Pysc 2070 final Erwin
What is the method of research that involves extensive, in-depth interviews, observations, and testing with a particular individual to uncover as much as possible about that person? Select one: a.Case study b.Cross-sectional research c.Natural observation d.Experimentation
a.Case study
A sticker chart designed to reward a child for every ten stickers earned for doing household chores is an example of what? Select one: a.a time out schedule b.positive conditioning c.negative reinforcement d.a token economy
a token economy
The term __________ is used to refer to the environmental influences that shape behavior. Select one: a.nurture b.maturation c.social evolution d.nature
a.nurture
Infants younger than 5 months old do not search for objects once they have been removed from their sight. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, these infants have not yet developed ________. Select one: a.object permanence b.conservation c.egocentrism d.reversibility
a.object permanence
Nonnormative life events: Select one: a.unusual events that influence a person's life. b.traumatic or unhappy events. c.events that generally happen to everyone. d.typical for a given population.
a.unusual events that influence a person's life.
_____ include biological and environmental factors that have a strong correlation with chronological age. Select one: a.Nonnormative life events b.Normative life events c.Normative age-graded influences d.Normative history-graded influences
c.Normative age-graded influences
_____ include influences associated with a specific time period that define the broader bio-cultural context in which an individual develops. Select one: a.Normative age-graded influences b.Normative life events c.Normative history-graded influences d.Nonnormative life events
c.Normative history-graded influences
A research advisor tells a graduate student, "Now that you have developed hypotheses based on a theory, you can ________ to test your hypotheses." Select one: a.engage in scientific debate b.perform observations c.conduct research d.generate practical applications
c.conduct research
Social cognitive theory (social learning theory) proposes that ________, whereas Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that ________. Select one: a.learning is universal for everyone; development follows many courses b.there are distinct stages of development; learning is unique to each person c.learning is unique to each person; there are distinct stages of development d.development is more influenced by nature than nurture; development is more influenced by nurture than nature
c.learning is unique to each person; there are distinct stages of development
According to Erikson, middle adulthood should be associated with which of the following qualities or virtues? Select one: a.care for others b.economic success c.status and dominance d.physiological self-improvement
care for others
A researcher conducted an in depth study of a child who was raised in isolation and had no contact with same-age peers until age 10. This researcher detailed the child's development in a number of spheres: physical/motor, language/cognitive, social and emotional. What kind of research method is this? Select one: a.Observational study b.Content analysis c.Survey d.Case study
case study Correct! Case studies involve exploring a single case or situation in great detail to uncover as much as possible about a person or situation. Case studies are helpful when investigating unusual situations such as children reared in isolation.
Infants develop motor skills in an organized manner, with motor skills developing in a top-down and center-out manner. What two principles describe this process of development? Select one: a.Dendritic and proximodistal development b.Cephalocaudal and proximodistal development c.Cephalocaudal and gross motor development d.Sensation and perception
cephalocaudal and proximodistal development Correct! The terms cephalocaudal (head-down), and proximodistal (center-out) describe the development of infants' motor skills. First, they learn gross motor skills and larger bodily movements, and later they learn fine motor skills using the feet and hands.
Adam spends a lot of time indoors watching television and playing video games for fun. What does this primarily sedentary lifestyle put him at risk for? Select one: a.childhood obesity b.underdeveloped motor skills c.nutritional deficits d.poor vision
childhood obesity
Two young adult friends are talking about their dating preferences. One friend says, "I prefer to go to the movies by myself. I believe you have to know yourself and be good company for yourself before you can be good company for someone else." Erik Erikson would agree that we must have a strong sense of self before we can develop successful intimate relationships. This statement describes the key developmental task in which stage of psychosocial development? Select one: a.Integrity versus Despair b.Identity versus Role Confusion c.Generativity versus Stagnation d.Intimacy versus Isolation
d. Intimacy versus Isolation
Normal human cells have ________ chromosomes while gametes have ________ chromosomes. Select one: a.46; 46 b.23; 23 c.23; 46 d.46; 23
d.46; 23
A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a __________. Select one: a.race b.normative group c.ethnic group d.cohort
d.cohort
Cells moving outward from their original point to their appropriate locations and creating different levels, structures, and regions of the brain is called: a. neural revitalization. b. neurogenesis. c. neuronal connectivity. d. neuronal migration.
neuronal migration.
Exactly when fluid intelligence begins to decrease is an object of some debate in the academic literature. Some date it from the late 20s, others somewhat later, around the mid 40s. There are of course differences between individual persons. Assuming Jim is in his late 50s, what kind of cognitive information will he likely process in slower fashion that when he was 20? Select one: a.new or novel information b.recognizing familiar faces c.knowledge of gardening d.servicing his old lawnmower
new or novel information
Klinefelter syndrome affects: a. only males. b. both males and females equally. c. only females. d. more females than males.
only males.
According to Piaget's theory, two processes underlie children's cognitive construction of the world: a. association and abstraction. b. assimilation and generalization. c. adaptation and abstraction. d. organization and adaptation.
organization and adaptation.
