on sodium channels B. it involves retrograde transport C. it involves ligand gated cannabinoid receptors D. it acts dopamine synthesis E. it involves metabotropic receptors

B. it involves retrograde transport

Psychedelic means: A. brain-reprogramming B. mind-expanding C. mind-penetrating D. sedating E. hypnotizing

B. mind-expanding

Historically the main difference between Heroin and Morphine has been thought to be _________. A. in efficacy B. pharmacokinetic C. in maximum effect D. phamacodynamic E. due to action at different receptors

B. pharmacokinetic

Psilocybin is: A. produced by a drug company and marketed for migraines B. produced by "magic mushrooms" C. produced from ergotamine D. capable of producing dependence E. addictive

B. produced by "magic mushrooms"

Which of the following would push the dose-effect curve to the right? A. sensitization B. tolerance C. an increase in the number of receptors D. a decrease in the number of receptors

B. tolerance

The most important factor to consider in drug design is: A. efficacy B. transport across membranes C. binding to inert substances D. drug-receptor binding and fit

B. transport across membranes

Phenethylamines A. tend to act primarily as stimulants B. vary in terms of hallucinogenic and stimulant effects C. tend to act primarily on the serotonin transporter D. tend to act primarily on the dopamine transporter E. tend to act primarily as hallucinogens

B. vary in terms of hallucinogenic and stimulant effects

Let's suppose I am anxious and you are super chill. If I take some Valium, I am chill and feel great. If you take it: A. you feel great and this is an example of "setting B. you feel tired and this is an example of "set" C. you feel tired and this is an example of "setting" D. you also feel great and this is an example of "set"

B. you feel tired and this is an example of "set"

PCP produces its effect through: A. AMPA and sigma receptors B. 5HT2A receptors C. NMDA and sigma receptors D. NMDA and 5HT2A receptors

C. NMDA and sigma receptors

Which is used to study learned fear in rodents? A. tail flick test B. elevated plus maze C. Pavlovian conditioned freezing D. forced swim test

C. Pavlovian conditioned freezing

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events of neurotransmitter synaptic transmission? A. Synthesis -> Release -> Transport -> Inactivation/Recycling -> Storage B. Synthesis -> Storage -> Release -> Transport -> Inactivation/Recycling C. Synthesis -> Transport -> Storage -> Release -> Inactivation/Recycling D. Synthesis -> Inactivation/Recycling -> Storage -> Transport -> Release

C. Synthesis -> Transport -> Storage -> Release -> Inactivation/Recycling

According to the physical dependence view of drug addiction: A. addicts take drugs to improve their performance or adjustment to life circumstances B. addicts take drugs to correct pre-existing diseases like anxiety C. addicts take drugs to avoid withdrawal D. addicts take drugs to avoid their own unpleasant feelings or circumstances E. addicts take drugs to get the drug high

C. addicts take drugs to avoid withdrawal

Withdrawal from which is very dangerous and requires medical supervision? A. benzodiazepines B. all of these are correct C. barbiturates D. opiates E. PCP

C. barbiturates

The legal limit for drinking and driving: A. is based on the relative risk of respiratory depression B. is based on the relative risk of overdose C. based on the relative risk of being in an accident D. is based on how impaired your reaction time is E. is based on the number of drinks it is healthy to drink

C. based on the relative risk of being in an accident

Which of the following seems to be the best potential medical use for marijuana? A. antiemetic B. laxative C. boosting appetite in cancer and AIDS patients D. to prevent stroke E. antipsychotic (anti-schizophrenia)

C. boosting appetite in cancer and AIDS patients

Which was a popular wine additive? A. marijuana B. amphetamine C. cocaine D. opium

C. cocaine

In Parkinson's disease there is A. none of these are correct B. all of these are correct C. death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra D. overexcitation of motor cortex E. increase of dopamine in the caudate

C. death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra

Negative reinforcement ________ the probability of a preceding behavior, and positive reinforcement ______ the probability of the preceding behavior. A. decreases, decreases B. decreases, increases C. increases, increases D. increases, decreases

C. increases, increases

According to data we saw in class looking at what proportion of people who ever tried a drug become addicted, which is/are the most addictive drug? A. alcohol B. cocaine C. nicotine D. Heroin E. cannabis

C. nicotine

If I give more tyrosine in my food, what happens in the brain? A. DA, NE, and E go up B. nothing goes up, because the rate limiting step is L-DOPA -> Dopamine C. nothing goes up, because the rate limiting step is tyrosine hydrolxylase

C. nothing goes up, because the rate limiting step is tyrosine hydrolxylase

Which would push the maximum effect down? A. combining two agonists for the same receptor B. pretreatment with a competitive antagonist C. pretreatment with a noncompetitive antagonist D. decreased lipid solubility