Zaria and Kalvin recently received the results of the prenatal screening conducted for their unborn baby. They were provided with a risk score. What does a risk score tell expecting parents about their baby? Select one: a.the probability of a birth defect being present b.the type of birth defect that the baby could have c.the probability of the baby having down syndrome d.the probability of the baby having autism Feedback
the probability of a birth defect being present
The theory of mind is: Select one: a.the understanding that cognition changes throughout childhood and subsequent stages of development. b.the understanding that the mind holds people's beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions. c.the understanding that the mind is comprised of biological structures and various chemicals. d.the understanding that the mind creates memories that are almost exact pictures of what happened.
the understanding that the mind holds people's beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions. Correct! The theory of mind is the understanding that beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions are part of the mind. It also includes the understanding that the mind is not always accurate.
Children in kindergarten are usually between 4 and 6 years of age. Which one of Piaget's developmental stages does this coincide with? Select one: a.Formal Operational. b.Preoperational. c.Concrete Operational. d.Sensorimotor.
.Preoperational. Piaget's preoperational stage typically occurs between 2 and 7 years of age.
About what percentage of children are obese in middle childhood? Select one: a.50% b.5% c.30% d.20%
20%
Larry is born at 8 pounds. By the time he is two years old, he should weigh approximately how much? Select one: a.48 pounds b.16 pounds c.20 pounds d.32 pounds
32 pounds Correct! Infants typically quadruple their birth weight by the age of two.
A baby loses weight shortly after birth. This is normal, as the child adjusts to life outside of the womb. Approximately what percentage of their total body weight does a child lose in these first few days? Select one: a.15% b.1% c.25% d.5%
5%
Which of the following best describes Kubler-Ross' five stages of loss? Select one: a.A sequence of experiences that occur in a set order based on gender. b.A definite set of stages that are the same for every individual facing death c.A framework for understanding the experiences of an individual who is dying d.A sequence of experiences that occur separately and in the same order for everyone.
A framework for understanding the experiences of an individual who is dying
What does "emerging adulthood" describe? Select one: a.An expedited transitional period into early adulthood b.An expedited transitional period into middle adulthood c.A prolonged transitional period into middle adulthood d.A prolonged transitional period into early adulthood
A prolonged transitional period into early adulthood
Approximately how many girls have been sexually abused in their lifetime? Select one: a.About 1 in 10 b.About 1 in 4 c.About 1 in 50 d.About 1 in 20
About 1 in 4
Priya, an 8-year old, is experiencing a major growth spurt. This past year, she has grown 3 inches in height. Which phase of puberty is Priya most likely experiencing? Select one: a.Secondary development b.Gonadarche c.Adrenarche d.Menarche
Adrenarche
Which of the following describes the emphasis of most postformal thought theories? Select one: a.Adults' inability to tolerate ambiguity and find the positive elements of any situation. b.Adults' inability to tolerate ambiguity, accept contradictions, and find new problems. c.Adults' ability to tolerate ambiguity and find the positive elements of any situation. d.Adults' ability to tolerate ambiguity, accept contradictions, and find new problems.
Adults' ability to tolerate ambiguity, accept contradictions, and find new problems.
Sam is 3 years old, and his brother, Dan is 2 years old. What is Sam likely to have that Dan does not? Select one: a.Perfect 20/20 vision b.All of his primary teeth. c.The physical proportions of an adult. d.The physical proportions of a child.
All of his primary teeth.
________ describes the experience of men during the climacteric. Select one: a.Menopause b.Presbycusis c.Andropause d.Osteoporosis
Andropause
When Michaeala looks in the mirror, she sees nothing but flaws. She continuously works on her image, limiting her food intake to the extreme and running to exhaustion every day. What disorder does Michaeala most likely suffer from? Select one: a.Binge eating disorder b.Muscle dysmorphia c.Anorexia nervosa d.Bulimia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa
Brenda's baby was born just minutes ago, and the doctor is checking the baby's heart rate, respiratory effort, body color, reflex irritability, and muscle tone. Brenda's baby is being tested with the: a. Rogers-Randall Assessment. b. Apgar Scale. c. preterm outcome test. d. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale.
Apgar Scale.
Current research on child development that uses one-way viewing screens and recording methods that do not disturb children are benefiting from the observational techniques first developed by ________. Select one: a.G. Stanley Hall b.Arnold Gesell c.James Mark Baldwin d.John B. Watson
Arnold Gesell
What types of issues does bureaucratic pain encompass? Select one: a.Depression and anger associated with the dying process b.Physical pain associated with the dying process c.The loss of memory associated with the dying process d.Bills and legal matters associated with the dying process
Bills and legal matters associated with the dying process
Which of the following statements regarding chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis is true? a. Amniocentesis allows a decision on abortion to be made sooner than chorionic villus sampling. b. Both CVS and amniocentesis provide valuable information about the presence of birth defects. c. Both CVS and amniocentesis increase the risk of limb deformities in the fetus. d. Neither CVS or amniocentesis increase the risk of miscarriage.
Both CVS and amniocentesis provide valuable information about the presence of birth defects.
Which two approaches to lifespan development have the following in common: development is continuous, there are many courses of development, and development is more influenced by nurture than nature? Select one: a.Humanistic theory and sociocultural theory b.Psychosexual theory and psychosocial theory c.Social cognitive theory and Piaget's theory of cognitive development d.Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Which of these has the greatest influence on adolescents concerning attitudes about sexual activity? Select one: a.Close friends b.Parents c.Media d.Pornography
Close friends
Which of the following describes a key finding in regards to relationship differences between couples that have children and couples that do not? Select one: a.Couples with children tend to report higher levels of marital quality. b.Couples with children tend to report a lesser sense of positivity. c.Couples with children tend to report a lesser sense of well-being. d.Couples with children tend to report lower levels of marital quality.
Couples with children tend to report lower levels of marital quality.
What does dialectical thought involve? Select one: a.Creating new ideas from opposing viewpoints. b.Seeing issues in dichotomous categories. c.Evaluating reality based on education and experiences. d.Considering others in terms of strengths and weaknesses.
Creating new ideas from opposing viewpoints.
Bullying has always been an issue for vulnerable teens, but with the proliferation of technology, bullies have new ways to target others. What is the term for this new form of bullying, via technology? Select one: a.Cyberbullying b.Cyber assault c.Computer-assisted aggression d.Sexual harassment
Cyberbullying
Parents exclaim, "One day my baby was crawling around on the floor, and the next day my toddler was wobbling around the house on two feet! It all happened so suddenly." Which approach to describing how developmental changes occur does the parents' statement reflect? Select one: a.Discontinuous development b.Sequential development c.Universal development d.Continuous development
Discontinuous development Correct! Discontinuous development refers to development that takes place in unique stages and that occurs at specific times or ages. With this type of development, the change is more sudden.
Noah doesn't seem to know what to expect from his mother, so he is fearful, easily upset, and confused. The world does not make a lot of sense to him. What type of attachment does Noah probably have with his mother? Select one: a.Insecure-avoidant b.Disorganized c.Insecure- resistant d.Secure
Disorganized Correct! Noah's mother sends him mixed signals, making the world a confusing and unpredictable place. The attachment between this mother-child pair is likely disorganized.
During which period of development is the unborn baby most at risk of developing a structural defect due to the effects of a teratogen? a. During the fetal period b. During the embryonic period c. During the germinal period d. At conception
During the embryonic period
Carla is three-and-a-half weeks pregnant. This indicates that her child is in which of the following stages of prenatal development? a. Fetal b. Embryonic c. Placental d. Germinal
Embryonic
An individual has left home and made initial career and education choices. He is now committing to an occupation, further defining his goals, and seeking intimate relationships. Which of Levinson's stages does this reflect? Select one: a.Settling down b.Entering the adult world c.Age 30 transition d.Midlife transition
Entering the adult world
Which of the following statements is true about the impact of teratogens? a. Exposure to teratogens does more damage when it occurs at some points in development than at others. b. Fetuses are safe from the effects of teratogens during the first trimester. c. Very few fetuses are exposed to teratogens, so it is easy to determine which teratogen causes which defect. d. Teratogens cause anatomical defects only after organogenesis is complete.
Exposure to teratogens does more damage when it occurs at some points in development than at others.
According to recent research, which of the following risks is linked to heavy drinking by a pregnant mother? a. Withdrawal symptoms b. Facial deformities, lower than average intelligence, and deficiencies in working memory c. Excessive birth weight and slower heart rate d. Lower quality reflexes at one month of age
Facial deformities, lower than average intelligence, and deficiencies in working memory
Information processing theory proposes three main levels of memory to compare human memory to computer processing Which of the following is NOT one of the components of memory introduced in information processing theory? Select one: a.Flash memory b.Working memory c.Long-term memory d.Sensory memory
Flash memory
Luke is certain he will become a doctor because his mother is a doctor, and her father is a doctor, too. It runs in the family. Which of Marcia's four identity statuses does Luke's decision align with? Select one: a.Achievement b.Moratorium c.Diffusion d.Foreclosure
Foreclosure
What is the underlying claim of gene-environment interaction? Select one: a.Environmental factors definitively determine all possible outcomes that occur in both appearance and behavior. b.Genetic makeup determines a range of possible outcomes that may or may not occur depending on the environment. c.Genetic makeup definitively determines all possible outcomes that occur in both appearance and behavior. d.Environmental factors only influence the expression of genes associated with negative behavior traits
Genetic makeup determines a range of possible outcomes that may or may not occur depending on the environment.
School-aged children are able to tell and appreciate jokes like "knock-knock" jokes and puns, thanks to what advancement in language? Select one: a.Heightened ability to associate similar words b.A shift away from figurative thinking c.Improved understanding of grammatical rules d.Greater sophistication in vocabulary
Greater sophistication in vocabulary
Which of the senses is the most well-developed in a newborn at the time of birth? Select one: a.Hearing b.Taste c.Touch d.Sight
Hearing
According to research by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, chronic disease is especially a concern in the elderly population in America. It is estimated that at least 80% of older Americans are currently living with some form of a chronic condition, with 50% of this population having two or more chronic conditions. ________is the leading cause of death from chronic disease for adults older than 65. Select one: a.Alzheimer's disease b.Heart disease c.Stroke d.Hypertension
Heart disease
What is a key aspect of the work that palliative care doctors do? Select one: a.Help dying individuals and their families return to a normal lifestyle as soon as possible b.Help dying individuals stay alive as long as possible by any means necessary c.Help dying individuals and their families understand what is happening and what it may imply d.Help dying individuals be able to return home rather than stay in the hospital
Help dying individuals and their families understand what is happening and what it may imply
Cultural influences on students informally teach all of the following messages, EXCEPT: Select one: a.How to live in a bureaucratic society b.Rankings of job and career prestige c.Homework does not build greater responsibility d.Gender roles and gender-appropriate behaviors
Homework does not build greater responsibility
According to Erikson, what is necessary before the intimacy vs. isolation crisis can be solved successfully? Select one: a.All friendships must cease. b.Identity must be established. c.Same-sex friendships must cease. d.The individual must get married.