C. pretreatment with a noncompetitive antagonist

THC is: A. more effective than opioids as a treatment for pain B. very similar to PCP in terms of hallucinogenic properties at high doses C. somewhat addictive D. similar in terms of addiction to cigarettes E. not addictive

C. somewhat addictive

Which of the following prompted the very first regulations on drug in the US? A. The War on Drugs B. The Civil War C. the muckraking articles and the publication of The Jungle D. The Controlled Substances Act

C. the muckraking articles and the publication of The Jungle

Sumatriptan (Imitrex) is similar to_____ but crosses the blood-brain-barrier ____ A. none of these are correct B. psylocibin; well C. fentanyl; poorly D. psylocibin; poorly E. fentanyl; well

D. psylocibin; poorly

____ is a measure of drug safety A. ED50 B. selectivity index C. certain life ratio D. safety margin

D. safety margin

Suppose I invent a new drug that cures depression with a single dose by changing your genes: A. the price will be low because people have to take a lot of the drug often B. the price will be low because there are many people with depression C. the price will be moderate because in the U.S. the price is set by a national price setting organization D. the price will be very high because the company needs to recover the drug's development cost

D. the price will be very high because the company needs to recover the drug's development cost

Generally speaking, we see the fastest drug response when: A. the receptor is metabotropic B. the receptor has a second messenger C. the receptor binds to acetylcholine D. the receptor is coupled to a ligand-gated channel

D. the receptor is coupled to a ligand-gated channel

The synthesis of catecholamines: A. E -> NE -> DA B. DA-> DOPA -> NE -> E C. tryptophan -> DOPA -> DA -> NE -> E D. tyrosine -> DOPA -> DA -> NE -> E E. DOPA -> DA -> E -> NE

D. tyrosine -> DOPA -> DA -> NE -> E

Which can produce Parkinsonism or Parkinson-like symptoms: A. maneb + paraquat B. 6-OHDA C. MPTP D. dopamine antagonists E. all of these are correct

E. all of these are correct

Compared to the 1960s marijuana today is: A. less addictive B. more energizing C. less prevalent D. more illegal E. at least 3 times stronger

E. at least 3 times stronger

Which of the following most accurately represents the continuum of behavioral sedation? A. anxiety relief > hypnosis > disinhibition > coma B. disinhibition > hypnosis > coma > death C. sedation > hypnosis > death > coma D. anxiety relief > sedation > disinhibition > general anesthesia E. death > general anesthesia > hypnosis> disinhibition

E. death > general anesthesia > hypnosis> disinhibition

The largest increase in death-overdoses recently is from: A. Heroin & oxycodone B. oxycodone & hydrocodone C. kratom D. buprenorphine E. fentanyl & fentanyl derivatives

E. fentanyl & fentanyl derivatives

Novel antipsychotics: A. have a high risk of tardive dyskinesia B. have some risk of tardive dyskinesia but it is not significiant or anything to worry about C. have no risk of tardive dyskinesia D. have no risk of metabolic syndrome E. have a lower, but still significant risk of tardive dyskinesia than conventional antipsychotics

E. have a lower, but still significant risk of tardive dyskinesia than conventional antipsychotics

According to which theory are addiction and dependence the same thing? A. self-medication hypothesis B. negative incentive model C. positive incentive model D. diathesis-stress model E. physical dependence hypothesis

E. physical dependence hypothesis

Drugs tend to produce less addiction when they are taken up more slowly into the bloodstream. This fits which model of addiction? A. physical dependence hypothesis B. allostatic theory of addiction C. negative reinforcement model D. self-medication hypothesis E. positive reinforcement model

E. positive reinforcement model

Why can't I just give more tyrosine to treat Parkinson's disease? A. tyrosine isn't the precursor for dopamine B. the precursor for serotonin is tryptophan C. the statement is wrong; you can just give tyrosine D. the rate-limiting step is tryptophan hydroxylase E. the rate-limiting step is tyrosine hydroxylase

E. the rate-limiting step is tyrosine hydroxylase

GABA-A is the main _____ receptor and fluxes ___ A. inhibitory; Cl- B. inhibitory; Na- C. excitatory; Cl- D. excitatory; Ca++

A. inhibitory; Cl-

Alcohol is the #1 cause of: A. intellectual disability (mental retardation) B. death C. addiction D. autism E. amnesia

A. intellectual disability (mental retardation)

Schizophrenia A. is a primarily genetic disease with some environmental aggravators B. is an entirely environmental disease C. is an entirely genetic disease D. is caused by a combination of six genes E. is primarily an environmental disease with a few cases that are heritable

A. is a primarily genetic disease with some environmental aggravators

Drug half life is: A. the time for plasma drug concentration to fall to half of peak level B. the time for plasma concentration to climb to half its peak level C. the time for drug effect to fall to half its peak level D. the time for half of the drug to be absorbed