Identity must be established.
Janet is the mother of a 6 year old. She is looking for a way to decrease his risk of obesity. Which of the following is likely to help her do this? Select one: a.Increase his fruit juice intake. b.Use food as a reinforcement. c.Increase his water consumption. d.Use food as a behavior bride.
Increase his water consumption.
Using inferences from the puppet experiments about in-group and out-group preferences can we make about how infants as young as 8 months old choose playmates and friends? Select one: a.Infants like others who express similar likes and dislikes b.Infants like everyone, regardless of their preferences c.Infants make friend choices based solely on who is nice to them d.Infants like people who can help them obtain things they want
Infants like others who express similar likes and dislikes
Michael is in his mid-60s and beginning to looking back over his life, evaluate it, and come to terms with it. Which psychosocial stage according to Erikson describes what Michael is attempting to accomplish? Select one: a.Generativity vs. Stagnation b.Integrity versus despair c.Body transcendence versus body preoccupation d.Continuity vs Disengagement
Integrity versus despair
Which of the following statements is true about physical development throughout early adulthood? Select one: a.It begins at its worst, then tends to begin improving due to the inevitable effects of aging. b.It begins at its peak, then tends to begin declining due to inevitable effects of aging. c.It remains the same throughout this entire developmental stage. d.It depends on gender, as it differs between men and women substantially.
It begins at its peak, then tends to begin declining due to inevitable effects of aging.
Which of the following distinguishes palliative care from regular medical treatment? Select one: a.It involves stronger pain management medications than regular medical treatment b.It involves more all-natural approaches than regular medical treatment c.It has a stronger focus on pain management than regular medical treatment d.It has a more holistic focus than regular medical treatment
It has a more holistic focus than regular medical treatment
How does a birthing center differ from a hospital? Select one: a.It provides a more home-like environment. b.It provides a larger variety of pain medications. c.It provides education about birth. d.It allows the partner to be present.
It provides a more home-like environment.
Jenna is 6 years old, and her sister Anna is 3 years old. How are Jenna's physical proportions likely to differ from those of Anna? Select one: a.Jenna is likely to have a smaller torso. b.Jenna is likely to have a longer torso. c.Jenna is likely to have more baby fat. d.Jenna and Anna's physical proportions are likely to be the same.
Jenna is likely to have a longer torso.
According to Patterson's aggression theory, if Kara is termed a "late starter," and she started acting out as a form of rebellion in high school, what is the most likely outcome for Kara as an adult? Select one: a.Kara will probably settle down only if she gets married and has children. b.Kara will likely grow out of aggressive behaviors as an adult when she finds another outlet for her energies c.Kara probably won't grow out of aggressive behaviors, as most adolescent-onset aggressors continue antisocial behavior throughout life. d.Kara will likely become a life-long aggressor, continuing a pattern of antisocial behavior regardless of circumstances.
Kara will likely grow out of aggressive behaviors as an adult when she finds another outlet for her energies
Noam Chomsky believed all children were born with an innate ability to understand any language, and as they grow, they specialize in a specific, native language. What neurological construct did Chomsky cite as responsible for this ability? Select one: a.Prefrontal Cortex b.Language Acquisition Device c.Language Learning Center d.Hippocampus
Language Acquisition Device
Noam Chomsky believed all children were born with an innate ability to understand any language, and as they grow, they specialize in a specific, native language. What neurological construct did Chomsky cite as responsible for this ability? Select one: a.Language Acquisition Device b.Hippocampus c.Language Learning Center d.Prefrontal Cortex
Language Acquisition Device Correct! The language acquisition device (LAD) is a theoretical construct in the brain that Chomsky believed all children possessed that facilitated
What is the most common male factor in infertility cases? Select one: a.Gonorrhea b.Pelvic inflammatory disease c.Endometriosis d.Low sperm production
Low sperm production
Which of the following is true about complications that can be experienced during pregnancy? Select one: a.Major complications are always caused by the pregnant woman's increased susceptibility to infections. b.Major complications often require special care and may include gestational diabetes and hypertension. c.Major complications only occur in women who become pregnant later in life, such as after age 35. d.Major complications only occur when pregnant women make poor health decisions during pregnancy.
Major complications often require special care and may include gestational diabetes and hypertension.
What is usually not included in hospice care? Select one: a.Emotional support for families b.Social support for the families c.A supportive environment for patients d.Medical treatment of disease
Medical treatment of disease
According to Carol Gilligan, Kohlberg's theories were biased against women, based on all of the following observations, EXCEPT? Select one: a.Gilligan specified the need to design separate measures to test women and men. b.Men focus on logic, while women focus on caring for others and relationships c.Kohlberg performed the majority of his research only on men, leaving women out of the sample. d.Kohlberg explicitly stated women's moral development was inferior to that of men.
Men focus on logic, while women focus on caring for others and relationships
How does sexual responsiveness tend to differ between men and women during early adulthood? Select one: a.Sexual responsiveness does not differ between men and women. b.Men always experience a higher level of sexual responsiveness than women. c.Women tend to reach their peak sexual responsiveness before men. d.Men tend to reach their peak sexual responsiveness before women.
Men tend to reach their peak sexual responsiveness before women.
Mike is 5 years old, and often comes up with new things to do and try, such as building forts in the living room with couch cushions. His older brother, Lucas, is a teenager who is struggling to develop his own self-identity. Which of the brothers would Erikson classify as being in the initiative vs. guilt stage of development? Select one: a.Mike. b.Neither Mike or Lucas. c.Mike and Lucas. d.Lucas.
Mike.
Kayla is 3 years old. Her teacher shows her a crayon box and asks her what she thinks is inside. She says, "crayons." The teacher opens the box, showing Kayla that there is chalk inside. She asks Kayla again what she thought was in the box at first, and Kayla says, "chalk." The teacher does the same thing with Mitch, who is 5 years old. After seeing the chalk, when asked what he thought was in the box at first, he says, "crayons." Based on their responses, which child (Kayla or Mitch) has started to develop theory of mind? Select one: a.Neither. b.Both. c.Mitch. d.Kayla.
Mitch.
Minor failures do not destroy a child's self-concept during middle childhood. Rather, learning from failure can give the child a healthy sense of what? Select one: a.Shame b.Greed c.Modesty d.Pride
Modesty
This layer of fatty tissue protects axons and speeds transmission of information from one neuron to another. Select one: a.Myelin sheath b.Transient exuberance c.Neurogenesis d.Axon shield
Myelin sheath
This layer of fatty tissue protects axons and speeds transmission of information from one neuron to another. Select one: a.Myelin sheath b.Axon shield c.Transient exuberance d.Neurogenesis
Myelin sheath Correct! The myelin sheath is made of fatty tissue that protects the axon and speeds the transmission of neurotransmitter data between neurons.
If Rana, an 8-month-old child, looks for an object that has been hidden behind a screen, Rana is most likely demonstrating a basic understanding of what concept? Select one: a.Conservation b.Accommodation c.Assimilation d.Object permanence
Object permanence
Which type of death is characterized by the failure of vital organs, often resulting in difficulty with eating and breathing? Select one: a.Behavioral b.Social c.Psychological d.Physiological
Physiological
Which of the following is a common critique of Piaget's work? Select one: a.Piaget overestimated the cognitive abilities of children b.Piaget underestimated the cognitive abilities of children c.Piaget believed children mastered object permanence earlier than reality d.Piaget used too many subjects in his studies
Piaget underestimated the cognitive abilities of children
Children in kindergarten are usually between 4 and 6 years of age. Which one of Piaget's developmental stages does this coincide with? Select one: a.Concrete Operational. b.Sensorimotor. c.Preoperational. d.Formal Operational.
Preoperational
Quentin is quick with a witty retort every time his dad leaves an opening. His dad remarks, "I don't remember him being so sarcastic as a kid." Quentin's quick sarcasm is likely due to what cognitive improvement? Select one: a.Selective attention b.Organization c.Processing speed d.Metacognition
Processing speed
_____ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. a. Evolutionary b. Psychoanalytic c. Social-cognitive d. Behavioral
Psychoanalytic
Dyslexia involves difficulty in which learning area? Select one: a.Sustained attention b.Social situations c.Mathematics d.Reading
Reading
Which of the following accurately describes normal physical development during the early part of early adulthood (early twenties)? Select one: a.Reproductive system, motor ability, strength, and lung capacity are at their best. b.Reproductive system, motor ability, strength, and lung capacity are declining. c.Motor ability begins to decline, but strength and lung capacity remain strong. d.Strength begins to decline, but motor ability and lung capacity remain strong.
Reproductive system, motor ability, strength, and lung capacity are at their best.
Shaelynn is a 4 year old girl. Mealtimes in her house tend to be negative, and often involve tensions and her parents arguing. How is this likely to affect Shaelynn? Select one: a.She is likely to develop problems eating and digesting food due to stress. b.The effects of the negative atmosphere will only be short-term. c.The atmosphere at mealtime is not likely to have any affect on her. d.She is likely to learn to block out the negative atmosphere.
She is likely to develop problems eating and digesting food due to stress.
During pregnancy, which of the following organs or systems are the first to develop? a. Visual system b. Urogenital system c. Liver d. Spinal cord
Spinal cord
Lane has felt lately like nothing in life can go right, and he expresses to a friend that he thinks maybe he should just end it all. What is Lane expressing? Select one: a.Major anxiety b.Suicidal ideation c.Parasuicide d.Aggression
Suicidal ideation
Barbara has a toddler, a boy, and another child, a girl, on the way. She's accustomed to her boy's fussiness, so she thinks she will be just fine adjusting to her second child's temperament. What is Barbara failing to take into consideration? Select one: a.She may have to rearrange her schedule to fit two children's needs b.Temperament and goodness of fit may differ c.Boys' and girls' temperaments are inherently different d.If one child is a boy and the other is a girl, she is not prepared for gender differences
Temperament and goodness of fit may differ
In the nature/nurture debate, those on the "nature" side would argue: Select one: a.That who we are is an equal mix of our genetics and our environment. b.That who we are is determined by our genetics. c.That who we are is determined by our environment. d.That only twins share similar genetic make-up.
That who we are is determined by our genetics.