A. the time for plasma drug concentration to fall to half of peak level

Parkinson's disease: A. is primarily an environmental disease with a few cases that are heritable B. is caused by a combination of six genes C. is an entirely genetic disease D. is an entirely environmental disease E. is a primarily genetic disease with some environmental aggravators

A. is primarily an environmental disease with a few cases that are heritable

Fentanyl A. is synthetic B. produces delirium C. is a semi-synthetic D. is made from morphine E. enters the cell and causes release of dopamine

A. is synthetic

Oxycodone is more potent than morphine when given p.o., but less potent than morphine when given i.v. Why? A. morphine is less lipid soluble B. oxycodone is less lipid soluble C. morphine is more ionized D. the statement is false, morphine is always more potent than oxycodone E. oxycodone is converted to morphine in the brain

A. morphine is less lipid soluble

Which drugs affect both pain sensation (nociception) and pain perception? A. opioids B. all of the above C. marijuana D. ibuprofen E. acetaminophen (Tylenol)

A. opioids

Which drug does not produce addiction? A. psylocibin B. MDMA C. marijuana D. alcohol E. Heroin

A. psylocibin

Which of the following decreases the probability of a preceding behavior? A. punishment B. progressive ratio schedule C. negative reinforcement D. fixed interval

A. punishment

When did Opioid addiction first become a major problem in the US? A. right after the Civil War B. right after World War I C. right after the Pure Food & Drug Act D. right after World War II

A. right after the Civil War

Once all the receptors are occupied, if I add more drug: A. the drug effect won't increase because it has already reached its maximum effect B. more receptors will be inserted into the membrane to accommodate the extra drug C. the drug effect increases D. the drug effect won't increase because it has already reached its maximum efficacy

A. the drug effect won't increase because it has already reached its maximum effect

What is the delay of reinforcement gradient? A. the same thing as delay discounting B. a method to increase responding in animals C. the shorter the delay, the greater the discounting of reinforcers D. the same thing as drug discrimination E. a method to decrease responding in animals

A. the same thing as delay discounting

The common psychedelic mechanism for LSD-like hallucinogens is likely: A. 5HT2A agonism B. blockade of SERT C. reversal of SERT D. NMDA receptor antagonism E. 5HT2A antagonism

A. 5HT2A agonism

Which of the following drugs would WORSEN symptoms of schizophrenia? A. A drug that blocks dopamine transporters B. A drug that inhibits dopamine synthesis C. A drug that enhanced the breakdown of dopamine into non-active metabolites D. Dopamine antagonists E. A drug that prevents dopamine from being packaged into a vesicle

A. A drug that blocks dopamine transporters

In the Frozen Addicts (Brain Transplant) movie, which symptom figured prominently into L-DOPA failure after a few months? A. ALL OF THESE B. dyskinesias C. on-off fluctuations D. hallucinations

A. ALL OF THESE

The law of mass action states that: A. Drug administration leads to a cellular response that is in proportion to the fraction of receptors occupied B. A drug can have an effect at a low dose that is very different from that at a high (concentrated) dose C. Drug response is directly proportional to the dose of the drug D. A heavier person will require more drugs, but the dose per unit weight is constant across individuals

A. Drug administration leads to a cellular response that is in proportion to the fraction of receptors occupied

_____ is the dose of a drug that produces the desirable effect in 50% of the population. A. ED50 B. TD50 C. LD50 D. TI50

A. ED50

Parkinson's symptoms include: A. a resting tremor B. prancing gait C. all of these are correct D. hallucinations E. an intention tremor

A. a resting tremor

ketamine is often used as: A. a veterinary anesthetic B. a cure for ADHD C. an anesthetic for dentistry D. a dental anesthetic

A. a veterinary anesthetic

The classification of drugs into Schedules II-IV is based on the concept of: A. abuse potential B. dependence C. accepted medical use D. addiction

A. abuse potential

Opioids reduce: A. all of these are correct B. gastric motility C. nociception D. pain perception E. suffering

A. all of these are correct

Endogenous ligands for CB1 receptors include: A. anandamide; 2-AG B. enkephalin-D; endorphin C. THC; 2-AG D. anandamide; THC E. THC; CBD

A. anandamide; 2-AG

In schizophrenia: A. blocking dopamine helps the positive symptoms B. all of these are correct C. blocking dopamine helps the negative symptoms D. blocking dopamine helps the cognitive symptoms E. blocking dopamine helps both positive and negative symptoms

A. blocking dopamine helps the positive symptoms

Which drug has the greatest cardiovascular risk? A. cocaine B. Heroin C. morphine D. amphetamine

A. cocaine

Self-administration is a model of: A. compulsive drug taking B. relapse C. compulsive drug seeking D. withdrawal

A. compulsive drug taking

If I blocked tyrosine hydroxylase, I would: A. decrease epinephrine B. increase DOPA C. increase 5HT D. increase dopamine E. none of these are correct