Jeanie's infant turns his head toward a hand placed near his cheek. What does this head-turning behavior exemplify? Select one: a.The moro reflex b.The rooting reflex c.The sucking reflex d.The babinski reflex
The rooting reflex
What fundamental methodological limitation can be identified in Levinson's work (and in a good number of other studies in the social sciences)? Select one: a.The sample size is far too small to be confident in extrapolating from its findings to the supposed characteristics of a general population. b.Levinson employed an experimental design that failed to account for a control group. c.Levinson used a type of survey which was ill-suited to the task, and led him to form conclusions that midlife was experienced in a negative fashion. d.The study was conducted without detailing all of the operations and methods, which makes it difficult to replicate.
The sample size is far too small to be confident in extrapolating from its findings to the supposed characteristics of a general population.
What is the primary focus of evolutionary psychology? Select one: a.The universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes that stay the same over time b.The universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes that are different between humans and animals c.The universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes that are similar between humans and animals d.The ways in which universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time
The ways in which universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time
What is the primary function of gametes? Select one: a.They are the new cells that are formed during fertilization. b.They are the structure that an egg travels through from the ovary to the uterus. c.They are the part of the cell cell that contains the genetic information. d.They are the sex cells involved in reproduction.
They are the sex cells involved in reproduction.
Amanda is a "jock" and Sophie is a "nerd." Robert plays the tuba, so of course, he's a "band kid." What function do these categories serve? Select one: a.They serve as reputations or "images" b.They unite groups of people who interact frequently c.They unite groups of friends in dyadic relationships d.They serve to unite multiple cliques into a cohesive group
They serve as reputations or "images"
Contrary to popular culture that often depicts teenagers as individuals who only think of themselves, during the formal operational stage, thinking patterns change in what ways? Select one: a.Thinking patterns become more abstract and less egocentric b.Thinking patterns become more abstract and less organized c.Thinking patterns become more concrete and solution-based d.Thinking patterns become more hypothetical and more egocentric
Thinking patterns become more abstract and less egocentric
What is the main goal of prenatal screening? Select one: a.To pursue additional information after a problem has been found. b.To determine if the baby is going to be male or female at birth. c.To detect problems with the health of the zygote, embryo, or fetus. d.To detect health conditions that are not identified before birth.
To detect problems with the health of the zygote, embryo, or fetus.
Petersen designed a correlational study to determine if time spent playing video games is related to obesity. What was the objective of this research? Select one: a.To randomly assign participants to different conditions, then use hypothesis testing to make inferences about how these conditions influence behavior. b.To explain why people play video games. c.To formally test whether a relationship exists between two or more variables. d.To describe the occurrence of a phenomenon.
To formally test whether a relationship exists between two or more variables. Correct! Correlational research formally tests whether a relationship exists between two or more variables, in this case playing video games and obesity.
What type of training have doctors who specialize in palliative care had that distinguishes them from other doctors? Select one: a.Training to help patients and their families cope with the reality of the impending death. b.Training to help patients use non-medication pain management strategies. c.Training to select and administer special kinds of pain management medications. d.Training to select and administer special kinds of psychotropic medications for depression.
Training to help patients and their families cope with the reality of the impending death.
________ is a form of diabetes characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Select one: a.Insulin-resistant b.Osteoporosis c.Type 1 diabetes d.Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
________ is gross motor skill, while ________ is a fine motor skill. Select one: a.Breathing; blinking b.writing; coloring c.Walking; running d.Walking; coloring
Walking; coloring
When is autism frequently diagnosed? Select one: a.Directly after receiving vaccinations b.Not until adulthood c.When a child reaches school-age d.Around puberty
When a child reaches school-age
Which race is currently the most prevalent among the individuals using hospice care services? Select one: a.African American b.Pacific Islander c.White d.Multiracial
White
Negative, stressful events in childhood that have profound and lasting sociological, psychological, and physiological effects are referred to as what? Select one: a.tolerable stress b.food insecurity c.adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) d.generalized stress triggers
adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Correct. In research and literature, traumatic childhood events are commonly referred to as ACEs. Health exams often contain screenings for ACEs.
James is 64 years old and complains to his doctor that he has blurred, "fuzzy" vision. When he reads the newspaper the lines appear wavy or distorted. His Doctor tells him that he suffers from the most common cause of blindness in people over the age of 60, but not to worry because the disease was detected early. He put him on medication and a diet rich in antioxidants and thinks that he may even avoid laser surgery. James was diagnosed with ________. Select one: a.cataracts b.age-related macular degeneration (AMD) c.glaucoma d.myopia
age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
Mae has fought a chronic condition for many years and is now on hospice. When her nurse notices her lack of desire to eat, restlessness, and her gasping labored, breaths, known as ________, she knows the physiological death is near. Select one: a.agonal breathing b.brain stem death c.early coma d.vegetative breathing
agonal breathing
When lifespan development researchers use ________, they draw on several perspectives simultaneously because they recognize that the same developmental phenomenon can be viewed from a number of angles. Select one: a.an eclectic approach b.an evolutionary approach c.a macrosystems approach d.an ecological approach
an eclectic approach Correct! Many lifespan developmentalists use an eclectic approach, drawing on several perspectives at the same time as the same developmental phenomenon can be viewed from a number of perspectives.
Nature refers to __________. Select one: a. how people's growth and change are affected at the cellular level b. traits, abilities, and capacities inherited from biological parents c. socioeconomic surroundings that affect people's growth and change d. forces within the environment that affect change
b. traits, abilities, and capacities inherited from biological parents
__________ change is development that is a progressive and cumulative process, characterized by gradual change. Select one: a.Natural b.Continuous c.Critical d.Discontinuous
b.Continuous
Which of the following terms refers to the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a specific group of people that are passed on from generation to generation? Select one: a.Social class b.Culture c.Associative context d.Primary background
b.Culture
__________ change is development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage occurring at a specific age or time. Select one: a.Scaffolded b.Discontinuous c.Continuous d.Linear
b.Discontinuous
In this type of attachment, a child views the parent as a safe base from which to explore the world around themselves. Select one: a.Insecure-avoidant b.Secure c.Insecure-resistant d.Insecure-anxious
b.Secure
behavior and personality and seek to understand which traits became adaptive through a process of natural selection." This researcher is a proponent of which perspective? Select one: a.The exosystem perspective b.The evolutionary perspective c.The ethology perspective d.The ecological perspective
b.The evolutionary perspective Correct! The evolutionary perspective seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations - that is, the functional products of natural selection or sexual selection in human evolution.
Piaget's traditional approach to cognitive development has been extended by Neo-Piagetian theorists who consider how ________. Select one: a.neural connections in the brain influence thinking and problem solving. b.experience, culture, and interactions with others influence cognitive development c.abstract logic, moral reasoning, and problem solving capabilities develop d.schemas, assimilation, and accommodation influence cognitive development
b.experience, culture, and interactions with others influence cognitive development
A student is bullied at school and now associates school with fear. According to Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the fear, anxiety, and nervousness this student experiences when approaching school is a ________. Select one: a.conditioned stimulus b.unconditioned response c.conditioned response d.unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response
The idea that people don't develop in isolation, but instead are influenced by the changing world of school, peers, and family life. This indicates how development is: a. contextual. b. multidirectional. c. multidisciplinary. d. multidimensional.
contextual
Seventy-three year old Larry has contemplated his life and realizes he is dissatisfied. He realizes that missed opportunities have passed, like staying in contact with his children and being an involved grandparent. When he thinks of his accomplishments, he cannot say that he has accomplished what he wished. According to the theory of psychoanalyst Erik Erikson, Larry is experiencing ________. Select one: a.remorse b.self-analysis c.despair d.integrity
despair
Most characteristics are: a. determined by a single gene. b. determined by a pair of genes. c. not determined by genes. d. determined polygenically.
determined polygenically.
Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of _____ stages that last from the first year of life to: a. eight; late adulthood. b. seven; early adulthood. c. six; adolescence. d. nine; death.
eight; late adulthood.
By the end of the _____, contractions dilate the cervix to an opening of about 10 centimeters (four inches), so that the baby can move from the uterus to the birth canal. a. second birth stage b. third trimester c. first birth stage d. second trimester
first birth stage
Paula's children have moved out of the house and she now has two young grandchildren. She finds herself often thinking about how she can pass on her legacy to them and decides to be more involved in their lives, as well as in the community. Paula's behavior coincides with how John Kotre (1984) defined generativity as a ________. Select one: a.form of creativity with no underlying impulse or drive. b.form of investment. c.passing stage of development lasting no more than a decade. d.moral imperative that had to be awakened by education and culture
form of investment.
David Olson and Blaine Fowers (1993) found that only around 1 in 10 marriages could be awarded the highest score for overall relationship quality. He described these as vitalized marriages. They were described as being based on a high level of self-disclosure, expression of sentiment, shared beliefs, religious and secular, and Select one: a.the number of children b.regular relationship counseling c.shared hobbies d.higher income levels
higher income levels
What do behavioral geneticists study? Select one: a.individual differences that occur through the interaction of genes and the environment b.individual differences that occur between individuals of the same gender and race c.individual differences that occur as a result of genetics only d.individual differences that occur as a result of the environment only
individual differences that occur through the interaction of genes and the environment
Family members, primarily women, often perform a valuable function in keeping other family members informed about the well-being of other family members. This creating, maintaining and monitoring function informs other family members when others need emotional and physical support. This has come to be known in the academic literature as ________. Select one: a.kinkeeping b.Family rituals c.Organizing family reunions d.Family communication
kinkeeping
David is retiring from the company after thirty years. His boss, Sandra, is worried that the person she is training to replace him may not be able to. She has shown him all the systems, and introduced him to customers and clients. The new person is proficient in all of those systems (more so probably than David), and he is extremely personable. "Why am I so worried?" wonders Sandra. The answer has something to do with tacit knowledge, which is ________. Select one: a.a form of knowledge that is easily transferred from one person to another by a training schedule or structured interview. b.a form of knowledge that can be passed from expert to novice. c.knowledge which cannot be codified, transferred in a written form, or even properly verbalized, and, therefore, difficult to transfer. d.a form of knowledge that can be rendered in explicit and precise terms and described in clear linguistic or lexical fashion.
knowledge which cannot be codified, transferred in a written form, or even properly verbalized, and, therefore, difficult to transfer.
The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is: a. multidimensional. b. lifelong. c. contextual. d. plastic.
lifelong.