A. decrease epinephrine

__ is an opioid; ____ is an opiate A. fentanyl; codeine B. codeine; fentanyl C. fentanyl; Heroin D. fentanyl; oxycodone E. oxycodone; fentanyl

A. fentanyl; codeine B. codeine; fentanyl

"Bath salts": A. include mephedrone B. include Spice/K2 C. are nearly identical to MDMA D. are drugs that sometimes make you act like zombies E. are usually designer opium extracts

A. include mephedrone

Which produces amnesia? A. Ativan (loreazepam) B. Rohypnol (flunitrazepam) C. Valium (diazepam) D. All of these produce amnesia E. Versed (midazolam)

D. All of these produce amnesia

Which of the following statements regarding the development of new therapeutic drugs is true? A.The research necessary to develop a new drug is very expensive and time-consuming, but once completed, the drug is guaranteed FDA approval B. The research necessary to develop a new drug is relatively simple, but the final FDA approval process is very expensive and time-consuming C. Most drugs make it from the pre-clinical stage to the clinical stage, but still do not become FDA approved D. The research necessary to develop a new drug is very expensive and time-consuming, and most drugs do not end up obtaining FDA approval

D. The research necessary to develop a new drug is very expensive and time-consuming, and most drugs do not end up obtaining FDA approval

2-AG (2-Arachidonoylglycerol) is: A. a neurotransmitter that binds certain ligand-gated channels B. a hormone transmitter C. an endogenous cannabinoid and a partial agonist for the CB1 receptor D. an endogenous cannabinoid and full agonist for the CB1 receptor E. an endogenous stimulant

D. an endogenous cannabinoid and full agonist for the CB1 receptor

Classical neurotransmitters: A. are synthesized from genes which code their sequence B. include melanin C. include endorphins D. are made from natural precursors in the die

D. are made from natural precursors in the die

Pharmacodynamics includes: A. how a drug gets to a receptor B. how a drug is packaged to make it time-release C. how quickly the drug crosses the blood-brain barrier D. how effectively a drug acts on a receptor

D. how effectively a drug acts on a receptor

Benzodiazepines ______ and Barbiturates _______ A. are general anesthetics; are anxiolytics B. act on a site different than GABA; act on the same site as GABA C. increase channel opening duration; increase channel opening frequency D. increase channel opening frequency, increase channel opening duration E. are relatively unsafe; are relatively safe

D. increase channel opening frequency, increase channel opening duration

Which of the following would push the dose-effect curve to the left? A. decreased lipid solubility B. pretreatment with a competitive antagonist C. tolerance D. increased lipid solubility

D. increased lipid solubility

I am using a fixed ratio schedule, and I give the mouse a higher dose of cocaine than it is used to working for. Suddenly the rate of responding goes down. What does this mean? A. the animal is experiencing less reward B. the animal finds the higher dose aversive C. the animal is incapacitated D. it could mean any of these-rate of responding is not a good measure of drug reward

D. it could mean any of these-rate of responding is not a good measure of drug reward

Fentanyl is useful because: A. it is very weak, so it is not addictive B. it is very slow acting and therefore not addictive C. all of these are correct D. it is very potent so you can give very small amounts E. it is very potent so you can put it in a pill

D. it is very potent so you can give very small amounts

Which would block the psychedelic effects of psilocybin? A. pimozide B. naloxone C. naltrexone D. ketanserin E. PCP

D. ketanserin

Pharmacokinetics includes: how the drug activates downstream transcription factors how strongly the drug binds to specific receptors how the drug activates certain second messengers D. lipid solubility

D. lipid solubility

Analgesia is ________ to as anesthesia is to ________ A. loss of all sensation, loss of pain B. cocaine, amphetamine C. lidocaine, opium D. loss of pain, loss of all sensation E. lidocaine, aspirin

D. loss of pain, loss of all sensation

Rank in terms of strongest to weakest strong, weak, weaker A. d-amphetamine, methamphetamine, l-amphetamine B. methamphetamine, l-amphetamine, d,l-amphetamine C. d,l-amphetamine, d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine D. methamphetamine, d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine

D. methamphetamine, d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine

The analgesic effects of opioids are mediated through: A. delta receptors B. dopamine C. sigma receptors D. mu receptors E. all of these are correct

D. mu receptors

As a drug researcher, for which drug would I have the most trouble determining its exact therapeutic mechanism of action? A. one that binds to a ligand-gated channel B. one that binds to a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor C. one that binds to an ionotropic receptor D. one that binds to a GCPR

D. one that binds to a GCPR

Crystal meth: A. originated in New Mexico and spread to California B. originated on the east coast and spread westward C. originated in the South and spread to the rest of the country D. originated on the west coast and spread eastward

D. originated on the west coast and spread eastward