Joe is 70 years old and recalls names of teachers or classmates from when he was an adolescent, but has difficulty remembering information presented quickly and orally, such as complicated instructions. His ________ memory seems to be intact, but his ________ memory is showing decline. Select one: a.factual; semantic b.autobiographical; long-term c.semantic; long-term d.long-term; working
long-term; working
Which of the following situations is most likely to be a positive stressor and learning experience? Select one: a.lack of sufficient nutrition on a daily basis b.meeting a new friend and forming a connection c.the death of a grandparent d.parental divorce and custody changes
meeting a new friend and forming a connection
Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, socioemotional, and cognitive dimensions. Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that development is: a. lifelong. b. plastic. c. contextual. d. multidimensional.
multidimensional.
Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink, or how development is: a. multidisciplinary. b. plastic. c. contextual. d. multidirectional.
multidirectional.
Infants younger than 5 months old do not search for objects once they have been removed from their sight. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, these infants have not yet developed ________. Select one: a.egocentrism b.reversibility c.object permanence d.conservation
object permanence Object permanence is the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists. Infants younger than 5 months old have not developed object permanence. It develops between 5 and 8 months old.
If Sandra is 82 years old, which terminology would demographers use to describe her? Select one: a.old old b.oldest old c.young old d.geriatric
old old
Miller is giving a lecture on the theories of aging. She explains that genetics, diet, lifestyle, activity, and exposure to pollutants all play a role in the aging process, and suggests that overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system affecting your brain's ability to communicate with your muscles and organs. Dr Miller is trying to explain the ________. Select one: a.free radical theory of aging b.generalized slowing hypothesis c.peripheral slowing hypothesis d.the Hayflick limit theory of aging)
peripheral slowing hypothesis
The area of the brain behind the forehead that helps us to think, strategize, and control emotions is the ________. Select one: a.prefrontal cortex b.dendrites c.corpus callosum d.myelination
prefrontal cortex Correct. The prefrontal cortex is located behind the forehead and helps us to think, strategize, and control emotions.
Saaeda notices that her eyesight is not quite as sharp as it used to be. This is caused by a slight weakening of the muscle around her eyes as she is gets into her fifties. This is known as Select one: a.sarcopenia b.gingivitis c.presbyopia d.gout
presbyopia
Thomas is 57 years old and has severe arthritis. He is overweight and also suffers from fatigue, loss of concentration, headaches and unrefreshing sleep, and this has caused a change in his physical functioning despite his age. What type of aging is Thomas experiencing? Select one: a.secondary b.primary c.genetic d.environmental
secondary
In this type of attachment, a child views the parent as a safe base from which to explore the world around themselves. Select one: a.Insecure-anxious b.Insecure-avoidant c.Insecure-resistant d.Secure
secure Correct! A securely attached child feels free to explore the world and knows the parent is a safe haven.
Which of the following describes a common theme in effective interventions for dying individuals? Select one: a.pain management and behavioral therapy b.self-empowerment and cognitive therapy c.medication and physical therapy d.self-empowerment and autonomy
self-empowerment and autonomy
Friendships tend to be an important influence in life satisfaction during late adulthood. Friends may be more influential than family members for many older adults. Which of the following theories supports the idea that as people age, friendships are not formed in order to enhance status or careers, but may be based purely on a sense of connection or the enjoyment of being together ? Select one: a.socioemotional selectivity theory b.disengagement theory c.continuity theory d.activity theory
socioemotional selectivity theory
Mary and Jim are expecting a child and prenatal diagnostic procedures have confirmed that the fetus has _____, a neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities. Their physician explained that this abnormality could be treated with corrective surgery at birth, orthopedic devices, and physical or medical therapy. a. phenylketonuria b. Tay-Sachs disease c. spina bifida d. Huntington's disease
spina bifida
A graduate student is considering topics for a Master's thesis. The graduate advisor recommends: "There are several sets of well-developed ideas about that topic. You must first review their explanations and use that to make predictions for your research." The graduate advisor is recommending that the student review ________." Select one: a.theories b.research c.observations d.hypotheses
theories
Dendrites grow rapidly in infancy, making complicated neural networks possible, through a process called ________. Select one: a.dendritic connection b.neural grafting c.transient exuberance. d.pruning
transient exuberance. Correct! Dendrites grow at a rapid pace, for a relatively short amount of time (during the first two years of life). This short-lived (transient), dramatic growth, is called transient exuberance.
The campaign to increase back-sleeping awareness in infants attempts to address which of the following sleep concerns? Select one: a.Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) b.Sleep disruptions c.Co-sleeping d.Sleeping through the night
udden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Correct! The causes of many sudden infant deaths are unknown, but one controllable factor is removing suffocation hazards. For an infant who cannot yet hold up his or her own head consistently, stomach sleeping may present a suffocation risk, so experts recommend back-sleeping.
Crystallized intelligence is knowledge accumulated over a period of time. It can be acquired via experience, professional and personal, travel, reading and education. It is usually culturally based and can be the result of both choice and personal circumstances. It is sometimes described as cognitive pragmatics and opposed to the cognitive processing of fluid intelligence. It is usually measured by Select one: a.deduction based on diagrams. b.vocabulary tests, interpretation of texts. c.concept formation via visual puzzles. d.pattern recognition based on spatial organization.
vocabulary tests, interpretation of texts.
During a test of cognitive ability, a student is asked to repeat a series of digits backwards. According to an information processing approach to cognitive development, this ability to retain information while actively manipulating it is an example of ________. Select one: a.cognitive neuroscience b.reversibility c.working memory d.theory-of-mind
working memory
During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a _____. a. gamete b. fetus c. blastocyst d. zygote
zygote
